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Thomasa Paine’a ujęcie doktryny prawnonaturalnej: prawo naturalne wobec rewolucji

Thomasa Paine’a ujęcie doktryny prawnonaturalnej: prawo naturalne wobec rewolucji

Author(s): Małgorzata Gwarny / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2010

The natural-law doctrine drawing its roots from the political philosophy of modern authors such as Locke and Hobbes, undeniably affected the two great revolutions of the Eighteenth century, and also created the foundation for modern democratic systems. Notwithstanding these frequently emphasized dependencies, the above article focuses on something else, namely transformations inside the very doctrine and modifications of its elementary concepts (esp. natural law) catalyzed by the revolutions. Originally unalterable natural law of superior divine provenance, has proved to be insufficient in the face of the progress of human socio-political consciousness and required modernizations, among which Paine’s project is significant and noteworthy example.

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Louis de la Forge jako spadkobierca i kontynuator myśli René Descartes'a

Louis de la Forge jako spadkobierca i kontynuator myśli René Descartes'a

Author(s): Tomasz Śliwiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2010

Louis de la Forge, né le 24 ou le 26 novembre 1632 à La Flèche. Médecin, était anatomiste et physiologiste, mais aussi philosophe cartésien. Un ami des Oratoriens et des Protestants à Samour (France). Il avait été l`auteur de deux oeuvres philosophiques parmis lesquelles nous pouvons trouver Les Remarques sur le Traité de l`Homme de René Descartes, avec des illustrations, ainsi qu`un ouvrage essentiellment philosophique et autonome Le Traité de l`Esprit de l`Homme, De ses Facultez et Fonctions, Et de son union avec le Corps, Suivant les Principes de René Descartes (1644). La matière de Remarques a été largement presentée et utilisée dans ce Traité de l`Esprit, qui a été son ouvrage fondamental. Dans sa conception de l`âme, en tant qu`une chose qui pense, il a prouvé que les pensées de Descartes étaient entièrement conformes à la doctrine de Saint Augustin. Le corps n`était pour lui qu`une machine, et pour expliquer tout ce qui se passait dans un animal, il avait soutenu la thèse qu`il suffisait de présenter tous les divers mouvements auxquels nous sommes naturellement incités à l`occasion de l`action des objets extérieurs sur notre corps et nos sens. En somme: le phénomène qui peut nous servir pour expliquer la machine (le fonctionnement) du corps humain et animal, ce sont les lois de la Nature. Mais ce qui touche la nature de l`Âme, qui est immatérielle, qui pense, qui connaît, qui raisonne, demande d`après lui des profondes spéculations. Dans son livre ouvrage La Forge a depassé son Maitre en expliquant en détail beaucoup de choses qui contennaient le concept de l`âme, ses fonctions, ses actions intellectuelles, ses sentimens, et son union avec le corps. Il a rendu la connaissance de notre esprit beaucoup plus sensible que Descartes, qui nous a donné la sienne qui parle de de notre corps. Comme l`avait dit Descartes, l'âme est une substance pensante, tandis que le corps est une substance étendue. Toutefois, cette distinction réelle du corps et de l'âme ne s'oppose pas à leur union. Mais il n`a pas beaucoup parlé de cette union. La Forge au contraire, a expliqué ce que c`était l`esprit et le corps et quelles étaient les choses qui nous faisaient connaître leur union. De plus, il a préparé sa théorie de la relation de l’âme et du corps comme oeuvre de la volonté divine, laquelle nous appelons l`occasionalisme.

