‘A Job in Politics Is Not for Women’: Analysing Barriers to Women’s Political Representation in CEE

Author(s): Sara Clavero,Yvonne Galligan / Language(s): English / Issue: 06/2005

This article discusses women’s political representation in Central and Eastern Europe in the fifteen years after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the adoption of liberal democratic political systems in the region. It highlights the deepseated gender stereotypes that define women primarily as wives and mothers, with electoral politics seen as an appropriate activity for men, but less so for women. The article explores the ways in which conservative attitudes on gender roles hinders the supply of, and demand for, women in the politics of Central and Eastern Europe. It also discusses the manner in which the internalisation of traditional gender norms affects women’s parliamentary behaviour, as few champion women’s rights in the legislatures of the region. The article also finds that links between women MPs and women’s organisations are weak and fragmented, making coalition-building around agendas for women’s rights problematic.

‘ANTIQUIZATION’ AND THE MACEDONIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY: THREE EXAMPLES ONE EXPLANATION

Author(s): Petar Atanasov / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2012

To talk about the national identity of one nation it means to talk about its present connected with its past. Unarguably, the identity of the nation is crucial for its future regarding its existence and prosperity. The paper will try to analyze the ‘antiquization’ in the Republic of Macedonia as parallel process of national identification and international promotion of the country. The thesis of the paper is that the effect of non-recognition of full Macedonian national identity, especially vis-a-vis Greek objections, directly influences and reinforces the shift towards the ancient ethnogenesis of the Macedonian nation. The search for antique roots of the Macedonian national identity is the third wave of defence after the successful establishment of first, the federal state and, second, an independent nation. ‘Antiquization’ as a phenomenon is a defence not an attack but will certainly have longer impact on perceptions of national identity in the Republic of Macedonia.

‘Britain is different’: Farage’s rhetoric in the Brexit referendum debate

Author(s): Marina Aroshidze / Language(s): English / Issue: 8/2018

This paper explores the influence of the immigration issue – involving political and war refugees as well as economic migrants – on the outcome of Britain’s 2016 referendum on EU membership. I argue that the ‘leave’ result of the referendum can be attributed, to a great extent, to the consistent anti-immigration campaign led by the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) before the referendum. Working with a corpus of 2013-2016 addresses by the UKIP leader Nigel Farage, I identify discursive strategies whereby the influx of Middle East and North African refugees, as well as economic migrants from new EU member states, is construed as a growing threat to well-being, security and identity of the British people and Britain as a nation. This construal subsumes the essentially adversarial position of Brussels as the warrant of free economic movement of all EU citizens, and the supporter/promoter of the movement of non-EU migrants between EU countries. Defining the EU as an antagonistic entity helps the UKIP strengthen their Brexit rationale. The main cognitive, discursive and linguistic pragmatic strategies used to realize this goal are deictic othering, conceptual metaphor, and proximization, which I investigate within the interdisciplinary paradigm of contemporary Critical Discourse Studies.

‘Conference Business’ as Usual? An Open Letter to the ESA

Author(s): Tomáš Bek,Petr Kubala,Terezie Lokšová / Language(s): English / Issue: 03/2016

‘Creating (Local) Space for Change’: Strengthening Agroecological Farming and Fair Trade Practices in the State of Jalisco, Western Mexico

Author(s): Peter R. W. Gerritsen / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2011

The article describes the experience of the Network for Sustainable Agricultural Alternatives (RASA: Red de Alternativas Sustentables Agropecuarias) in western Mexico, which can be considered an initiative of civil society constituted by different social actors constructing new strategies for sustainable rural development. Presented here are different aspects of the RASA, whose work focuses on farmer training in agroecology and, recently also, fair trade practices, the insights gained and the challenges that lie ahead for strengthening sustainable rural development. The RASA can be considered a social organization with characteristics of the so-called new social movements that seek for an increasing role of civil society in political decision-making, in this case regarding rural development in Mexico.

‘DID YOU ARRIVE BY TRAIN OR BY SHIP?:’ TRANSPORTATION AS POLITICS AND METAPHOR IN FIELDWORK IN SOCIALIST ROMANIA

Author(s): David A. Kideckel / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

This essay considers how transportation and mobility model the character of Romanian-American interaction during fieldwork from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s. Transportation in socialist Romania was a register of modernization and regime legitimation as well as an absolute threat to that legitimation. Official suspicions of movement and political concern about transportation translated into differentially restricting, policing, and limiting availability of transportation. In contrast anthropological fieldwork is predicated on movement while Western culture also claimed free mobility as a cultural good. These different teleologies provoked diverse disjunctures in my interactions with Romanians. While I engaged with Romanians naively, my travelling together with people either gave them cover for resistance or provoked their fear of political exposure. Sharing transportation resources with Romanians encouraged others’ concerns about my alleged political bias or was used to affirm socialist superiority. In other words, transportation during socialism was never neutral, but freighted politically and culturally confrontational.

