„Někerej Maďar taky za to nemůže, že je Maďar”: o sociologickém popisu národní identifikace

Author(s): Jarosław Kilias / Language(s): Czech Issue: 04/2005

This article discusses the topic of national identification. The author’s aim is to define the appropriate conceptual framework for describing nationality, while taking into account the pluralistic character of the nation and the related contextual and multi-levelled nature of national identification. In the author’s view, the concept of ‘identification’ more accurately applies to individual nationality than the category of identity does, owing to the latter’s undesirable subjectivism, methodological individualism, and its occasional references to an over-intellectualised concept of the individual. Scientists who use the second of these two terms tend, moreover, to conflate descriptions of individual and collective phenomena. In an effort to substantiate and elaborate his arguments the author draws on the Good Soldier Švejk by Jaroslav Hašek and presents an analysis of the national identification of the novel’s multi-national protagonists. He demonstrates that national identification is multi-levelled and variable, depending on particular situations and institutional frameworks. The author’s description shows that the best method of analysing individual nationality may be by examining the individual’s set of social roles and institutions rather than describing individual identifications.

„Nem látod, hogy bajban vagyunk?”

A környezetvédelemmel kapcsolatos ignorancia megjelenése a vizuális figyelmi folyamatokban, és néhány lehetséges magyarázat

Author(s): Célia Krisztina Farkas,Péter Pajkossy,Andrea Dúll / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2022

The environmental crisis is an outstanding topic nowadays. Given that it is basically caused by human activity, this issue is worth examining at all levels of society. The present study investigated the individuals’ visual attentional patterns and the possible attentional biases related to pictures displaying environmental problems, in comparison to undisturbed nature and social scenes as control stimuli, within the framework of a reaction-time task. Changes in participants’ mood and their self-reported environmental awareness were also measured. However, only the negative social scenes resulted attentional bias, the environmental topics were not able to do that. Albeit the mood of the participants deteriorated during the experiment, it did not have any correlation with any other variables, and either did the environmental awareness. We displayed the stimuli during the task only for a short period of time, thereby we targeted to reach automatic attentional responses. Our results reflect to the fact, that the topic of the environmental crisis is not suitable to do this. This phenomenon propounds the demand of explanations behind this phenomenon (like the possible evolutionary background).

„Opowiadacz jest przewodnikiem po gabinecie osobliwości”. Rozmowa z Elżbietą Stanilewicz i Groszkiem Stanilewicz – Łowcami Słów

Author(s): Weronika Kostecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

This conversation with Elżbieta Stanilewicz and Groszek Stanilewicz – Łowcy Słów [The Hunters of Words] – explores their fascination with the practice of storytelling, their various sources of inspiration, their literary and oral projects, and the ways in which their stories are received by various audiences.

„Prawdziwi mężczyźni Boga” w „szatańskich miastach”. Religia i hybrydyczna męskość polskich migrantów w Anglii, Belgii i Szwecji

Author(s): Katarzyna Leszczyńska,Katarzyna Zielińska,Sylwia Urbańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

In the article we analyse the construction of masculinity by Polish migrants involved in Polish organisations of the Catholic Church abroad. The results of the research that we conducted in 2016–2018 with religiously active Polish migrant men in three countries – England, Belgium and Sweden – are presented. The heuristic framework of the analysis is the concept of hybrid masculinity understood as a conglomerate of social practices and rules derived from various gender patterns. We show how, in the process of selective inclusion, meanings and practices attributed to e.g. femininity are incorporated into the new religious masculinity pattern. We demonstrate how religion a mechanism of social segregation, stratification and mobility within gender hierarchy that elevates Polish religious masculinity to dominant positions in the symbolic order.

