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This is the first part of a two-part article aiming to present a contrastive survey of stress assignment in Advanced Standard Copenhagen Danish and Urban East Norwegian. The goal is to establish which of the apparent differences and similarities are inherent in the languages and which stem from the differences between the analyses and theoretical approaches that have been applied to them in existing descriptions.; Part 1 discusses the levels of stress and the patterns of stress in simplex words, it is argued that in both languages, the rules governing stress placement in simplicia can be modelled in similar ways, and that this can be done within the framework of metrical phonology; however, certain differences are also highlighted, especially as regards the connection between stress and quantity.
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The paper discusses a two-stage and a three-stage model of joke interpretation within the format of the Incongruity Theory of Humor as well as joke interpretation from the point of view of two linguistic theories of humor: the Semantic Script Theory of Humor and the General Theory of Verbal Humor. The two-component structure of the joke text within the format of the Incongruity Theory, the speaker’s intention, the incongruity in the punchline and the resolution of the incongruity are the most distinctive features of the joke text. The joke text is only the means of conveying humor and the latter is not a feature of the text itself.
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This paper aims at revealing the complex relationship between the prosodic and grammatical development in the early ontogeny. Bulgarian data based on a case study are presented and analysed. The results confirm the assumption that the prosodic constraints are active both on the grammatical and lexical level, resulting in phonological adaptation of multisyllable words and phrases to the prosodic structure of the minimal words. This explains the „telegraphic“ omission of grammatical morphemes which represent extensions of the minimal word patterns, and the preservation of those function morphemes that fit the minimal word models. The overcoming of minimal-word-constraints affects initially the lexical and then the phonological words; during this process taking place within 4 months, the acquisition of each new prosodic structure serves as a model „moldering“ single lexical units as well as combinations consisting of an accentuated form plus one or more grammatical clitics. The observed phenomena are to be viewed as manifestations of universal tendencies realized through language specific peculiarities.
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Review of: Yu. Stoyanova. Individual variations in verbal development. Sofia, University Publishing House "St. Kliment Ohridski", 2009, 311 p.
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This study shows that in sentences with the Nominativus cum infinitivo (Nci) construction the context determining rection with regard to the nominal component is variable. With a view to the two main possibilities for functional-syntactic interpretation of the nominal element in the Nci-syntagm: as subject of the matrix sentence or subject of the subordinate infinitival clause, the construction can be classified into Type I - with subject control or PRO-Subject of the infinitive; and Type II - with an explicit subject of the infinitive. Complementation of one or the other type of Nci-syntagm depends on the semantics of verbum regens. Verbs with volitional meaning command the Nci-I type of construction, while raising verbs which are [-transitive], [+S’]-subcategorization frame, [+S’]--deletion select the Nci-II type.
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The article is based on materials from comparative analysis of the Ankara variant of Standard Turkish and data from authentic speech of one of the Turkish dialects in Bulgaria. The conclusion has been reached that real examples of oral speech of professional Turkish radio and TV announcers are close to some of the non-codified norms of the dialect under study. This confirms the necessity of new experimental studies of the living speech and of outlining the real phonetic characteristics of separately pronounced Turkish words and their realization in the flow of speech. The use of transcribed words in orthoepic dictionaries has proved to be insufficient.
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The aim of the presented paper is to specify the micro-level of encoded communication between contemporary dancers. The focus of the statements is the identification of the key words that contemporary dancers use in the creative process while working on the performance. During the non-participating observation, which is considered a methodical approach, the key words are identified, their function and the motives for their use are determined on the basis of the analysis of the context. Thus, it becomes possible to answer the question about the legitimacy of using the term encoded for the communication of contemporary dancers.
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The article analyzes moments of silence in the free verse poem which are marked by the non-standard use of the dash (inconsistent with the rules of punctuation and grammar). The aim of the article is to show that the dash, and other punctuation marks, used in this way are equivalent to words, and function in a poetic text on the same rights as the word. Indeed, semantically and axiologically, they often constitute the supraverbal layer of the text. In the process, theories of free verse which in their assumptions do not recognize semantic punctuation as structurally equivalent to words are reexamined.
