A 96-a şi a 97-a Sesiune a Comitetului juridic al OMI
Comitetul juridic al OMI a ţinut la Londra cea de-a 96-a Sesiune (5-9.X.2009), la care a asistat, pentru prima dată, în calitate de ONG, nou acreditat, Institutul Nautic din Franţa.
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Comitetul juridic al OMI a ţinut la Londra cea de-a 96-a Sesiune (5-9.X.2009), la care a asistat, pentru prima dată, în calitate de ONG, nou acreditat, Institutul Nautic din Franţa.
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Parlamentul European, – având în vedere Convenţia Organizaţiei Naţiunilor Unite privind dreptul mării din 10 decembrie 1982, – având în vedere Convenţia privind biodiversitatea (CBD) şi Declaraţia de la Rio privind mediul şi dezvoltarea, adoptată de către Conferinţa ONU privind mediul şi dezvoltarea în iunie 1992.
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Report on the seminar “Pirateria: aspecte economice, geopolitice şi juridice” held in Cannes from 27thto 28th of April 2011.
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Under French law, the victim of a maritime pollution sue either before the competent criminal court (such a process is coupled with the state), or before a civil court. For Erika, all victims have chosen the criminal. Their actions against many objections were raised because of the various provisions of the International Convention on the Law of the Sea. If elected civil way could not raise any of these objections, because Article 229 of the Convention provides that „nothing in this Convention affects the institution of legal proceedings” while the civil victims were motivated by easily Articles 1382 and 1384 of the French Civil Code provisions that are favorable to the victim.
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Determinarea faptelor maritime, fie civile sau penale, a fost uneori în sarcina instanţelor de competenţă specială, alteori în sarcina jurisdicţiei de drept comun. Dar, printr-o decizie din 2 iulie 2010, Consiliul Constituţional a invalidat componenţa instanţei comerciale maritime care „nu a oferit garanţii adecvate pentru a asigura principiul independenţei”, ca urmare a funcţionarilor guvernamentali sau a personalului contractual al statului. Din 2012, Curtea maritimă este compusă din trei judecători: un judecător profesionist al sistemului judiciar şi doi consilieri nautici, selectaţi de o comisie „datorită imparţialităţii şi experienţei lor maritime”. Aceste instanţe maritime, începând cu anul 2015, sunt singurele competente pentru a judeca infracţiunile menţionate la art. 2 şi 17 din Legea din 17 decembrie 1926. Aceste infracţiuni sunt urmărite, judecate şi adjudecate conform normelor Codului de procedură penală şi Părţii a V-a din Codul de transport.
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Frauda maritimă este la fel de veche ca navigaţia în sine, dar în ultimii ani, metodele utilizate includ preluarea controlului asupra sistemelor informatice ale navei. Ceea ce noi numim fraudă cibernetică a devenit un nou pericol pentru securitatea maritimă, deoarece sistemele electronice au devenit din ce în ce mai importante în navigaţia maritimă şi de gestionare a porturilor. Legile de fond încep să reacţioneze la acest nou pericol, iar Franţa nu rămâne în urmă. Acesta se aplică, de asemenea, în cazul industriei asigurărilor, deşi acoperirea pentru fraudă cibernetică este o activitate în curs de formare. În cele din urmă, vom vedea impactul fraudei cibernetice privind răspunderea civilă şi contractuală, cât şi cea între particulari.
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Parlamentul a ratificat protocoalele adiţionale din 2005, la Convenţia de la Roma, pentru reprimarea actelor ilicite împotriva securităţii navigaţiei maritime (SUA 2005) şi protocolul său referitor la platformele fixe (PSUA 2005). Este vorba de unul din primele angajamente pe cinci ani ale lui Emmanuel Macron, întrucât proiectul legii de ratificare a fost prezentat la primul consiliu al miniştrilor, în 10 mai 2017. La terminarea procedurii parlamentare, în 17 noiembrie 2017, Franţa a confirmat astfel un angajament internaţional luat acum aproape 12 ani.
