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At the root of the article, there is an argument on the crisis of liberal democracy, which manifests itself in the atomisation of society, exacerbated by consumerism(among other things), and consequently, withdrawal of individuals from the public space, as well as an unwitting resignation from, for example, the rights of scrutiny over authority. It needs to be noticed that the above diagnosis may stem both from the concern about liberal democracy, the belief that there is no alternative to it,but it may also be derived from the conviction that it is necessary to reject liberal democracy and replace it with some other, allegedly better project. One of such counter-projects is nationalism. Every project of social organization, including liberal democracy, just like nationalism, adopts a certain catalogue of obligations or expectations towards individuals, citizens, members of the nation (the obligatory aspect). The aim of this paper is to analyze the connections between an individual, the society and the state, that is the scope of relationships determining certain obligatory aspects, namely the contents of obligations corresponding to the requirements of liberal democracy efficiency and the contents of obligations necessary to preserve the coherence of the nationalist counter-project, as well as specific costs (some kinds of hardships) necessary to achieve the efficiency of each of these systems.The subjects of reference in the text, despite the generalized character of some of the arguments mentioned in the text, are the Polish society and state.
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Regional cultural associations operate in every bigger town. In Piotrków Trybunalski, two circumstances favoured it, namely the increasing number of inhabitants with at least secondary education and the possibility to receive budgetary subsidies for statutory activity. According to the Act on the Education System of 7th September 1991, No. 1 art. 56, a music school can host associations and other organisations, with the exception of political parties and organisations, whose statutory aim is an educational activity or broadening and enrichment of forms of teaching, educational and supportive activity of the school. They assist the schools in propagating musical culture in the region by organising musical courses and workshops, co-organising concerts of invited artists, purchasing instruments and teaching aid. They also make it possible to organise, finance and conduct interesting, alternative forms of education in the school. The Ignacy Jan Paderewski 1st and 2nd Degree State Musical School in Piotrków Trybunalski is such a school, as it has co-operated with the Friends of Artistic Centres Association since 1951 and with the Franciszek Lessel Piotrków Musical Society since 1984. It is worth mentioning that the seats of both these non-governmental institutions are located in the school building. The aim of this article is to present the role and importance of both social organisations in the development of musical education of young people from Piotrków.
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Replacing of conventional technology for producing microfilters with a laser technology is presented in the paper. Two approaches for laser drilling through melting and sublimation are discussed. The paper describes possibilities of laser technology in obtaining filters and sieves with different diameters of the holes in the microwave range as well as high homogenity of structures. Detailed analysis of photo-etching as an alternative to laser drilling of microfilters with a certain geometry has been carried out. Advantages and disadvantages of the most common technologies are shown, too
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Objectives: This article aims to provide a theoretical analysis of communication in public institutions with regard to ethical values and norms. More specifically, the objective is to try to understand how ethics is anchored in communication systems in organizations acting on behalf and for the community. Research Design & Methods: The paradigm which the authors refer to is the social communication theory, theories of professional ethics and writings of management specialists who work in the field of organisational communication. Findings: While exploring the literature in the said fields, the authors draw analytical conclusions regarding values and norms which should (normative approach) characterise the system of internal and external communication in public institutions, undertaking an attempt to build a theoretical model at the same time. Implications / Recommendations: The analysis shows that the values and norms necessary for public institutions to operate properly are connected primarily with the need for all groups of stakeholders focused around this process to co-operate. Contribution / Value Added: The authors try to organise the values and norms typical for communication systems in public institutions into a model.