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Renesansowa koncepcja duszy w ujęciu H. C. Agrippy von Nettesheim na podstawie "De occulta philosophia"

Renesansowa koncepcja duszy w ujęciu H. C. Agrippy von Nettesheim na podstawie "De occulta philosophia"

Author(s): Tomasz Sebastian Cieślik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2010

In my article I present the conception of soul of Cornelius Agrippa based on his greatest work De occulta philosophia which is a kid of summa of natural and occult philosophy, hermeticism, cabbala, astrology, humanistic theology, medicine, and alchemy. Henricus Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim (1486-1535) was a famous renaissance philosopher, cabalist, astrologer and theologian whose contribution in renaissance philosophical deliberations is significant but still unknown in Poland. Agrippa’s notion of soul is very important for his own project of new pure magic which is described in his opus magnum. Therefore agrippian magic contains and perfects three kinds of knowledge: phisics, mathematics and theology. In the similary way Agrippa divided whole Cosmos in to three worlds. First and the most inferior world of the threefold Cosmos is the world of four elements of substance in Aristotle’s meaning. The second one is the world of celestial bodies which comprises planets, stars and laws that rule them, and which is above the first world. The third one is the divine world of angels, soul of the world with platonic ideas and other intelligibilities. The three kinds of knowledge which Agrippa also called “regulative philosophy” are very useful for human in studying of each of three agrippian worlds. From this point of view also notion of humanity is very important for Agrippa. By the similarity between the macro- and microcosmos which appear in Agrippa’s thought also human soul is threefold. Thus human soul contains in hierarchical order three parts viz.: idolum (which is the most inferior), ratio (being the middle part) and mens (which is on highest position in human soul). Each part has its own function which can be fully activated by God’s light received by mens. In describing of functions of threefold soul Agrippa receives inspirations from prior philosophers like Aristotle, Awicenna or Awerroes. Another cause which emphases a great role of the agrippian conception of the soul is its connection with oryginal concepts of phantasy and threefold melancholy which is similar to the treepartite soul. Those two concepts are the examples of the influences of celestial powers which source is in stars and planets.

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Stanisław Brzozowski wobec myśli filozoficznej romantyzmu polskiego

Stanisław Brzozowski wobec myśli filozoficznej romantyzmu polskiego

Author(s): Tomasz Tadeusz Brzozowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2010

Stanisław Brzozowski was under the influence of Romanticism in the area of philosophy and ethics as he says. He managed to cover a lot of topics in letters and theories. In this way deed philosophy and then work philosophy appeared. Although Brzozowski was a discursively receptive and changeable person. His „Legenda Młodej Polski” includes the intense analysis and widespread criticism of Polish Romanticism but the idea of romanticism was valued more than German philosophy. The attitude towards Polish Romanticism was used to change from the great period of fundamental changes in national movement to magical feelings. Having your head in the clouds at the same time. He was a great believer in a human being that acts through creative work. The effect of this not subjected world was the result of efforts, work and was equally basic to change the world. Work enabled the adequate recognition of himself and others.

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Zarys teologii stoickiej

Zarys teologii stoickiej

Author(s): Joanna Jarzębiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2010

The paper aims at outlining the main points in stoic theology: Stoics’ attitude to the Greek mythology, the proofs for god’s existence, the concept of divinity and the characteristics of god according to the names given to him within the Stoic physics. Finally, the concepts of fate and providence are mentioned as they are strictly linked to the concept of god-logos and lead to most important problems of human freedom and theodicy. The paper does not include all the discussions held by the stoics and their opponents over the question of divinity, as they were extant and well elaborated; it proves, though, the unique position theology has in Stoic philosophy as the one to explain the very sense of human existence and the world.

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Rola wątpliwości w filozofii Kartezjusza

Rola wątpliwości w filozofii Kartezjusza

Author(s): Michał Orzechowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2010

A first impulse to write this article came from noticing, while reading Descartes’ Meditations, that author gives different meaning to the idea of “doubt” in each part of book. In First Meditation “doubt” has a function of a unique method of research, first step to build new, strictly rational and scientific knowledge – in contrast to the former collection of unjustified and un-proved or even false conceptions. Therefore “doubt” has positive value. So why does Descartes in his evidence of God’s existence in Third Meditation, talks about “doubt” as if it were imperfection and weakness of human nature? As if it were something worthless and part of “nothingness”? The only way to resolve this contradiction is to consider thoroughly what the role of “doubt” is in each part of Meditations. Then, it will be clear that in Descartes’ Meditations problem of knowledge is strictly attached to problem of existence, and how order of cognition changes without notice into cognition of Divine Order.