–History of the Legal Profession in Romania – –moments, people and personalities –

Author(s): F R I E D M A N N – N I C O L E S C U Iosif / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2015

Short History of legal profession in Romania presents several personalities of national legal culture

№64 How much does EU citizenship cost? The Maltese citizenship-for-sale affair: A breakthrough for sincere cooperation in citizenship of the union?

Author(s): Sergio Carrera / Language(s): English

How much does European citizenship cost in the EU? This was the question that has raised so much controversy over the Maltese citizenship-for-sale programme. The outright selling of Maltese nationality to rich foreigners led to unprecedented responses by the European Parliament and European Commission. This paper examines theaffair and its relevance for current and future configurations of citizenship of the EU. It studies the extent to which member states are still free to lay down the grounds for the acquisition and loss of nationality without any EU supervision and accountability. It provides a comparative overview of member state schemes and the exact pricefor buying citizenship and a residency permit in the EU. It is argued that the EU’s intervention on the Maltese citizenship-for-sale affair constitutes a legal precedent for assessing the lawfulness of passport-for-sale or golden migration programmes in other EU member states. The affair has also revealed the increasing relevance of a set of European and international legal principles limiting member states’ discretion over citizenship matters and providing a supranational constellation of accountability venues scrutinising the impact of their decisions overcitizenship of the Union.

№67 The US Labour Immigration Scheme – All about being attractive? EU Perceptions and Stakeholders’ Perspectives Reviewed

Author(s): Katharina Eisele / Language(s): English

Labour immigration schemes that effectively attract qualified immigrant workers are a policy priority for many governments. But what are ‘attractive’ labour immigration schemes and policies? To whom are (or should) such policies (be) attractive? In Europe, the US is often portrayed as one of the most ‘attractive’ countries of immigration – if not the most ‘attractive’. This paper aims to analyse and provide a better understanding of the elements of the US immigration system that are supposedly attractive to foreign workers, by examining key features of the current and prospective US labour immigration rules. The paper finds that ‘attractiveness’ in this policy context is a highly malleable and flexible concept: What might be ‘attractive’ to one key stakeholder might not be to another.

№69 ‘Wrong number?’ The Use and Misuse of Asylum Data in the European Union

Author(s): Minos Mouzourakis / Language(s): English

The Common European Asylum System (CEAS) is a policy area particularly evocative of the ‘politics of numbers’. The European Union has at its disposal a wide array of sources providing detailed information about its member states’ asylum systems’ capacities and pressures. This paper discusses thecontent of asylum data and the evolving interaction between its different sources, ranging from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to the European Commission’s EUROSTAT and DGHOME, the European Asylum Support Office (EASO), FRONTEX, the European Migration Network (EMN) and national databases. However, the way in which such data are often misused, or even omitted,in political debate exerts a strong impact on the soundness of policy decisions in the CEAS.

№76 Europe’s most wanted? Recalibrating Trust in the European Arrest Warrant System

Author(s): Nicholas Hernanz,Elspeth Guild,Sergio Carrera / Language(s): English

This paper assesses the uses and misuses in the application of the European Arrest Warrant (EAW) system in the European Union. It examines the main quantitative results of this extradition system achieved between 2005 and 2011 on the basis of the existing statistical knowledge on its implementation at EU official levels. The EAW has been anchored in a high level of ‘mutual trust’ between the participating states’ criminal justice regimes and authorities.

№77 New Approaches, Alternative Avenues and Means of Access to Asylum Procedures for Persons Seeking International Protection

Author(s): Elspeth Guild,Cathryn Costello,Madeline Garlick,Violeta Moreno-Lax,Minos Mouzourakis / Language(s): English

This study examines the workings of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS), in order to assess the need and potential for new approaches to ensure access to protection for people seeking itin the EU, including joint processing and distribution of asylum seekers. Rather than advocating the addition of further complexity and coercion to the CEAS, the study proposes a focus on front-line reception and streamlined refugee status determination, in order to mitigate the asylum challenges facing Member States, and vindicate the rights of asylum seekers and refugees according to the EU acquis and international legal standards. Joint processing could contribute to front-line reception and processing capacity, but is no substitute for proper investment in national systems.