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Objectives: The main aim of the article is to analyse changes in spending on culture with regard to four selected groups:libraries, community cultural centres, heritage and monument protection, and others in the years 2003 to 2016. Thisarticle also looks at the sum of municipal budgets in individual provinces.Research Design and Methods: For the selected years, location quotients (LQ) were used to show the spatial diversityof cultural expenditure in the municipalities of particular voivodships. To illustrate the diversity of municipal expenditureon culture in particular years of the analysis was made using a dynamic modification of Knudsen’s regression modelof share transfers proposed by Berzeg (the SSANOVA model).Findings: The increase in the share of cultural expenditure followed by a decline thereof may indicate that in 2011–2014 the municipalities in Poland made significant expenditure on culture, which could have been aimed at improvingboth hard and soft cultural infrastructure. Analysis using the Knudsen model revealed a disturbing tendency to decreasethe share of municipal expenditure devoted to culture in total expenditureImplications/Recommendations: The fact that the majority of municipalities in Poland in the analysed period devoteda higher share of expenditure to cultural purposes than average spending of this type for Poland may indicate a changein the approach of local authorities to the culture as a potential factor for the development of a municipality, ratherthan unnecessary budget expenditure. The downward trend in the share of cultural expenditure of municipalitiesin their total expenditure may, though not necessarily does, indicate a change in the direction of cultural policy of localgovernments in Poland.Contribution/Value Added: This approach opens new possibilities for analysing cultural expenditure from local budgets,as well as local cultural policies and the effectiveness of public finances.Article classification: research article
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Objectives: The official food safety system in Poland is divided between a number of specialised inspection bodies.The effective implementation of the entire inspection and supervision process requires multi-direction co-operation.The aim of the study presented was the identification of the barriers to and boundaries of the inter-organisational cooperationbetween the inspection bodies involved in the official food safety process.Research Design & Methods: Qualitative research methods: analysis of organisational documentation, industry reports,post-audit reports and in-depth interviews with employees of five inspection bodies.Findings: The co-operation between the inspection bodies should be multi-threaded and multi-lateral. In fact,the mechanisms that encourage co-operation are relatively weak and there are numerous barriers between them. The lackof the inter-organisational co-operation is caused by various factors: cultural, social, political, legal, and organisationalnorms and values. The key source of the barriers is the fragmentary perception of the food safety supervision processby employees, which results from the lack of a systematic approach to this process. The employees of the inspectionbodies perceive the remaining inspections as external entities and not co-workers taking part in a common processaimed at common good.Implications/Recommendations: This article suggests some policy implications. The evolutionary solutions may includemeasures to eliminate the differences between inter-organisational co-operation postulated in legal regulations and realpractices. The revolutionary activities may consist of building a comprehensive system of official food safety whichwill lead to consistent supervision over the entire food chain, and not only over the individual stages thereof. Theconstruction of such a system may require changes in the number and the scope of tasks of the existing inspections.Contribution/Value Added: The inter-organisational co-operation problems as part of the official food safety processare not specific to only the system in Poland: similar difficulties are found in many countries. Therefore these researchfindings have potentially wide application.Article classification: research article
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The sixth issue of SILC “Viewpoints and perspectives in FLT” is comprised of seven papers, which reflect a wide variety of issues in the field of second language acquisition and teacher development and certification. It also offers a book review of a recent publication in the field of contemporary education.
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Improving the status of the teaching profession is seen as an important prerequisite for increasing its appeal for both practicing teachers and university graduates who have obtained a teaching qualification. This state-of-the-art review looks into recent research in the field of creating and maintaining teacher identity and a sense of belonging to the profession of teaching in general, and foreign language teaching in particular. It provides a commentary on a number of issues related to the role of identity in conceptualising professionalism in the field of language teaching. Current research views teacher identity as a multifaceted, dynamic, and context-bound phenomenon, which is closely related to defining and negotiating one's self, and managing the affective domain. Different interpretations of professionalism are discussed, starting from the externally imposed form, sponsored and delineated by policy-makers, to its independent variety, stemming from individual teachers’ views and reflections on their own beliefs and actions. Sponsored professionalism is linked to the recent call for measurable accountability in education worldwide and in Bulgarian higher education.
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The Symbolic World of 1867. Studies on the age of the Compromise by András Cieger; Losing the Manor Estate. Noble families in Békés County in the 19th century by Adrienn Szilágyi; Stations of a Life Career. Mihály Kmoskó, 1876–1931 by István Ormos; The Distinction of Gypsies from Hungarians and Kinship by Cecília Kovai; Within the Frames. Art of the 1960s in Hungary 1958–1968 edited by Judit Borus; Stagings of the Stranger. The inter- and intracultural connections of Hungarian theatre; Platforms, Robots and the Law. New challenges for regulation in the Information Society
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