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Podmiotowość ponowoczesna: wieloznaczność tożsamości czy tożsamość wieloznaczności. Propozycja Zygmunta Baumana

Podmiotowość ponowoczesna: wieloznaczność tożsamości czy tożsamość wieloznaczności. Propozycja Zygmunta Baumana

Author(s): Sebastian Richert / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2010

In my research I will try to analyse Zugmunt Bauman reflection about human subject. This author applies rather identity than human subject, but I think we may admit Apple subjectivity instead of identity. Bauman`s concept of model personality like a pilgrim on one hand and a stroller, vagabond and player on the other hand, link these categories of human subject. Identity of human subject is continually made “liquid” and has constant potency to change. In consequence, identity is an infinite aimless process because its main determinant – certainty of future connected with values (truth or worth) – are to distort. Does identity in postmodern age is just a wish, which is not realized? Does identity prop on conflict in human existence and never is constant? I will try to go through that and another question and possible answers within Bauman philosophy. In the contemporary debate we see a strong tendency to make a distance to Maxim description. The main problems like truth, subject or knowledge are used in its context. This intellectual climate depends on the basic modernist guidelines. The Cartesian model of cognition especially the strong possibility of cognition is challenged. Lyotard, Foucault, Rorty or Bauman support that tendency.

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Logos Heraklitejskich paradoksów

Logos Heraklitejskich paradoksów

Author(s): Patryk Krajewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2010

The aim of this paper is to present lucid and sympathetic approach to Heraclitean paradoxes. I do not intend to resolve them in terms of Aristotelian logic. Instead, I attempt to reveal their connection with language, their dependence on Greek semantics and syntax. From such a point of view one may eventually see the great significance of language in general as an epistemic guide in Heraclitus’ philosophical investigations.

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Les Mots et le Monde de Ted Hughes – Rubrique « L e marché des idées »

Les Mots et le Monde de Ted Hughes – Rubrique « L e marché des idées »

Author(s): Pierre Jamet / Language(s): French Issue: 12/2013

From his earliest writings onwards, Hughes has shown a deep aversion for language or what could be called dead language, which he associates with sight. He valorises instead sound, music, animal cries, and silence. The world, for him, is what emerges from the meeting between earth and words when these words are animated by an elemental force like the poetic imagination.

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Georges Bataille : les mots au-delà du sens. Du langage rationnel à l’écriture sacrificielle

Georges Bataille : les mots au-delà du sens. Du langage rationnel à l’écriture sacrificielle

Author(s): Arnaud Rosset / Language(s): French Issue: 12/2013

In his work, George Bataille aims to uncover the part of human experience which escapes rational discourse. To achieve this, he establishes a subversive form of writing which plays with the conceptual language of philosophical knowledge to better reveal its limits. Central to this approach is the consideration of words as victims of a « sacrifice » which seeks to destroy their original meaning in order to free a hidden and evocative violence which enables the subject to establish a different rapport with the world.

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Par-delà les mots. Hugo von Hofmannsthal, du scepticisme linguistique à la recherche d’un nouveau langage : de la Lettre de Lord Chandos à Amour et Ps

Par-delà les mots. Hugo von Hofmannsthal, du scepticisme linguistique à la recherche d’un nouveau langage : de la Lettre de Lord Chandos à Amour et Ps

Author(s): Jacques Le Rider / Language(s): French Issue: 12/2013

After the Lettre de Lord Chandos, was Hofmannsthal going to join Fritz Mauthner’s « linguistic scepticism » ? It was the regeneration rather than deconstruction of literary language that he aspired to, aligning himself with non-verbal arts. His fascination with pantomime, prefiguring theatrical dance, led him to collaborate closely with Grete Wiesenthal. In Amour et Psyché, the co-ordination of expressive movements with a language beyond words attained perfection.