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Decretul 2018-747 din 24 august 2018 privind regimul disciplinar al navigatorilor şi al piloţilor, disciplina la bordul navelor şi regimul disciplinar aplicabil militarilor îmbarcaţi procedează la o reînnoire a acestui drept special pe care îl constituie dreptul disciplinar. În special, acesta a procedat la abrogarea unui decret din 23 august 1930 privind regimul disciplinar şi penal al militarilor şi marinarilor statului îmbarcaţi la bordul navelor comerciale, Decretul 60-1143 din 7 noiembrie 1960 privind disciplina la bordul navelor a Marinei comerciale şi completează titlul II B din anexa la Decretul din 19 decembrie 1997.
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The contemporary criminology is due to propose, by turn to account on the advanced measurement and evaluation techniques regarding concrete measures for the diminution of the criminogenic risk factors, implicitly actions with preventive specificity. The concern for crime prevention becomes a priority, especially in the context of extensive studies on the cost of crime. Thus, the phrase "preventive criminology" becomes justified by referring to the broad types of prevention developed by different criminological schools. The concept of crime prevention is indispensably correlated with that of social control.
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The issue of protecting and preserving the environment is a great responsibility that falls on the shoulders of the state in all circumstances and conditions, whether in times of peace or in times of war, and there is no doubt that the commitment to preserving the environment becomes more necessary in times of war. The importance of international humanitarian law emerges during armed conflicts, as it is the applicable law, and as it is known that the environment in times of armed conflicts is exposed to major violations that may exceed those to which it is exposed in times of peace. The protection of the environment in international humanitarian law is represented in principles that the conflicting parties must observe their provisions and abide by in such circumstances. The most important of these principles is restricting the rights of belligerents, the principle of prohibiting unjustified pain, the principle of distinction between military objectives, and the principle of proportionality between them.
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Extensive expertise allows us to prevent, detect, intervene and/or request protective measures and institutional intervention in the interest of safeguarding the most basic of human rights. Domestic violence procedures are not the same as other family processes in that urgency in arriving at a court decision is paramount. The factor of time must be contemplated within a specific regulatory framework. In order to prevent recurrences, the judicial authority should examine every new case in the context of previous experience. Court rulings should have tangible legal repercussions protecting the plaintiff from possible violent situations in the future as well as adopting specific measures aimed at discouraging relapse and escalation of violent behaviour.
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RIL Regarding the activity of the High Court of Cassation and Justice (Judge Panel on the appeal in the interest of the law), five decisions of acceptance were issued regarding: Law no. 85/2014 on insolvency prevention and insolvency proceedings; Labour Code; Law no. 80/1995 on the status of military personnel; Code of Civil Procedure; Law no. 76/2008 on the organization and functioning of the National Judicial Genetic Data System. HP Also, with regard to the work of the High Court of Cassation and Justice (the panel for the resolution of a question of law), three decisions have been published on Law no. 17/2014 on certain measures regulating the sale of agricultural land located in the countryside, the Law on Cadastre and Real Estate Publication no. 7/1996; Methodological rules for the application of the provisions on the award of the sectoral contract/framework agreement of Law no. 99/2016 on sectoral procurement; Penal Code, as in force from 26.06.2018-30.05.2022.
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Further to the work carried out by the Constitutional Court, four decisions (exceptions/objections of unconstitutionality admitted) were published in November regarding: Law no. 136/2020 on the establishment of certain measures in the field of public health, the Criminal Procedure Code, the Law of the Chambers of Commerce of Romania no. 335/2007, the Law on the approval of GEO no. 10/2022 for the modification and completion of Law no. 346/2004 on the stimulation of the establishment and development of small and medium-sized enterprises.
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Acest text urmează planului propus supra de maestrul Olivier Raison în contribuţia sa privind dreptul francez, şi anume, în primul rând, eligibilitatea, sarcina probei şi, în final, conţinutul probelor.