„Předevčírem, nebo kdy to bylo?“: Temporalita třídy nejchudších

Author(s): Petr Vašát / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2014

The article seeks to describe the poorest class’s notion of time and through this critically address the prevailingly one-dimensional and unproblematised conception of time in the Czech social sciences. The relational concept of the poorest class here refers to individuals united by specific social practices and strategies that are determined by their position and mutual proximity within a social space. The article’s theoretical framework is anthropologist Nancy Munn’s practice-based or agent-oriented approach to time and space, according to which socio-cultural practices do not just occur in time and space but also create or produce that time and space. The concept of temporalisation (time and space) is used in this respect to refer to a variegated, symbolic process whose forms can encompass different degrees of awareness and consideration of the dimension of time. Through the optics of this theoretical approach the article examines four dimensions of agent-based temporalisation: (1) the tactical nature of time, (2) the relation between past, present, and future, (3) time reckoning, and (4) the rhythm of everyday practices. The text presents data from ethnographic field research conducted in the urban setting of the City of Pilsen. The aforementioned dimensions of time are understood as a reflection of social structures, that is, of the position of agents in a social space associated with poverty and marginalisation.

„Propagandowe znaczenie barszczu”

Jedzenie i polska tożsamość kulturowa w okresie międzywojennym

Author(s): Agnieszka Chmielewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2021

In this article the author reviews and interprets the use of restaurants and food-industry stands in the Polish sections of three international exhibitions organised in the interwar period (in Paris in 1925 and 1937, and in New York in 1939). The primary goal of the Polish exhibiters was to present the cultural identity of the nation, whose distinctiveness and right to self-determination was the main legitimation for the existence of the Second Polish Republic. The author considers whether food can be viewed as a full-fledged element of this representation and what images of Polishness were constructed with its help. She points out that in 1925 the potential of food was not used, while in 1937 and 1939 it was more and more effectively included in the representation of Polish cultural identity. In accord with the principles of gastro-diplomacy, the most successful exhibit was one in which a traditional Polish feast was arranged.

„Ratio Generationis” – Szempontok a felelős generációkutatáshoz

Author(s): Ákos Gábor Csutorás / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2021

Huge amount of literature has been published in recent years on topic of generation researchbut of varying quality. There is a significant interest in the topic, although an increasing amountof contradictory and methodologically questionable results have come to light. People developprejudices and beliefs based on popular media, which could be counterbalanced by scientificworks, but there is a noticable amount of thorough criticism against them. It is still a question,whether generation is the proper response to certain phenomena or we have just „generated” itand most charachteristics are rather related to age or life span? Cautious research is complicatedand lengthy, therefore many either choose to perform superficial research or to go so in-depththat does not allow answering problems and return to just individual differences. Some concludeby refusing the generational approach altogether. In these circumstances a kind of „responsible”generational research is to be suggested, which turns from dead ends to the scientific way andfinally tries to find „ration in generations” keeping in mind all the criticism of the approach.I summerize cosiderations in my work to find this right direction.

„Rozvoj“ a moc. Sociologické analýzy moci v „rozvojovej“ spolupráci

Author(s): Tomáš Profant / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 02/2013

The social sciences offer a variety of theoretical approaches to grasping the issue of power. ‘Development’ represents a good field for such analysis. Power tends to be a neglected issue and does not figure in governmental, non-governmental, or international discourse. In the academic field it is less overlooked, but in the Czech-Slovak environment there is as yet no theoretical overview of the various approaches to studying power and ‘development’. This article sets out to answer the question of how best to examine power in ‘development’ and replies with a multidisciplinary approach. It begins by focusing on the understanding of power within the context of its first dimension, which is most vividly reflected in the perception of the World Bank as a dominant actor. The second part of the article concentrates on power in development discourse. The third part analyses disciplinary power in relations of ‘development’ cooperation. The fourth looks at agency, which disobeys the discourse and structure, in order to recognise the capacity for resistance among even the least advantaged. The final part focuses on governmentality and ‘development’. In the conclusion the author attempts to make a brief synthesis of these approaches, on the one hand viewing power as a kind of strategic situation, but on the other hand arguing the importance not to overlook the enormous power of structure just as much as the capacity of certain privileged actors to influence it. What is important then is a subjectivity of power.

