СОВРЕМЕННАЯ СЛОВЕНСКАЯ ФИЛОСОФИЯ И МИРОВАЯ ФИЛОСОФСКАЯ МЫСЛЬ
Еще пятьдесят лет назад словенская философия не усnевала за развитием философских направлений в мире. Со временем, особенно в последние десятилетия, они развиваются параллельно.
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Еще пятьдесят лет назад словенская философия не усnевала за развитием философских направлений в мире. Со временем, особенно в последние десятилетия, они развиваются параллельно.
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The paper attempts to analyze the historical aspects of the formation of some modern natural law theories in legal philosophy of the 20th century. It considers discussions between legal positivism and legal naturalism about the nature of law and the ways this dis-cussion influenced modern legal philosophy. The conceptual grounds and methodology of legal theory is sketched against the background of the broader classical tradition extending from antiquity to early modernity. The author suggests a new approach to the historical research designed to analyze the development of modern legal ideas and natural law theories in legal philosophy.
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The aim of this paper is to describe the creative profile of Vasily Grossman (1905–1964), a Russian Jew born in Berdichev (in present-day Ukraine), who had made a history as the author of two novels which I both consider to be masterpieces of Russian literature in 19th and 20th century. The first work — Everything Flows… — was written in the period between 1955 and 1963, the second one — Life and Fate — was finished in 1960. The latter was promptly confiscated and totally erased by the KGB. Mikhail Suslov — the main ideologist of the Communist Party by that time informed Grossman that such works will gain right to exist in Soviet Union within two hundred years time and no sooner. Both of the novels have actually been published in the West (in Frankfurt and Lausanne). The world has then heard about the superb Russian novelist, bringing back the tradition of humanistic 19th century writers such as Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky and Chekhov. I do believe that Jerzy Czech’s translation into Polish language will establish Life and Fate’s position in Polish culture as one of the greatest European novels of the 20th century which may easily be compared to most significant works of Mann, Kafka, Camus, Bulgakov and Solzhenitsyn. When using the expression “Socrates from Berdichev” what I meant was to emphasize Grossman’s constant search of not so much the Truth and Good but rather of the Goodness which heals and liberates human soul. He always supported and fought for the specific human being and its existence, defending it from the fate impending on citizens and societies.
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The paper is committed to an analysis of the dialogue situation in the early Plato's dialogue Charmides. Of a special interest for the inquiry is the epic form of the work representing in front of the reader the essential philosophic discussion as retelling a story. And since the "story-teller" is the main participant in the dialogue - Socrates - we can assume that the author of the written work - Plato - has exposed his views on the circumstances and the sense of the dialogue communication to a large extent namely through the opportunities offered by the story-telling techiques - in the description of the dialogue frame, at the onset, as well as in commenting the course of the further conversation and the participants' reactions. That is why Plato's own evaluation of such a retelling and of the story-teller's character is searched for. It is also of interest to reveal the shift in Socrates' roles within the framework of that dialogue - as a citizen who came back after a fight, but also as a philosopher "enchanting" the souls of the youth; as leading the conversation but also as retelling it later in front of an unknown listener.
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The article focusses on two aspects of the Socratic method of ethical knowledge i.e.: the logico-epistemological aspect (A) and the ethico-educational aspect (B). The initial prerequisite is the thesis on the original duality of the moral philosophy of Socrates with a view to its subject orientation and cognitive approach which premises a relevant interpretative duality i.e.: prorational and proexistential duality. As regards A/ the issue of the heuristic value of the method is discussed. B/ is interpreted in the light of the discussion on the correlation between the monologic and dialogic aspects of the Socratic discourse.
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PHILOSOPHICAL AND PSYCHOANALYTICAL INTERPRETATIONS OF THE HUMAN BEING
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The paper reconstructs the place and role of solar and lunar optical phenomena in the sacral picture of the universe by the Eastern Slavic society during the pre-Mongol period. The written and folk interpretation of halo traditions, solar and lunar shine is analyzed. The views on atmospheric diffraction phenomena as weather signs and omens of political changes are also investigated. The people of Old Rus’ believed that simple halos defined weather changes. At the same time, complex halos predicted victory or political crises and signified holiness of the deceased person. The common mind connected the sacred solar and lunar halos with the figure of prince and (in the Christian era) saint pretenders. The folklore also associated the phenomenon of halo with the special solar and lunar sacred activities. The literary presentations of complex halos could reflect the biblical semantics of light and glow as heavenly fire and evidence of the glory of God.
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The sophianic theme, inherent to the Russian religious and philosophical thought of the late 19th — first third of the 20th century, is for the first time envisaged in the article in its relation to the artistic and philosophical creativity of Valerian Nikolayevich Muravyov (1885–1930). In the philosophical mystery “Sofia and the Centaur” (1921–1925) Muravyov brings together two lines of the sofiological theme — theological and artistic ones. Sophia appears in the pages of the mystery as an ideal image of the world and man, and at the same time her image is associated with the theme of the meaning of love, with the ethics of the transformed Eros. It is shown how the key scene of the mystery, the prayer to Sofia of all nature and all mankind followed by the common goal of transformation of the world, evolves into other artistic plans of Muravyov, and is reflected in the sketches of the fairy tale “The Captive Kingdom” (1925) and in the unpublished novel “The Island Buyan” (1926–1928). In the light of the Sofia plot the drama of the philosopher “Adviser for Death” (1927–1928) is considered. The autobiographical origins of the sophiology of Muravyov are revealed.
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This article discusses some of the most famous assessments in humanitarian literature regarding the female characters in Dostoevsky’s works, with a special emphasis on N. Berdyaev’s views. The author presents Berdyaev’s opinion, according to which the heroines in Dostoevsky’s novels serve only as a stroke of fate for the male heroes and have no independent significance. The article points out that Berdyaev’s interpretation that, while Dostoyevsky’s male characters express the ideas of Reason, the female characters embody elemental forces, is preconceived and only describes the philosopher’s own point of view. Four arguments against Berdyaev’s thesis are presented; the most important of these is that the female characters in Dostoevsky’s works are incarnations – in different degrees – of the principle of Sophianity.
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In the paper contemporary approaches to argumentation are compared with a number of ways of understanding sophistic including ancient, medieval and contemporary ‘faces’ of the latter. It is argued that the current stage is characterized by a negative evaluative understanding of sophistic which is taken mostly as sophistry. In the paper, I also show how these different approaches to sophistic such as (1) illegitimate argumentation, (2) particular illegitimate arguments and (3) scholastic method of formulating and solving tasks grow out of its ancient and medieval historical forms, found in Aristotle, Plato, the Sophists and the Medieval thinkers. To illustrate this distinction I use a medieval sophism combined with a famous ancient anecdote. The distinction between three contemporary approaches which is set forward in the paper is based on semantic, procedural, pragmatic, communicative and speech-oriented criteria, and develops logical and cognitive approaches to argumentation.
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