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One of the serious social phenomena, with a special magnitude, with varied and complex forms, manifested up to the highest levels of society is corruption. The mechanism of the legal treatment of corruption in the public sector, established in the national legislations of several countries, was formed based on the international experience gained in this field both at the global and European level and found its reflection in the adoption of some normative acts of major significance. The evolution of corruption over the ages has demonstrated its complex and almost universal character, penetrating not only the sphere of state administration and public administration but also the economic, commercial sector, credit-banking relations, capital market, etc.
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Corruption, bureaucracy and lack of transparency, in different dimensional limits, from state to state, depending on the level of economic-social development and the degree of civilization, exist worldwide. It will not be able to be eradicated in any way, but only brought within acceptable limits through consistent combative and preventive activities carried out by all the bodies and institutions empowered for this purpose. From a preventive point of view, institutions in the education system also have an extremely important role, where the real anti-corruption education of students and young people should start, based on the introduction of topics specific to the field of integrity in school programs, but also on personal example and the promotion of the principles of dignity, respect, justice and trust by teaching staff. Moreover, anti-corruption education, for integrity, through specific and advanced forms, must continue throughout the individual professional life, a context in which the periodic analysis of the impact of the educational activities carried out is also very important. Considering the consistent fight against corruption through preventive means to be very important, in this paper we propose the realization of anti-corruption education in Romania, based on a simple and easy model to implement and develop, so as to ensure the strengthening of resilience in the field of integrity and the fight against corruption through preventive means.
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During the Justice and Home Affairs Council of December 2-3, 2019, the justice ministers of the member states adopted "Conclusions on the rights of victims", following the discussions that took place within the JAI Council of October 2019. On the occasion of the meeting at the level of line ministers, Finland's Minister of Justice, Anna-Maja Henriksson said: “Whenever a crime is committed, bringing the perpetrator to justice is only one step towards reparation. We must also ensure that victims have easy and effective access to all their rights. Today's conclusions reiterate the Council's commitment to improving victims' access to these rights across Europe, including the rights to information, support, protection and reparations."
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The evidence is facts and circumstances by which the truth is ascertained and the criminal case is solved in all aspects, and their administration is done by the means established by law. Among the means of proof provided by law, we find the statements of witnesses which are characterized by the special frequency in the criminal process and longevity over time, aspects determined in their designation as "eyes and ears of justice." According to the criminal procedural law, the witness is the person who, having knowledge of any fact or circumstance likely to serve to find out the truth in the criminal process, is heard by the judicial bodies in this capacity. In judicial practice, witnesses are considered sincere or insincere, in relation to the objectivity and fidelity of the content of the statements made, and according to the source of information that determines the testimony are divided into: direct or eyewitnesses, expert witnesses and character witnesses whose report has as source public rumor.
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The world's governments seek to ensure that water needs of their citizens are met and that water security is provided; water resources are preserved and used rationally as an important source of economic development. It also criminalizes all types ofassaulting against water and imposes deterrent penalties on every trespasser on water resources.Therefore, legislators in these countries have criminalized assaults on all sources of water and imposed penalties.This is done by our Jordanian legislator, whether in the Water Authority Act No. 18/1988 and its amendments to Act No. 17 of 2014 or through the provisions of the Jordanian Penal Code.
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In the present study, we show that the principles of criminal law constitute a complex, interdependent, mutually conditional whole, each of them characterising the whole of criminal law as a whole about the principles of European Union law. We then point out that, in general, the means of criminal coercion are restricting their scope of application in favour of extending their preventive, educational and social values, through a gradual decompression of criminal law in favour of other forms of legal intervention and coercion (contraventional, administrative, disciplinary, etc.). We also stress that there are principles enshrined throughout criminal law (1865 - to date), recognised as constants of criminal law; what developments in society have promoted new ideas? Is the range of constants widening or narrowing?
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