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“Between the Mouth of the Two Rivers”. The Agency of Water, Springs, Rivers and Trees in ancient Mesopotamian Cosmology and Religion

Author(s): Anna Perdibon / Language(s): English / Issue: 44/2021

This contribution offers an anthropological view of holy waters, springs, sacred rivers, and trees in the ancient Mesopotamian religious framework. Water is omnipresent in Mesopotamian myths and rituals, particularly in association with the cosmic Apsû, the primeval source of all waters. The pristine waters flow out through springs in the mountains and form the flowing bodies of rivers. For the Babylonians and Assyrians, rivers and watercourses were sacred and cosmic entities, often worshipped as deities. The Tigris and the Euphrates particularly appeared as river deities, with life-giving, motherly, healing, and judging roles. This essay considers the interrelationships between the Apsû, springs and sacred rivers, and the associated sacred trees, mountains and anthropomorphic deities, to shed new light on ancient Mesopotamian notions about nature, religion, and the cosmos.

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ТИПОЛОГИЯ ТАМГ – ЗНАКОВ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ ХАКАСОВ

Author(s): Artur A. Kyrzhinakov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2022

The article is aimed at creating a typology of tamgas – the ownership marks of the Khakas peoples in the XIX and the early XX centuries. The research novelty lies in the fact that tamgas have never been studied before. The author uses his own field materials, as well as linguistic, museum and published data, and applies an integrated approach, which includes the typological, comparative historical, and descriptive methods. As a result of the research, tamgas are classified into three main types: traditional, adopted (borrowed), and personal (family) ones. Traditional tangas are further subdivided according to their shape into geometric, zoomorphic, anthropomorphic, ornithomorphic, totem, and object ones. Personal (family) tangas were the Cyrillic initials of the owners’ first and last names. Adopted (borrowed) tangas taken from stone monuments, steles and rocks were not widely spread. In the early XX century, personal (family) tangas eventually replaced the traditional ones and became a prevailing type.

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Топография гончарного производства Азака

Author(s): Svetlana A. Kravchenko / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

The article offers data on pottery production topography, based on the results of archaeological excavations of the Golden Horde city of Azak in 1961—2015. The material studied made it possible to single out several pottery production districts located in the north-eastern, south-western, central and south-eastern parts of the city; to establish their approximate borders and preliminary dating, as well as to reveal location peculiarities of the workshops that had belonged to 1st and 2nd group potters, who differed according to technological production level and their genetic origins.

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Топография поселений округи золотоордынского Болгара

Author(s): Djamil G. Muhametshin / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

The city of Bolgar situated 50 km south from the Kama river mouth occupied an advantageous geographical position. Starting from 10th century, the territory, which had been closely connected with Bolgar throughout the entire period of its existence up to the early 15th c., began to develop around the city. This territory occupied both the left and the right bank of the Volga. After the Mongol invasion, the number of settlements in the area considerably reduced. The remaining ones, closely connected with Bolgar, gained further development and actively participated in the commodity-money relations of the Golden Horde Bulgar ulus.

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ТОПОНИМИЯТА НА БИВШАТА ОРЯХОВСКА ОКОЛИЯ

Author(s): Ivalina Vassileva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 18/2020

This study is the end result of the author’s extended exploration of the onomastic diversity of her home region. The text consists of a theoretical part, register of the villages, list of abbreviations and a dictionary of the local names. The research was initiated in 2007, concluded in 2019 and spread over 31 villages on the territory of the former Oryahovo municipality. Currently those villages are part of Vratsa district. The main information sources of the text are two: 1. The Master’s thesis of Roumiana Ivanova (1972), under the supervision of Prof. Nikolai Kovachev, “St. Cyril and St. Methodius” University of Veliko Tarnovo. 2. The gathered by the author toponymical material — individually and as part of a project funded by the Centre of Bulgarian Onomastics at “St. Cyril and St. Methodius” University of Veliko Tarnovo. The study confirms the initial working hypothesis that a sizeable part of the toponymical material collected during 1972, is well preserved and could be amassed even today. The loss of parts of the onomastic data from the region is due to the inevitable cultural, historical, and socio-economic changes on local and national level. Finally, the active bilingualism remains present in the everyday speech and name formation process in the area of the so called “Vlachs villages”.

