Around the Bloc: Romanian Premier Resigns Over Fatal Fire
Thousands had demanded Victor Ponta’s ouster, saying culture of corruption had role in death of 32 people in nightclub blaze.
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Thousands had demanded Victor Ponta’s ouster, saying culture of corruption had role in death of 32 people in nightclub blaze.
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Comedy of errors includes a stolen Kalashnikov, an accidental shooting, culminates in resignation of interior minister.
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Until recently, anyone over 18 could buy deactivated guns in Slovakia, no license required.
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Critics of law may have found an unlikely ally – the party of infamous nationalist Vladimir Zhirinovsky, known for his … extremist statements.
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Authorities deny connection to the 5 June attacks in the city of Aktobe.
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Some activists say the nation doesn’t have the resources to re-socialize two men who were locked away for more than 14 years.
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The „hacking tools” are the programs which constitute a real threat for the cyberspace. They allow the people without specialistic programming knowledge to commit crimes that previously were reserved only for a small group of people. This article presents the issue of regulation of the „hacker tools” in the Polish Penal Code of 1997. It points the question of interpretation of the term “the hacker tools” and discusses about the existing Polish legislation.
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Man was detained in January at a Turkish airport, but news of his arrest only surfaces now.
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Unverified accounts say Amiran Georgadze opened fire after officials rejected his demand for a giant bribe.
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The suspect’s name was on an official list of suspected ‘terrorists’ before her case went to trial.
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Capital punishment is an exceptional type of penal sanction for the most serious crimes in penal legislation of countries which permit such penalty. In the period of the Second Polish Republic a capital punishment judgement in military penal law was permitted for crimes committed at the time of war, often having negative impact on the combat capacity and morale of a given military unit. Following the example of legislation of the Second Polish Republic, authors of the Polish Army’s Penal Code from 1944 assumed that a capital punishment judgement should apply to extremely serious crimes committed by soldiers, usually “in the field”, in the course of war operations. Inclusion of a chapter concerning political crimes punishable with serious penal sanctions (including capital punishment) into the military code of 1944, as well as moving civil cases of people accused of such acts under the jurisdiction of military courts, led to a situation where this code (in judiciary practice since the beginnings of the Polish People’s Republic) became one of the most repressive legal acts, taking into account the number of death penalties adjudged under its provisions.
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The text presents a few reflections on the Roman criminal law in the Institutions of Marcianus. During the analysis it has been established that the Justinianic compilers drew heavily on this jurist’s work. This was applied not only to individual institutions of criminal law (e.g. intentional and unintentional fault or crimen maiestatis), but also Marcianus’s fragments repeatedly pointed to titles of the books in librii terribiles (books 47 to 48 in the Digest of Justinian). Marcianus knew well the imperial constitutions (in particular rescripts), which was probably related to the work in the imperial office (scrinium libellorum). The imperial constitutions suit, primarily, the shape of criminal law in the imperial period, should be noted. One cannot exclude that the hypothetical work in the imperial office and a good knowledge of the imperial rescripts determined the frequent reaching for the Institutiones by the compilers of Justinian.
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The subject matter of this document is the formation of the concept of supplementary penalties in the criminal law in the period of the Second Polish Republic. The article presents the birth of the concept of supplementary penalties in Polish criminal law science, which was formed in the early 20th century against a background of criticism regarding the institution of legal consequences of conviction and efforts to grant judges more discretion with regard to sentencing. The article contains a broad presentation of the views on criminal law doctrine concerning the need to break-away from the automatic consequences of conviction and to introduce supplementary penalties. The article also presents discussion on the final model of supplementary penalties that took place during the works of the Codification Committee and describes the normative form of supplementary penalties in the Penal Code of 1932. It was concluded that the replacement of legal consequences of conviction with supplementary penalties was an expression of the idea of progress in Polish criminal law.
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The acting president’s pardon proposal might be intended as a popularity boost ahead of presidential elections in December.
