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The current research explored children’s and adolescents’ moral judgments in sacrificial dilemmas involving characters with a physical disability, a bionic prosthesis or no disability. We also explored the role of gender and previous information about bionic prostheses in sacrificial choices. Three main assumptions were tested: a) the disabled targets would be the most sacrificed, b) information about bionic prostheses would generate significant differences within the sacrificial choices, and c) girls would choose less utilitarian, comparing to boys, no matter the target’s characteristics. Our results suggested a significant main effect of the sacrificial target’s characteristics, and also of previous information about bionic prostheses, but no significant gender effect. Namely, in the control condition children were more willing to sacrifice the bionic targets, comparing to both non‑disabled and the disabled target. Results are discussed in relation to the factors involved in decision‑making processes in sacrificial moral dilemmas.
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This article examines the key elements of the history of psychiatry in Bessarabia (part of the present territory of the Republic of Moldova) from the perspective of two dominant approaches observed in the psychiatric system and practice: the intrainstitutional (within the hospital) and extrainstitutional (at the community level). The working hypothesis developed in this article is that starting with the end of the nineteenth century, the institutionalized psychiatric practice has been geared in the region towards institutional decentralization, community integration and diversification of mental health services. This trend has pursued the implementation of more efficient, socially integrated and more responsive services to the needs of the population. At the same time, it is important to critically assess the anachronistic and teleological approach according to which the psychiatric institution has evolved incessantly and inevitably from the hospital to community centres, towards a progressive “humanization” of therapeutic principles and practice. In the history of psychiatry and psychiatric practice in Bessarabia, there have been periods of rapid transformation, but also periods of relative stability, assured by a balance of power, in which some previous reforms were consolidated and other ones were revised, being considered too liberal. This sociohistorical study shows that some innovative elements of psychiatric practice implemented at the end of the 19th century, such as occupational therapy or patronage, have been later abandoned and recently recovered (in 2012‑2018) as part of the reform of the mental health system.
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In Romania, the organ donation rates are very low in comparison to the number of people that are on the waiting list for a transplant, while the public awareness regarding this social issue is almost inexistent. Therefore, we address the need of exploring the social representation (SR) of organ donation in Romania through a qualitative analysis of the online discussions on public popular forums. The analysis conducted (word associations, comparative analysis, thematic analysis of elementary contexts and cluster analysis) revealed the social representation of organ donation is mainly focused around the idea of “good” and “help” and that the family holds an important but unclear role in the decision making process regarding organ donation. Also, the SR of organ donation includes elements that yield the importance of a flawed medical system or the lay understanding of religious teachings and the way they might alter people’s representation of donation. However, the limited understanding of the matter through qualitative methods renders the need for a more exhaustive research approach in the future.
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In this study we are interested in the social value of professions, more specifically the value associated with a stereotypically gender‑orientated profession: that of magician, both from the point of view of judgment (Beauvois, 1985) and from that of the estimation of salary. To this purpose, participants watched a video showing a stage illusion presented by a woman or by a man. The results show that if a female magician is perceived as equally socially desirable and useful, a magician is perceived as more socially useful than desirable. In addition, if the amount of the estimated stamp does not depend on the sex of the artist, it depends on its value: the more the artist is estimated as socially useful, the higher is the estimated stamp. This is particularly the case for a female magician. The results are discussed both in terms of social value, potential discrimination, and in terms of career orientation. They also propose new lines of research in a “social psychology of magic”.
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In our daily lives, we frequently evaluate the causes for the successes and failures of other people. The purpose of this study was to analyze how the belief in immanent justice and the information about somebody’s past achievement determine the emotions of malicious joy (Schadenfreude) and compassion. We used a quasi‑experimental design applied on 205 students. They were presented with a story about a student who had achieved a certain thing, an achievement for which he had or had not been responsible (prologue). Later on, this student registered a failure (epilogue). The participants assessed the extent to which the protagonist of the story had deserved the failure, and the intensity of their emotions of malicious joy and compassion related to this failure. The results have partially confirmed our research hypotheses. The explanations are based on the Belief in Just World Theory (Lerner, 1980) and on the Deservingness Theory (Feather, 1999). In the conclusion of this paper we discuss one future development of the research – the role of social identity in thedynamic of social justice.
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