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Тракийското име на селището край пътната станция Castra Rubra – Sub Zupara

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Тракийското име на селището край пътната станция Castra Rubra – Sub Zupara

Author(s): Tosho Spiridonov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 20/2012

This essay interprets data from existing text records, archaeological observations, and archaeological digs from the area. Based on personal observations and analysis of historical and geographical conditions, conclusions about the origins of the name Zupara of the Roman Age Thracian village and its chronology were made.The settlement displey a higt living standard from the Neolithic period till the Middle Ages. A golden necklace from the late Bronze Age was discovered in the area in the grave of a noble Thracian, as well as a big necropolis from the Thracian period (1st millennium BC) near today’s village of Izvorovo, and a large settlement from the Roman Age. The mansio Sub Zupara was built on a lower altitude “beneath” this settlement. The station was later named Castra Rubra after the fortress that was built nearby.

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Тракийското мегалитно светилище „Кара кая“ като символ на космическата планина

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Тракийското мегалитно светилище „Кара кая“ като символ на космическата планина

Author(s): Vassil Markov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 25/2020

The Thracian megalith sanctuary Kara kaya is located in the Western Rhodopes Mountains. It occupies a dominant peak over the surrounding terrain, ending with a natural stone pyramid. The rock cuttings are concentrated on the top of the slopes and at the foot, near the Visteritsa river. This structure, combined with the semantics of the rock cuts, make it a classic symbol of the cosmic mountain.

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Трансбалканските железопътни проекти и Италия (края на XIX - началото на XX век)

Author(s): Momir Samardžić / Language(s): Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

The transnational transport links were major political and economical priority to modern Europe. The great powers had their own interests in building railroads in the Balkans, but the contending ideas of the transbalkan railroads also show the interests of the small Balkan countries.Noting the position of the Balkans can be stated that railroad ideas at first were not only economical but also military in their origin. This article is presenting the situation and Italian influence in building some of the Balkan railroads.

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Три карты Европейской Сарматии Клавдия Птолемея

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Три карты Европейской Сарматии Клавдия Птолемея

Author(s): Petr V. Shuvalov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2013

For the European Sarmatia Ptolemaeus had almost no information about how peoples were related to rivers. Reconstructed map has clear zones of the “loose linkage” between the names: the map is divided into the Baltic and the Black Sea areas. There were three different maps: map of peoples along the way next to or along the Vistula river and the coast of the Gulf of Venedae (map “Vistula-Baltic” as part of the map “Germany-Baltic”), a map of the peoples of the South Sarmatia, Dacia and the Carpathian Mountains to Rhipaean Mountains (map “Carpathians-Rhipaeoi”) and the map “mountains-rivers-settlements” from Vistula to Maeotis, which may already contain information on the coordinates. At the very least, the northern part of the third map used by Ptolemaeus, was written in the Old Roman Cursive. This hypothesis may help to identify two peoples: Stavanoi and Kareotai. Indeed, judging by the plates from Vindolanda, one of two common forms of the Latin letter L, namely the so-called “short” form could easily be confused with the letter T. The form *careolae can be compared with the Karelians — one of the eastern branch of the Baltic-Finnish population. This “Karelian” hypothesis can be correlated with the “Tarand” hypothesis, which states that “Karbones” (‘coals’), geographically related, according to Ptolemaeus, with Kareotai, are to be designated to the people or culture of the cemeteries with stone fences (Tarandgräberkultur) — common ancestors of Livonians, Aestii and Finns.

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Турецкая карта Черного и Азовского морей из собрания Государственного исторического музея

Author(s): Igor V. Volkov / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

The author publishes a Turkish navigation map held by the State Historical Museum (Moscow). It is executed in the manner traditional for the European cartography, yet with Turkish inscriptions using Arabic alphabet. The map shows the Black Sea with its northern, eastern and southern shores (the western part is cut off ), as well as the whole of the Azov Sea. The article minutely studies stylistic features of the map. There is a table with the list of geographic names found on the map (toponyms and hydronyms): the original Turkish spelling and transcription and their respective identifiable modern names.