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La structure de la conscience religieuse

La structure de la conscience religieuse

Author(s): Ciprian Constantin Mihai / Language(s): French Issue: 12/2013

This article addresses philosophy of religion from the perspective of the structure of religious consciousness, of the kind which governs the Philosophie des religions by Nae Ionescu, leader of a productive Romanian school of thought from the interwar period. It deals with the receptive character of consciousness which lies at the heart of knowledge, conceived of as the partial reflection of a totality. This structure consists of a thought which synthesis the entire meaning of religion.

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Debout les mo(r)ts ! Hommage à Philippe Muray

Debout les mo(r)ts ! Hommage à Philippe Muray

Author(s): Caroline Laurent / Language(s): French Issue: 12/2013

In the wake of Philippe Muray’s Essais, this article returns to the generalised semantic slippage affecting contemporary society as a whole which is making both reality, and original and free speech, disappear.

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Cioran et la recherche de la concision parfaite

Cioran et la recherche de la concision parfaite

Author(s): Massimo Carloni / Language(s): French Issue: 12/2013

This article traces Cioran’s literary itinerary from his Romanian beginnings characterised by philosophical lyricism, through his definitive adoption of the French language, up to his elaboration of a style of thinking and writing borrowed from the French moralists. Tempted by the mysticism of silence and marked by sceptical wisdom, he nevertheless remains faithful to the therapeutic benefits of language.

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Des mots pour les « mots-dire »

Des mots pour les « mots-dire »

Author(s): Simona Modreanu / Language(s): French Issue: 12/2013

This article explores subjects such as Francophone literary identity or the insertion of a foreign tongue into the language of expression, which renders the latter more alive, more profound, and more joyful. Play with words and narrative voices, and the hatred and destruction of words in order to get closer to reality and natural sensations is explored with the help of La Symphonie du loup, a novel by Romanian-Swiss author Marius Daniel Popescu.

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Les figures du temps à travers quelques oeuvres de Colette

Les figures du temps à travers quelques oeuvres de Colette

Author(s): Hannané Mohséna,Ali Abbassi / Language(s): French Issue: 12/2013

Colette is known for writing about love, but it is not her only concern. She questions herself about the passing of time, ageing, and death. She is unable to resign herself to this fate, experienced as a source of anguish. Our analysis studies the literary figures which testify to this, with reference to the work of Gilbert Durand, notably Les Structures anthropologiques de l’imaginaire.

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Le parti pris des mots

Le parti pris des mots

Author(s): Odette Barbero / Language(s): French Issue: 12/2013

Words are tools which depend on social, spatio-temporal, and linguistic environments, have a history, and produce psychological, political, and paradigmatic effects. The stakes implicit in their conservation and classification are high and, despite modernday technology and the primacy of the image, they remain, as Descartes would have it, the mark of humanity.

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Le cas Nietzsche : folie ou simulation ?

Le cas Nietzsche : folie ou simulation ?

Author(s): Ciprian Vălcan / Language(s): French Issue: 12/2013

This article explores the different interpretations given to Nietzsche’s madness. Certain critics consider it as a sign of defeat : the proof of Nietzsche’s inability to realise the model of the superman, and complete his project of entirely re-evaluating the value-system ; others see in it the supreme and ironic victory of a Nietzsche choosing the strangest and most impenetrable of masks at the instant he abandons philosophy.

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Quelques mots sur les mots

Quelques mots sur les mots

Author(s): José Thomaz Brum / Language(s): French Issue: 12/2013

This article presents some thoughts on words, with reference to the works of Joseph Joubert, René Daumal, Cecília Meireles and Clément Rosset.

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Formes, murmures, corps. Deleuze et la mise en tension de l’écriture

Formes, murmures, corps. Deleuze et la mise en tension de l’écriture

Author(s): Marco Salucci / Language(s): French Issue: 12/2013

According to Foucault, words in the Renaissance were transparent. There was no obstacle between signifier and signified. Words and things were the same and the writer, through his or her sensibility, had access to the correspondence between prose and world. However, classical epistemology, and then linguistics, created a representative language which brought about the loss of the natural link between word and world. Is it possible that writing can rediscover the world ?

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