„Šedá zóna“ v éře tzv. normalizace: Dům techniky ČSVTS Pardubice v dějinách české sociologie

Author(s): Zdeněk R. Nešpor / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2014

The Marxist-Leninist ‘ideological supervision’ of Czech sociology in the 1970s and 1980s led to the de facto academic impotence of ‘official’ institutions at universities and the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. However, sociological inquiry and discussion found a home, at least temporarily, in various less regulated departmental, regional and technical institutes, which came to represent the ‘grey zone’ of contemporary Czech sociology, i.e. the space between official, state-sanctioned sociological work and prohibited, dissident sociology (and where a significant number of persecuted sociologists were able to retain their jobs). One such institute, the House of Technology in Pardubice, played a particularly significant role in the 1970s and, to a lesser extent, in the 1980s. For a decade after 1969 it hosted the dissolved academic Department of the Sociology of Industry (V. Herstus, O. Sedláček, D. Slejška) and its research activities, the former Institute for Social Analysis (from Hradec Králové), and a further 20–30 external (part-time) workers. The House of Technology conducted around 150 empirical surveys, especially in the fields of the sociology of work and the sociology of organisation and published a number of books in the field of sociology and its own journal, Analýza (Analysis), which in the first few years presented theoretical discussions and later the results of empirical research. In this article the author provides a broad analysis of the organisational background and results of the various activities of the House of Technology, which, whilst significant in terms of Czech sociology at the time, were, the author concludes, unable to serve as an effective substitute for real academic work. Indeed, it was more a research than an academic institution and the main contribution it made to Czech sociology was the professional ‘life jacket’ it offered persecuted scholars.

„Shromaždiště mravně zchátralých“? Intimní kontakty mezi návštěvníky veřejných toalet v historické a antropologické perspektivě

Author(s): Jan Seidl / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2019

Since their introduction in the public space of European and American cities, public restrooms have been, irrespective of specific countries and individual historical periods of the 19th and the 20th centuries, a privileged place of anonymous sexual contact between men. Recent scholarship focusing on the everyday history of homosexuality in what is today the Czech Republic has brought abundant evidence of this socio-sexual pattern throughout the 20th century also in cities such as Prague, Brno, or Pilsen. These scholars usually conclude that due to various external factors, including a radical improvement of the situation of LGBTI people in general, this pattern, very vivid until the end of the 1980s, more or less disappeared in the following decades. In this paper, I argue that this is not the case: on the contrary, as proven by various dating applications and on-line LGBT forums, the rather anonymous sexual intimateness with other men at public bathrooms is still of a very strong attraction for many men today. In trying to understand the reasons why this is so, I proceed to analyse the meanings that actors themselves were or are ascribing to this pattern in the interwar period, in the Communist period, and today (using archival, oral history, and internet sources, respectively). My conclusion is that today, this pattern may serve to a certain degree as an extension of on-line dating, introducing an element of randomness to what may be perceived as a too predictable way of making contacts. Due to this, paradoxically, the internet has saved this very ancient socio-sexual pattern of homosexual subcultures from extinction.

„Śmieci na wejściu, śmieci na wyjściu”. Wpływ jakości koderów na działanie sieci neuronowej klasyfikującej wypowiedzi w mediach społecznościowych

Author(s): Paweł Matuszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

One of the critical decisions when manually coding text data is whether to verify the coders’ work. In the case of supervised models, this leads to a significant dilemma: is it better to provide the model with a large number of cases on which it will learn at the expense of verifying the correctness of the data, or whether it is better to code each case n-times, which will allow to compare the codes and check their correctness but at the same time will reduce the training dataset by n-fold. Such a decision not only affect the final results of the classifier. From the researchers’ point of view, it is also crucial because, realistically assuming that research has limited funding, it cannot be undone. The study uses a simulation approach and provides conclusions and recommendations based on 100,000 unique and hand-coded tweets.