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Търновският епископат и Русия XV-XVII век

Author(s): Ivan Tyutyundzhiev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

The image of Ottoman invasion of the Bulgarian lands, the Tarnovo Patriarchate, in its capacity as the "Mother of All Bulgarian Churches", maintained international contacts throughout the Greek Orthodox world. The Patriarchate enjoyed high prestige among Orthodox Slav on account of its consistent anti-Unite stance, adopted after the Church Union of the Council of Lyons (1247). This stance differed drastically from the contradictory policy of Byzantium and the Church of Constantinople which were inclined to make compromises with the West and the Papal institution in Rome as part of an attempt to forge an alliance and oppose the invading Ottoman forces. The Tarnovo Patriarchate strongly adhered the Orthodoxy and resisted Roman Catholic attempts at penetration in the territories under its pastoral care. The Bulgarian Orthodox Church by all probability had a major role in spreading Christianity among Cumans and some Tatars in Wallachia and Moldova in the 13 th and 14 th centuries . The high status of the Head of the Tarnovo Patriarchate was borne out by the participation of Patritach Simeon in the coronation of the Serbian monarch Stephen Dusan (1331-1335) and his Bulgarian wife Elena as Tsar and Tsarina and the transformation of the Serbian Archbishopric into a Patriarchate in 1346. Around the middle of the 14th c. the Tarnovo Patriarchate was established contacts with Russia. In 1352 Patriarch Theodosius II of Tarnovo took part in the ordination of Theodorit, Metropolitan of the Principality of Galicia-Lithuania, as Metropolitan of Russia. For Russia Tarnovo was obviously an important spiritual centre holding authority over all Orthodox Slavs. At more or less the same time we encounter the appellation "Tsarigrad-Turnov" which reflected the idea of the Bulgarian capital as a "Third Rome" and "Second Constantinople". Further proof of the high status of Bulgarian clerics among Orthodox Slavs is provided by the enthronement, in the year 1375, of three patriarchs originating from Tarnovo: Euthymius (Evtimii) of Tarnovo (1375-1393), Ephraem of Pec, Patriarch of Serbia (1375-1380; 1389-1392), and Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev and all of Russia (1375-1406). The survey of Bulgarian-Russian spiritual ties presented above aims at correcting a view still current in historiography according to which, between the 16th and 18th centuries, church influence followed a North-South (rather than a South-North) axis. While we may assume that such a view reflects the state of affairs in the 18th century, the earlier times of Ottoman domination (15th-17th cc.) were marked by attempts on the part of Tarnovo clerical elite to take part in the most important initiative aiming to increase Russia's prestige as the only independent and most powerful Orthodox Slavonic state. Higher clerics made a point of mentioning the names of Russians monarchs in church services intended for Bulgarian Christian congregations and thus seered Bulgarian expectations of political liberation in the direction of Russia.

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Тюрко-татарские города Западной Сибири в XIV—XVI вв. в археологических и исторических исследованиях

Author(s): Sergey F. Tataurov / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

The author analyzes currently available publications referring to the Turkic Tatar cities and identifies issues that require priority attention in further studies of the Siberian cities. The necessity of broader attraction of archaeological materials is indicated. The specificity of urban settlements location, their fortification systems and internal planigraphy is characterized. Special attention is paid to the collections from the excavations of these sites, the imported items, and the osteological materials. On the basis of the research conducted, a conclusion is made as to the commercial and political importance of the cities as provisional headquarters of the Turkic Tatar rulers.