№80 The Criminalisation of Irregular Migration in the European Union

Author(s): Mark Provera / Language(s): English

This paper offers an academic examination of the legal regimes surrounding the criminalisation of irregular migrants in the EU and of acts of solidarity with irregular migrants, such as assisting irregular migrants to enter or remain in the EU, and other behaviour that is motivated by humanitarian instincts.The research analyses EU law and its relationship with national provisions regarding the criminalisation of irregular migration and of acts of solidarity vis-á-vis irregular migrants. A comparative analysis was made of the laws of the UK, France and Italy, supplemented by ananalysis of the laws of Germany, the Netherlands and Spain. By considering the role of public trust in fostering compliance with the law, the paper explores the impact of criminalisation measures on institutions’ authority to compel individuals to comply with the law (institutional legitimacy).

№84 The EU and its Counter-Terrorism Policies after the Paris Attacks

Author(s): Didier Bigo,Sergio Carrera,Elspeth Guild,Emmanuel-Pierre Guittet,Julien Jeandesboz,Valsamis Mitsilegas,Francesco Ragazzi,Amandine Scherrer / Language(s): English

This paper examines the EU’s counter-terrorism policies responding to the Paris attacks of 13 November 2015. It argues that these events call for a re-think of the current information-sharing and preventive-justice model guiding the EU’s counter-terrorism tools, along with security agencies such as Europol and Eurojust. Priority should be givento independently evaluating ‘what has worked’ and ‘what has not’ when it comes to police and criminal justice cooperation in the Union. Current EU counter-terrorism policies face two challenges: one is related to their efficiency and other concerns their legality. ‘More data’ without the necessary human resources, more effective cross-border operational cooperation and more trust between the law enforcement authorities of EU member states is not an efficient policy response. Large-scale surveillance and preventive justice techniques are also incompatible with the legal and judicial standards developed by the Court of Justice of the EU.

№87 EU-Morocco Cooperation on Readmission, Borders and Protection: A model to follow?

Author(s): Sergio Carrera,Jean-Pierre Cassarino,Nora El Qadim,Mehdi Lahlou,Leonhard Den Hertog / Language(s): Albanian,English

Greater cooperation with third countries is one of the EU’s core responses to the refugee crisis. This cooperation is focused on the read mission of individuals irregularly staying in the EU, on border surveillance and control, and on the reception of refugees in third countries. The EU has attempted to co-opt Turkey and African countries into these priorities, using funding and specific mobility channels as incentives. This paper poses the question of what kind of cooperation the EU should pursue with third countries. As the current approaches are not new, we present the lessons from the EU’s long cooperation with Morocco to inform the current debate. We find that, first, the difficult negotiations on an EU Readmission Agreement with Morocco show that more funding or ‘incentives’ cannot guarantee such an agreement, let alone its implementation. Second, we highlight the challenges of the partly EU-funded and Frontex-coordinated cooperation on borders between Spain and Morocco, which hampers the capacity of third countries to respect migrants’ rights and challenges the obligations of EU member states under European and international law. Third, as EU cooperation with Turkey and Africa now aims to ‘stem’ the flow of asylum-seekers, the capacity of third countries to offer reception and protection to asylum-seekers is crucial. We conclude that Morocco has limited capacities in this regard, which raises the question of whether third countries can be assumed to be able to offer such reception and protection.

№88 A European Border and Coast Guard: What’s in a name?

Author(s): Leonhard Den Hertog,Sergio Carrera / Language(s): English

This paper assesses the Commission’s proposal presented in December 2015 to set up a European Border and Coast Guard (EBCG), based on the responses made by the EU border agency Frontex to the ‘refugee crisis’ that began in 2015 and continues unabated. It explores the extent to which this proposed new body will be capable of remedying the EU’s short comings in meeting established border and asylum standards and related institutional needs on the ground and concludes that it is unlikely to do so. The paper argues that the EBCG proposal does not establish a true European Border and Coast Guard. Instead it would revamp Frontex into a Frontex + Agency. The EBCG would expand the current logic of national border guards to be committed to the Frontex Agency ‘pools’ and therefore does not solve the ‘dependency’ of Frontex on member states. More importantly, the EBCG would do too little to ensure that member states comply with EU border and asylum standards, which has constituted the central deficiency throughout 2015 and earlier.

№90 The Cost of Non-Europe in the Area of Organised Crime

Author(s): Sergio Carrera,Elspeth Guild,Lina Vosyliūtė,Amandine Scherrer,Valsamis Mitsilegas,Mirja Gutheil,Quentin Liger,Gareth Harper / Language(s): English

This Research Paper examines the costs of non-Europe in the field of organised crime. It provides an interdisciplinary analysis of the main legal/ethical, socio-political and economic costs and benefits of the EU in policies on organised crime. It offers an in-depth examination of the transformative contribution that the EU has made, in terms of investigation, prosecution and efficiency, to trans-border operational activities and the protection of its citizens’ rights. Finally, it seeks to answer the questions of what are the costs and benefits of European cooperation and what forms of cooperation would bring more European added value.

