「受洗タタール」から「クリャシェン」へ ―― 現代ロシアにおける民族復興の一様態 ――

Author(s): Akira Sakurama / Language(s): Japanese / Issue: 56/2009

Из «крещеных татар» в «кряшены»: в качестве примера этнического движения в постсоветской России После перестройки на территории СССР возникло немало различных национальных и этнических движений. Несмотря на то, что данной теме уже было посвящено довольно много научных работ, все еще остается нерассмотренным процесс зарождения этнического самосознания этих народов. В данной работе рассматривается возрожденческое движение cреди кряшен. Кряшены обычно определяются как «крещеные татары» и считаются «субконфессиональной группой» татар. Но в настоящее время интеллигенция из числа кряшен требует называть себя «отдельным народом». В данной работе мы попытаемся ответить на следующие вопросы: на каком основании кряшены хотят быть отличными от татар; на чем основывается их самобытность. Полагаем, что настоящее исследование поможет понять характер современного этнического движения в России в целом. Многие ученые считают, что кряшены происходят от татар, крещенных в результате политики христианизации, проводившейся Российской империей с XVI века. В конце XIX века у татар актуализировалась идея об их мусульманской идентичности. В то же время татары-мусульмане стали относиться к крещеным татарам как предателям. Именно в этот период у крещеных татар произошло окончательное самосознание себя как кряшен, народа совершенно отличного от татар. В 1910-х годах, кряшенская интеллигенция начала считать себя «нацией» и требовать, чтобы за кряшенами признали это право. После Октябрьской революции их статус, как отдельная народность, был официально признан. Но в 20-х годах кряшен снова считали лишь религиозной группой, которая постепенно стала сливаться с татарами. Во время перестройки кряшенские ученые, поэты, журналисты приступили к этническому возрожденческому движению. На самом начальном этапе они действовали сообща с татарами-мусульманами. Первая кряшенская организация была создана как одна из секций Татарского общественного центра (ТОЦ). Но татары также стали стремиться к возрождению мусульманского самосознания, и вскоре в СМИ возник негативный образ кряшен.

コムソモールと「非公式団体」の対立と協調 - ペレストロイカ期コムソモールの変質過程

Author(s): Miyako Mori / Language(s): Japanese / Issue: 50/2003

コムソモールの改革の試みと崩壊の始まり　1987～1988年

Author(s): Miyako Mori / Language(s): Japanese / Issue: 47/2000

This paper looks at the attempts made between 1987 and 1988 to reform and revive Komsomol under the pressure of political and social change, and their consequences that paradoxically led to the collapse of Komsomol. When we explore the process of Perestroika and the breakdown of the Soviet Union, we tend to perceive Perestroika simply as the prologue to the collapse of the Union and interpret all factors and phenomena during Perestroika from the perspective of how they contributed to the demise of the Soviet system. While it is true that Perestroika ultimately brought about the collapse of the old regime, ten years have elapsed since the beginning of Perestroika. I believe that a more critical and historical examination of the complicated and contradicted process of Perestroika is necessary. Upon reconsidering the historical meaning of Perestroika, it is puzzling to realize how the measures were first initiated to make the system work better, and then transformed intentionally or unintentionally under given circumstances, thus deviating from their original aims and reaching completely different results.

中国版的经济全球化或21世纪的PAX CINICA

Author(s): Alexandr Mokretskii / Language(s): Chinese / Issue: 1/2018

In this paper the term globalization is interpreted and the "amazing historical coincidence": the proclamation of the start of economic reform and openness in China (1978) which occurred simultaneously with the American-European financial globalization and liberalization. China's four determinations are discussed, as well the its role of a navigator in the Globalization 2.0 project.

卜弥格与南明王朝文献考辨

Author(s): Zhang Xiping / Language(s): Chinese / Issue: 08/2015

Michael Boym (1612–1659), born in the noble and court’s doctor family in Poland, as a missionary who came to China, occupies quiet an important position in Sino-European relations. Although scholars have done some research on the relations between Michael Boym and South Ming court, and achieved some progress on the knowledge about Mr Boym but no breakthrough. Based on original literature from Jesuits Archive in Rome and Boym’s own scientific achievements presented by Poland scholar Edward Kajdański in the book The Ambassador of The Middle Kingdom, this paper attempts to deepen the research on relations between Michael Boym and South Ming court.

後期ソヴィエトにおける「生の構築」―― ユーリー・ロトマンの演劇的文化論の社会史的考察 ――

Author(s): Kyohei Norimatsu / Language(s): Japanese / Issue: 59/2012

This paper examines Yuri Lotman’s analysis of the theatrical culture of the Russian nobles from the eighteenth century to the beginning of the nineteenth century as an implicit response to late Soviet society and as a speculation on how to establish an autonomous “private” sphere, independent of the “official” sphere that penetrated almost the entire society. Soviet semiotics began simultaneously with the blossoming of information science in the “Thaw” period. Semiotics was considered to be an “honest,” “sincere,” and “universal” science, free from the ideological “dogma” of Stalinism.

移行初期ロシアにおける不平等の固定化と貧困－賃金支払遅延と第２雇用－

Author(s): Yuka Takeda / Language(s): Japanese / Issue: 47/2000

The main purpose of this paper is to explain inequality and poverty in Russia in the first period of transition and to get a clear idea of inequality and poverty in Russia. Poverty is closely associated with the stability of inequality. Therefore, examining the process of the stability of inequality will help to identify factors of poverty. Data on wages reported by Goskomstat is “wages due,” or contracted wages. However, “wages due” may deviate from “acquired wages.” In Russia, “wages due (+)” are frequently not paid in time and completely, which generates “wage arrears (-).” Meanwhile, workers may have “additional earnings from secondary employment (+).” Therefore, “acquired wages” can be defined as the sum of three factors: “wages due (+),” “wage arrears (-),” and “additional wages from secondary employment (+).” And two factors among them, that is, “wage arrears” and “secondary employment” should be considered in the analysis of income inequality and its increase, because they are the fluctuating factors of “acquired wages.” Taking these two factors into consideration, we discuss inequality of “opportunity of getting wages” and the stability of inequality. Through the concept of “opportunity of getting wages,” the following are examined; which groups are suffering from wage arrears and which ones have better access to secondary employment?

近代ロシア農民の所有観念－勤労原理学説再考－

Author(s): Hiroshi Yoshida / Language(s): Japanese / Issue: 47/2000

The labor principle (trudovoe nachalo) is the prevailing theory in the study of Russian peasant customary law. The essence of this theory is that labor and labor alone is the source of rights to the use and enjoyment of property. But in contemporary debate, there was another explanation of the structure and characteristics of peasant law, which emphasized the emergence of private property in the post-reform period. In this paper the author puts the theory of labor principle to the test by rethinking the process by which the theory evolved and by comparing it with the other contemporary explanation. The study of Russian peasant customary law using concrete materials began in the mid-19th century. The first to point out the existence of special legal systems in the peasant world were N.Kalachev and F.Barykov. What they found was the special significance of labor in Russian village life and that family was regarded as a small economical cooperative association (artel’) rather than a kin union. From this they concluded that the Russian peasantry had little interest in private property and there prevailed common ownership by the family or the peasant commune. Later, A.Efimenko and I.Orshanskii confirmed this opinion using cantonal court decisions of the 1860-70s, gathered by the State Commission of the reform of the cantonal court. But the main point of the theory of labor principle was constructed originally on the materials of the pre-emancipation period when the extended or multiple household was the basic family unit.