„Usłyszeć uśmiech” – praca emocjonalna przedstawiciela handlowego w kontekście interakcji z klientem przed pandemią COVID-19 i w jej trakcie

Author(s): Beata Pawłowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 81/2022

The article discusses the interactive activities undertaken in their professional work by sales representatives in the context of their relationship with the customer (buyer, contractor). Actions taken by traders during negotiations and cooperation with the client are described. At the same time, differences in interaction with the contractor during the COVID-19 pandemic were indicated. The emotional work of traders that is performed by them during negotiations and transactions with the buyer is described. The necessity to use shallow emotional work in the current pandemic situation was indicated. The emotional state of the sales representative should be “visible” in the voice of the employee. Due to the transfer of interaction from direct to indirect, by telephone, the client is to “hear the smile” of the employee. The interlocutors indicated lower effectiveness of their work and lower motivation to work. All considerations were based on research conducted for many years by the author of the article in the group of sales representatives and on research conducted in 2021 by Paulina Skiera as part of the bachelor’s seminar conducted by the author. The research was qualitative research with the use of, inter alia, unstructured interviews and observations.

„VIITORUL ABSOLVENT – ÎNTRE SIGURANȚĂ ȘI INCERTITUDINE” – PROGRAM EDUCAȚIONAL DE CONSILIERE PARENTALĂ

Author(s): Emil Bloj / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Parent education is one of the main concerns of the school counselor. In order to alleviate the problems that appeared in the lives of young people at the time of graduating high school, so that he no longer appears as an individual who oscillates between safety and uncertainty, we initiated the Parental Counseling Program: The future graduate between safety and uncertainty.

„Vlastní Laboratoř“: Akademické Trajektorie A Gender V Současných Biovědách

Author(s): Marcela Linková,Alice Červinková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2013

Despite various changes in academic institutions and the academic profession in last two decades (Shore 2008; Dunn 2003; Power 2003), the academic environment is still organized around the notion of a linear, uninterrupted career path (Murray 2000; Smithon and Stokoe 2005) culminating with the launch of one’s own lab. Rather than a remnant of previous organizing principles of science the linear notion of the academic career has been reordered and reinscribed in the recent science policy imaginary of the excellent career (Garforth, Červinková 2009). In light of the recent shifts in the organization of biosciences in the Czech Republic from dynastic to dynamic labs, the dominant ideologies of motherhood and the disembodied subject of the labour market, our goal in this paper is to contribute to feminist analyses of research careers and implications these recent shifts have in terms of the position of women‑ and especially mothers‑bioscientists. Using the concept of enactment (Law 1994, Mol 2002) we examine the co‑constitution of motherhood and research careers procesually, as a result of the effects of the gender order, science policy, family policy, institutional arrangements of research organizations and the personal. We wish to underscore the need for a complex study of research careers if we want to understand the nuanced ways in which gender is inscribed in careers in the biosciences.

„Vy jste dole, my nahoře!"

Sociální a etnické hranice v základní škole*

Author(s): Radek Vorlíček / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2016

The article explores the dynamics of social marginality and dominance in educational settings. Special attention is paid to the role of schools in the process of boundary constructions. The article deals with social distance dynamics among pupils in elementary school, and observes how these dynamics strengthen or weaken their position in the hierarchy. The text describes social interaction in a group of children, and records the context in which the inclusion or exclusion of those who are seen as the bearers of an identity other than the group dominant identity takes place, and whether it has the character of ethnic or social class. The article is based on long­term, qualitative, inductive, and ethnographic fieldwork. The central method of the fieldwork was ethnographic observation. To large degree, the research was conducted in the framework of interactionism. The article sheds light on many aspects of social exclusion in educational settings and on the obstacles of educational research.