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The article illustrates the thesis – which has been put forward in recent years by many linguists and literary scholars – that a closer connection between linguistics and literary studies may prove useful and inspiring for both fields. The analysis of Julian Tuwim’s poem Życie [Life] demonstrates that such interdisciplinary, or in fact transdisciplinary, methodological framework combining poetics and linguistics, and specifically cognitive linguistics, proves very productive. The English translation of Tuwim’s poem is also analyzed in the article. A review of various studies in cognitive linguistics shows that the “poetics of grammar” in the poem in question is achieved by means of: (i) verbal prefixes, (ii) verbal aspect, and (iii) quantitative iconicity of sequence. The (intuitive, impressionistic) interpretations of Życie quoted in the article turn out to be fully consistent with the grammatical interpretation. The English translation of the poem discussed in the final part of the article proves inadequate, not because of the incompetence of the two translators, but because of systemic grammatical discrepancies. Therefore, it further supports the thesis that a significant part of the meaning of the analyzed poem is contained in its grammatical structure. The poet’s (and the reader’s) intuition confirms the linguistic analysis, and the linguistic analysis validates theoretical and literary interpretations.
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Topicalization, understood as highlighting the topic of an utterance, has different syntactic, lexical, and punctuational exponents. Punctuational exponents are specific to Norwid, constituting a peculiar equivalent of suprasegmental exponents of the thematic-thematic structure in a written text. The discussed operation introduces a hidden contrast, indicating that the topic of an utterance is X rather than any other conceivable topic, or an object which could be selected from a previously signaled class. This is accompanied by the following intention: ‘I am talking about X, not about Y, Z… etc.’, This blurs the clear distinction into the thematic and rhematic part, and hence represents Norwid’s characteristic strategy of speaking, in which the main topic and rhemat seem equally important.
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The article is devoted to presenting the possibilities for using linguistic tools to describe semantic phenomena in the analysis and interpretation of an artistic text. The author begins by discussing changes in the concept of meaning resulting from developments in cognitive linguistics, and the consequences of these changes, i.e. the search for a new definition formula and interest in the phenomenon of language creation. She then discusses the relations between convention and creation, pointing out the role of the analysis of artistic texts in research devoted to the reconstruction of the linguistic image of the world. Next, he describes the benefits of including such analyses in linguistic works. He asks questions about the possibility of applying linguistic methodologies in the analysis of texts and puts forward a hypothesis on their usefulness in explaining the mechanisms of language creation and in determining how the final semantic effect in an analysed text was achieved. He then focuses on two selected linguistic theories, i.e. Charles Fillmore’s theory of interpretative frames and Gilles Fouconnier and Mark Turner’s theory of conceptual integration. Moving on to the analytical part of the paper, he discusses, in order, the theoretical assumptions of both research concepts and presents how, with their help, one can analyse and interpret a selected artistic text. The stages of the analysis are presented in the form of a table and a diagram of conceptual integration, which allows the reader to follow its course in more detail. The application of linguistic tools for the description of creative linguistic phenomena allows the author to establish the relations between the meaning-forming components of the text, to explain precisely the mechanisms of creation present in it, and to determine the final semantic effect contained in the work under discussion. The formulated conclusions support the accuracy of the including linguistic analysis used in the study of the text.
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This paper concerns utterances with the negated infinitive of perfective verbs which refer to actions performed consciously on both persons and non-personal objects, i.e. to utterances such as Nie nakarmić czworga dzieci łyżką zupy [It is impossible to feed four kids with one spoonful of soup]. Such constructions in Polish should be considered products of an operational unit. This operational unit should not be confused with other units which involve employing infinitive forms. The negated infinitive, primarily rhematic, functions as a marker of the main predicate in an utterance and may be used in both the present (Nie nakarmić …) and the past tense (Nie nakarmić było…). The operation based on such negated infinitives serves to signal the helplessness of the agent. The resultant utterances show that it is excluded logically and semantically that the agent who is neither omnipotent nor omniscient would do something that would bring about a given state of affairs encoded in the properties of the meaning of a given infinitive. Expressions generated by this unit are pragmatically marked as literary and obsolete, which does not mean that they cannot be confirmed on the basis of data from contemporary general Polish.
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According to T. Kuhn, a research paradigm is viewed as a model study taking into account a body of homogeneous, compatible and coherent assumptions of a conceptual/terminological, methodological, and philosophical nature. A research paradigm is indispensable for theory construction. From among theories based on syntactic analysis, semantics-based syntax and construction grammar were selected for the purpose of this study. It was demonstrated how methodological assumptions can lead to the construction of terminology, that is a network of interconnected terms. Taking into consideration the traditional terms along with their new meanings and the new terminology used in construction grammar, the focus was on the term construction.