№95 Money Talks. Mapping the funding for EU external migration policy

Author(s): Leonhard Den Hertog / Language(s): English

This paper examines the role of funding in the EU’s external policies on migration, borders and asylum. Academic analysis has looked extensively into the political and legal resources of the EU in this area,but surprisingly little attention has been paid to the role of funding in the governance of this cooperation with third countries. The objective of this paper is first to understand what EU funds are involved and which actors are setting priorities for funding in the field of migration, borders and asylum. This is a highly technical field of EU governance, characterised by complex political and legal dynamics. The funding landscape is fragmented and incoherent, with limited coordination, but this incoherence can be understood in light of the broader political, sociological and institutional struggles that come to the fore in the setting of priorities for funding. This paper argues that a certain degree of incoherence is an inevitable characteristic of EU governance in this field. The bigger issue is the challenge posed to accountability by this EU funding.

التّخطيط التّربويّ: ماهيته، مبادئه، ومعاييره الأساسيّة

Author(s): Kemal Ferhavi / Language(s): Arabic / Issue: 32/2016

In the article the author tries to settle on the definition of educational planning; describing it as an effective tool to meet specific objectives and regarding it as a set of procedural operations performed according to predefined steps and time. Some researchers take it as an educational policy which should take into account effects and standards would they be historical, social, political, economic or others. It is also a means to make change within society in order to conduct social, economic and political development through means. The paper also deals with its principles as well as the importance of planning: reality, flexibility, continuity, comprehensibility, complementarity, cohesion and future.In addition to that, the article examines its types through; objectives, dimensions and decision sources. The paper deals with the various standards of educational planning, namely civilization, historical, social, economic, educational and international standards. Finally, it has been concluded that since planning is of a great importance there must be a set of conditions in every educational plan. Some questions will remain unanswered. We expect answer them in the upcoming studies.

منهج الشموليية العلمي

Author(s): Aydın Kudat,Hüseyin Tarık / Language(s): Arabic / Issue: 37/2018

The centers of science, administration and governance are the main agents in any country. The centers of science produce scientists, leaders and thinkers if their approach is correct and sound, and the centers of government are the ones that guide the country towards the right direction in the fields of politics, economy, justice and the arts. Which implements the political vision in the country, which results in the interaction of peoples with their governments, all based on the centers of science.Researchers in science and university centers can be classified as:First: the researcher specializing in precise competence; contributing in the innovation in her/his field only, we can see her/him in scientific laboratorie as scientists.Secondly, the researcher is a researcher who collects from every knowledge. He is a mobile scientistthat helps us in public sermons and sermons that speak simultaneously to the immediate event. The article is quick and can be presented to us by students of science or political class and thinkers, but he cannot produce us thinkers and strategic thinkers with a leadership mentality that runs the country’s affairs.Thirdly: The holistic researcher, who is knowledgeable about the fields of life and the sciences and the knowledge and knowledge of his knowledge and knowledge, is able to know what his knowledge is doing. This can be used to build the base of influence and use. He can benefit from all fields of life and science and from all events to enrich his competence; To influence the scientific, social, political and even international environment, which can be applied to the rule of extrapolation and elucidation; it explores the reality associated with science and devises solutions to the dilemmas, and this is what produces leaders, thinkers, inspectors and decision makers.The result: All those who changed the course of science, politics, economics and jurisprudence were of this type, and can be extrapolated from scientific disciplines of science, law, law, journalism, economics, education and others; you will find before you are the comprehensive world encyclopedic.Work in the field of science is in the field of competence, it is faster in the process of development and scientific progress; and competence may be a general competence in any scientific field and this is Mahmoud; and can fill any gap in the scientific institution, administrative or technical. And the strict specialization within the general jurisdiction is one of the reasons for innovation and creativity in the scientific field and in particular technical; and this is unknowable, and we can call it vertical orientation in the jurisdiction, and this may be difficult to fill the scientific or administrative or technical vacancy, it is true that it cannot fill the vacancy; Because it may be unique institution, and there is a field of horizontal expansion is specialized in the competence of the general well-versed all the vocabulary of his knowledge; and specialization of precise competence, this can fill the scientific field and the field of others except the competent jurisdiction.But if we can produce minds that are concerned with the science and inno-vation of other sciences, here is the scientific creativity and here show the genius and we need scientific cadres distinct to produce leadership thinking in all areas of life.