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The article studies the genesis of legal regulation of cybersecurity in international law, the definition of the place of the problem in relations between subjects of international law. Examples of high-profile cyberattacks that took place internationally are shown. In recent years, human dependence on new technologies has grown rapidly. However, the use of such technologies also opens new ways to abuse via the Internet. With the development of new technologies cyberspace becomes as important space as land, air, water or space in which states compete for ensuring their national interests. Such space also attracts the attention of international terrorist groups, transnational organized crime etc. A number of scientists devoted their papers to the subject of cybersecurity, among them A. Pazyuk, D. Dubov, A. Merezhko. Much more attention on the issue of cybersecurity research in international law was paid by foreign experts, including M. N. Schmitt, W. Heintschel von Heinegg, V. Boothby. The article shows examples of international norms in cyberspace. Accordingly the foundations for further cooperation among the States were laid by the number of Resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations. One of the main documents in this field within the Council of Europe is ratified by 49 states Convention on Cybercrime in 2001 and Optional Protocol to the Convention of 2003. Within the EU the first document regulating cyberspace is Directive 95/46 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. In 2016 EU has adopted the EU Network and Information Security (NIS) Directive. As an example of doctrinal codification the Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare was issued in 2013. It is also mentioned in the article that states are actively working on preparing national legislation and adopting strategies for cybersecurity. It is noted that the issue of cybersecurity is becoming more acute problem not only at the national level and therefore requires expansion of international legal cooperation between subjects of international law to maintain peace and prevent solving cyber warfare, which may be accompanied by kinetic.
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The opinion report considers relations between international norms, Azerbaijan’s national legal system and political understandings of the Nagorno–Karabakh conflict. It discusses classification of Armenian actions in a context of the international law’s development and an impact of international regulations on national criminal codes. Therefore, it presents the Azerbaijani perspective on major political aspects of the Nagorno–Karabakh War and international response to Armenian occupation of Azerbaijan’s territories. Moreover, it evaluates Armenian actions in the region with reference to the definition of genocide and international policy of its prevention. In general, the opinion report shows how the Azerbaijani society understands the conflict and how it may be classified on the basis of the Soviet law (as acts of terror has started in the late 1980s), the international law and the contemporary Criminal Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan. As a result, it is not only a report that introduces the Azerbaijan’s perspective on the issue, but it can also be recognised as an interesting source to understand how the Azerbaijani people label actions of their neighbouring nation.
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Human rights have become one of the most pressing and intractable matters of political life, and perhaps even of life as such. We might even say that there could be no life without human rights, without, at the very least, the right to live. This is why, from their very beginnings, human rights have always been a way to think about what it means to be human, and what it means to have the right both to live and to be human. Why do governments abuse human rights and what can be done to deter and reverse abusive practices? The technology offers important health and nonhealth benefits, but raises ethical concerns, including privacy and the potential for coercive implantation of RFID tags in humans before their use becomes widespread and it becomes too late to prevent misuse of this usefull but ethically probematic technology.There is a benefit of an implanable RFID chip but also the erosion of our privacy and a right to bodily integrity might be a problem. Implanting humans with RFID tags is leading to some difficult questions as well as cameras all over the world and eavesdropping. They are definitively threats to humans privacy and the experts must consider how to balance between securitiy and liberty.
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The author presents criminal proceedings against one of the prominent legal scholars, Mieczysław Siewierski, PhD. In the period of establishing the political system of the Polish People’s Republic, Siewierski was a prosecutor of the Supreme Court as well as the Supreme National Tribunal. In 1946, he acted as a prosecutor in the trial of Arthur Greiser, the butcher of Wielkopolska, due to his excellent knowledge of the German law. His authority as an expert was the result of his remarkable professional abilities, excellent education, impeccable character and high propriety. In 1950—1956 he was accused and tried by the authorities due to his political convictions and activities. In 1956, due to the events of Polish October, he was exonerated and fully rehabilitated. After that, he devoted his life to scholarly and research activity, and for years, he remained a university professor of criminal law and published extensively on the subject. Mieczysław Siewierski died on October 9, 1981.
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The article provides a detailed legal description of crimes related to the pollution of the major components of inanimate nature. It shows the features of generic, specific, group and direct objects of these crimes, and reveals the characteristics of their objective and subjective sides.
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The article considers the major procedural forms of the participation of experts in criminal investigations of illegal fishing cases. Tactical and organizational aspects of conducting special investigations and examinations related to this category of crimes are analyzed. The authors propose to confer the function of inquiry bodies on the specialists of the local offices of the Russian Federal Fisheries Agency when investigating the cases of illegal fishing.
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