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The paper constitutes the first, introductory part of an analysis concerning linguistic means allowing one to express non-binary gender in Polish. The study is based on information provided by the zaimki.pl Internet portal. We show that there are, in fact, three different types of approaches and strategies related to non-binary Polish: 1. searching for an inclusive language within the existing binary paradigm, 2. neutralizing any grammar markings of the gender opposition, and 3. creating additional linguistic means for expressing non-binary gender. The paper provides a typology of solutions based on their degree of compliance with the existing language norms. For each postulated innovation, a list of potential problems following their implementation in Polish is also included. This analysis, rooted in structural methodology, is aimed at providing descriptions of the existing solutions. A more general, holistic vision of the general concept of non-binary Polish, its basic assumptions and possible consequences are presented in the second part of the study, published as an independent text.
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The paper provides the second part of the analysis concerning possibilities of neutralizing the binary gender opposition and/or expressing non-binary gender in Polish. The focus is on different language innovations proposed at the zaimki.pl Internet portal. They were divided into those related to word-formation, inflection, and lexis. Taking into consideration the binary/non-binary and neutral/non-neutral privative oppositions, the article offers an expanded vision of the semantic category of gender. Then, a juxtaposition is offered of the traditional (masculine, feminine) and innovative (non-binary, neutral) gender markings in Polish. The article concentrates on those features of non-binary language which make it harder to implement those solutions in contemporary Polish. Those features include: a great number of linguistic means, often introduced in an arbitrary way; their variative and facultative nature; the fact that those means may be chosen among others on a purely individual basis; finally, the limited role played by internal factors which are normally decisive for language evolution. At the same time, we put forward a hypothesis according to which Polish will indeed evolve towards becoming more inclusive, influenced by social needs. We may cautiously predict that innovations likely to become accepted in general Polish are those of systemic nature, i.e., those employing already existing solutions, although they have different functions or scope of use, or duplicating existing mechanisms.
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This paper is concerned with expressive vocabulary, it focuses on Polish the “expressive” word jeden [Pol. ‘one’]. The article refers to discussions on the function of this expression (Mel’čuk and Milićević 2011; Kosek 2020). The undertaken analysis is rooted in the structural semantics, and it investigates the contemporary meaning and function of jeden. The article scrutinizes differences between functions of evaluative nouns and exclamatives, and also between jeden and other expressions, in particular intensifiers. The scrutiny starts from syntactic features of jeden and proceeds to semantic analyses. It is underlined that expressiveness, intensification, predication, and reference are functions of other elements of the sentence rather than of jeden. The findings enable one to make a connection between jeden and the category of anaphora. The paper demonstrates that the so-called expressive component might be analysed as a meaning of a given type of sentence, a meaning of the entire construction, or as a function of the element of the construction.
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The article is devoted to the image of language users’ experiences with listening that is set in phraseological units in German. Using the tools of axiological linguistics, the author attempts to answer questions such as: what convictions about the essence of listening are encoded in phraseological units about speech situations, what expectations of the speaker towards their interlocutor(s) are manifested in the examined phrasemes, which criterion is adopted in attributing values to the attitude of listening/not listening, and, finally, what role the phrasemes that encode axiological valuation of both attitudes may perform in interpersonal communication. Special attention is paid to the perlocutionary effects of the axiological potential carried by the examined phraseological units. The conclusion that is drawn is that the phrasemes reflect social valuation and some of them may be used in restrictive communication. Furthermore, it appears that the experience of listening encoded in German phraseological units has three semantic variants: an affective reaction of the listener to the content of the speaker’s utterance; an attitude of not paying sufficient attention to the speaker’s message, which can thus destabilize speaker-hearer relations; and, finally, a communicative attitude of obedience.
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The article discusses genre features of utterances posted on the Wizaz.pl portal by its users to express their opinions on the used cosmetics and their effect, and to rate them. These utterances are an integral part of the website and constitute a kind of texts-opinions which refer to the product description functioning as the text-mother. They are an example of consumer reviews (opinions), i.e. online evaluations of products and services. The genre status of such utterances is ambiguous. The author proposes a hypothesis that this Internet genre was created by adapting some features of the genre pattern of Internet comment to the genre pattern of opinion. She also does not reject definitely the possibility of genre autonomy of the so-called consumer review.
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