„W ogóle autobusu nie widać”. Życie na obszarach wykluczenia transportowego

Author(s): Justyna Orchowska / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 88/2022

The issue of transport-related exclusion in Poland is increasingly being raised in the public debate. This problem intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the reduction in the number of routes and the frequency of buses and trains. However, in Poland, the scientific literature on this subject is still insufficient. This article attempts to broaden our knowledge on this topic. The main objective of the paper is to show, from the perspective of the residents, various aspects of transport-related exclusion. Three dimensions of this phenomenon are considered: limited access to public transport, spatial and temporal limitations, and the inability to participate in important social institutions. The article is based on three case studies in the Masovian Voivodeship, namely from Ostrów Mazowiecka, Żuromin, and Tczów. The research was carried out in 2021 through the use of two methods: an analysis of secondary resources and individual in-depth interviews. Based on the opinions and observations of the residents of the above-mentioned towns, this article presents the social consequences of limited access to bus and train connections.

„Z vnějšku“ a „z nitra“. Hledání půdorysu obecné antropologie

Author(s): Jan Horský / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2021

This article offers one of the possibilities of establishing a design for general anthropology. It works with the categories of “inwardness” (Innerlichkeit) and points to possible solutions of combining the spiritual, semiotic, or psychological “from the inside” with the empirical “from the outside”. Using the example of the discussion on “basic colour terms”, the article considers various levels of the evolution of designating colour (genetic, epigenetic, the level of coevolution of genes and culture, the level of evolution and diffusion of culture, the level of language development). At the same time, it considers the options of how to formulate testable theories that would combine ontogenesis, (cultural) phylogenesis, and cultural-historical developments.

„Začínají žít.“ Převýchova romských dětí jako socialistická kolonizace

Author(s): Jan Randák / Language(s): Czech Issue: Special/2021

State policy towards the Roma took various forms in communist Czechoslovakia. In the first decadeafter the onset of the communist dictatorship (1950s), it oscillated between two poles. While the firsthalf of the decade is characterized by efforts to emancipate the Roma population, including the support of Roma culture, in the second half of the decade the state government took restrictive measures,including a ban on nomadism. However, the state-encouraged and welcome emancipation of Roma fellow citizens was an ambivalent enterprise. On the one hand, the dictatorship took care over the Romafor fundamental ideological reasons and offered them a chance to become members of the majority ofthe society. On the other hand, it expressed its intention with a discriminatory language confirmingthe power asymmetry between the majority of the population and the Roma. At the end, the state didnot only fail to overcome racist stereotypes of Czech public, but rather confirmed them.

„Zázemí“ a „bojiště” v usilování o spravedlnost: textová analýza odborářské, feministické a lidskoprávní mediální komunikace

Author(s): Jiří Kabele,Kateřina Vojtíšková,Martin Hájek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2006

The study is a computer-assisted text analysis of corpora obtained from the web pages of nine volunteer, non-governmental organisations and interest groups. The analysis encompasses three areas of justice claims: trade unions (the relationship between employers and employees), feminism (the relationship between men and women), and human rights (the relationship between citizens, foreign nationals, and the state). The aim of the study, based on Foucaultian concepts, is to determine whether media communications are structured by the formative impact of the discourse of claim-making or justice. The main findings relate both to the content and the structure of textual production. First, the organisations examined do not make frequent use of normatively loaded words in their statements. The matter of justice is implicit in their texts. Second, the structure of the statements, represented by the thirty most frequently used words, exhibits a common pattern in all three areas studied. At the one end of the ‘statement spectrum’, there are words referring to the social situation of the contesting actors (‘background’), while at the opposite end, words used in reference to their ‘battlefield’ (claim-making, bargaining and decision making) appear. This polar structure supports the hypothesis that the media communications of selected activist groups are influenced by the discourse of claim-making or justice.

„Втори план“ – 14.12.2018 г.

Author(s): Emiliya Dimova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2019