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Український незалежний культурологічний журнал «Ї» — № 62/2010

Author(s): Iwan Monolatiy,Mykola Savchuk,Taras Wozniak,Alfred Maril,Stanisław Vincenz,Szolem Alejchem,Mykola Hrybik,Vasil Klyuchar,Cornelius Juriski,Wasyl Nagirny / Language(s): Polish,Ukrainian

In order to make the thorough mendacity of Putin's rhetoric about "Ukraine as a State of Neo-Nazis" fully evident, CEEOL is offering the Ukrainian Jewish journal ”Ї“ as the strongest possible proof of a habit of "modern Ukrainian and world intellectual thought". The NGO "Ї", an independent cultural organization founded in the late 1980's in L'viv, focuses on modern Ukrainian and world intellectual thought. It offers periodic forums for discussion of issues concerning Ukraine and, among others, Europe, Russia, post-Byzantium, the Muslim Renaissance. It analyzes the current situation in order to develop future socio-political strategies. The organization also publishes "Ї", a quarterly journal dealing with European and Ukrainian issues in politics, philosophy, and culture. It also examines the relationship of Ukrainians with Russians, Poles, Austrians, and Jews and places Ukraine in a modern geopolitical sphere that can further Ukraine's identity as a modern state.

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Український незалежний культурологічний журнал «Ї» — № 63/2010

Author(s): Petro Gutsal,Lubomira Boitsun,Mykola Lasarowitsch,Ivan Bobersky,Bogdan Ostapjuk,Philipp Gaida,Taras Wozniak / Language(s): Ukrainian

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Усадьба раннескифского времени Западного Бельского городища

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Усадьба раннескифского времени Западного Бельского городища

Author(s): Iryna B. Shramko,Iryna A. Snitko,Stanislav A. Zadnikov,Oleksandra A. Malyarevskaya / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2021

The article considers one of the aspects of adaptation of the population to the natural conditions and landscape of the developed territory of the left-bank forest-steppe, taking into account social and household needs and occupations. For the first time ever, a comprehensive study of the available materials from the excavation of ashhill 28 from the Western Bilsk fortified settlement and application of layout and spatial modeling method have offered various options for the scientific reconstruction of a dugout as a residential center of sedentary population. The volumetric-spatial construction of a residential building is based on planigraphic, stratigraphic observations, and the conclusions of researchers about the climatic, topographic features of the microregion. The manor existed in the first quarter of the 6th century BC.

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Устье Дуная на старинных портоланах

Author(s): Olena A. Radzihovska / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2010

The object of the study in the paper are some portolans, medieval maritime compass charts of the 14—17 centuries. The author emphasizes the need for comparison of their data with other sources. The importance of such a comparison lies in its potential for dating and locating historical and geographical realities of the Danube estuary and the adjacent territory. The analysis allows the author to make some suggestions about the number of medieval and modern toponyms.

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Утицај научних дисциплина војне историје и војне географије на израду ратних планова у Краљевини Србији

Author(s): Ivan B. Mijatović / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

War and warfare are related to human existence and actions. All have been during the course of time set into an actual frame subjected to multiple natural and social influences and laws. It is exactly the laws that can be precisely analyzed in leading warfare and other military actions, from training armed forces to preparation and selection of battlefield, application of military techniques and decisions on the level of tactics represented in actions, ways and means for achieving clearly oriented results on the level of smaller military units and strategy, as well as system of military knowledge and skills on preparation and leading war on the level of larger military units. Therefore achievements of history and geography are necessary for actions of military system, because with their achievements they indirectly support leading, decision making and organizing military activities during peace and war time. Military history and military geography have had, from the beginnings of institutional studying of military sciences, a significant position in Art of war as disciplines (branches) even though their point of origin is in their parent sciences – history and geography. In its core it is not just using the results of these sciences, since through theory and practice of warfare these sciences (history and geography) have been formed and transformed as special scientific disciplines that have been integrated into military theory and practice. During the sixty years work of School of Artillery and Military Academy, significant subjects with their place in the processes of educating of military personnel were the studying of history and geography in several forms. That studying had a principal goal, to acquaint cadets by learning history with events from the past, and by learning war practices to get them to make observations on certain experiences and lessons from the previous wars that would enable them easier understanding and give them ideas for resolving future war situations. From the perspective of geography, main goal was to enable cadets by learning and applying what they`ve learned to study those geographic features that have influence on leading, organizing and planning military actions and using armed forces in particular military situation. Learning national history and history of liberation wars of Serbia was supposed to nurture freedom traditions of Serbian people and by that influence developing patriotic feelings and strengthening morale of the future officers, and in the classes on Military Geography cadets were studying farther and nearer geographic regions, foremost on the level of strategy and tactics. Typical example of symbiosis of Military History and Military Geography in the Serbian Army, and their influence on creating war plan is represented by the preparations for the liberation of Old Serbia and Macedonia in the First Balkan War.

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Фотографията като илюстрация в българската художествена литература. Няколко примера от втората половина на ХХ век

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Фотографията като илюстрация в българската художествена литература. Няколко примера от втората половина на ХХ век

Author(s): Katerina Gadjeva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 3/2016

The paper focuses on the complicated interaction between text and image in fiction and poetry. Unlike literature that tries and clears readers’ minds of anything familiar, material or ‘possible’, photography is going just the other way around constantly bringing them back down to earth, binding them up with the existing. For this reason both authors and publishers oriented towards experiments and challenges would resort to it. Though there were few isolated cases in Bulgaria of photos used in book design early in the twentieth century, the earliest books intentionally designed with photographic illustrations were published as late as the 1960s, when fine art photography made its comeback in this country. In 1966, Narodna Mladezh publishing house released two dozens of books with photographic illustrations made exclusively for a series of crime and adventure novels. In 1973, Pavel Matev’s book of poetry Spoils of Silences came out with photos by Peter Bozhkov; in 1987, Labyrinth, a poetry book by Blaga Dimitrova and photos by Stanka Tsonkova-usha, was released. Though just a few, these publications show that photography and literature stand shoulder to shoulder and ‘technical pictures’ rather stimulate than put the brakes on the imagination.

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Халфорд Макиндер и Немачка: између узора и претње

Author(s): Miloš Vojinović / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 1/2013

This paper examines political and scientific ideas of Halford Mackinder (1861-1947) British geog-rapher, academic and politician. The paper offers a thesis that the most useful way for understand-ing Mackinder’s ideas is to trace their development in context of rising German economy, decline of British industry together with change of Mackinder’s personal view on Germany and his lifelong dedication to prosperity of British Empire. During his carrier German Empire and German scientists represented the most important influence on his work, both scientific and political. Mackinder felt that Prussian army owed its success to German geographers. He compared Heinrich Berghaus, Carl Ritter and Alexander von Humboldt with Otto von Bismarck, Helmuth von Moltke the Elder and Albrecht von Roon. Indicating on German example, Mack-inder wanted to change study of geography in Great Britain…. This research tried to point out how British Empire’s needs shaped science and how one British intellectual reacted to decline of Great Britain in time when Empire’s future didn’t look bright, what was probably best described by Joseph Chamberlain when he described country’s strength as “The weary Titan staggers under too vast orb of his fate”.

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Характер использования долины р. Большой Бабки в средневековье

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Характер использования долины р. Большой Бабки в средневековье

Author(s): Ghennadii E. Svistun,Viktor I. Kvitkovskij / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2021

The authors have summarized the materials from a number of archaeological sites accumulated during many years of investigations by several generations of archaeologists in the Bolshaya Babka river valley. Despite their different quality of exploration and documentation of the research, the following areas were brought to light: general trends in exploration of this territory in temporal and spatial dimensions, preferred locations for settlement in certain landscapes, its usage and perception by various ethnocultural communities. The authors managed to determine some interdependencies between the river valley landscape, shaped by fluvial processes with frequent streamflow changes, and its usage dynamics. It was also discovered that stable flood land regions played an important role; they were not exposed to constant degradations in its widest segment — in its middle and lower reaches. It explains the multilayer nature of the most sites occupied by the population with the similar pattern of economic activity over the wide time line — from the Bronze Age to the Middle Ages. Moreover, some naturally emerged within the same landscape lines of communication with neighboring settlement enclaves had to play a significant role in determination of locations for residential areas.

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