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Giant designs traced out by earth mounds could be thousands of years old.
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Giant designs traced out by earth mounds could be thousands of years old.
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Petrographic studies of indicator erratics in glacial sediments revealed the existence of at least two lithotypes of glacial tills (marked S and O/W), differing in source area of moraine material. The older one (S), represented by glacial till in Mąkolice, was deposited by the last advance of South Polish Glaciation in the area. The younger lithotype (O/W) includes glacial sediments of Middle Polish Complex. Among them, two varieties (sublitothypes), probably deposited by separate ice masses (but not ice streams), can be distinguished. These sublitotyphes are clearly recognizable only in the southern part of the area under research. Their relative spatial distribution and petrographic features confirm the validity of the conclusions based on the analysis of the relief, which suggests that the ice-sheet during the Middle Polish Glaciation (Odranian/Wartanian) entered the Piotrków region from two directions.
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The paper presents the latest results of research on genesis of glacial relief and dynamics of the younger Saalian ice sheet in the marginal zone in poorly recognized area of the interfluve of the Krzna and Bug rivers in eastern Poland. The presented model is significantly different from those interpretations of the relief genesis in this area, presenting ice-margin stabilization stage and then areal recession. In the light of detailed morphological, geological and structural research, the younger Saalian ice sheet was characterized by differentiated dynamics of ice lobes, both during transgression and recession. A comparison with the latest results of research on area between Piotrków Trybunalski, Radomsko and Przedbórz, the notion on presence of regional lobes in the marginal zone of the younger Saalian ice sheet and their differentiated (conditioned by morphology and lithology of pre-Saalian substrate) dynamics is also actual in central Poland.
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The article presents petrographic features of medium (4–10 mm) and coarse (20–60 mm) gravels for 64 samples from 28 sites together with TGZ (Theoretical Gravel Centre) index for 7 sites. It have been found that in the investigated area in glaciofluvial sediments petrography is generally similar. Also pointed was, that in the finer gravel fraction the Lower Palaeozoic limestones are rare, however crystalline and flint rocks are more evident. Petrography of the coarse gravel fraction proves that before the ice-sheet reached the Northern Polish Upland slopes, it must have moved along outcrops in the South-East Sweden and the Baltic floor. The connected TGZ index of the sediments investigated lies within 16,4–17,0°E and 57,5–58,7°N coordinates.
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This article presents the results of measurements of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of Quaternary sediments collected from 13 sites, located in zones I–IV of glacigenic forms in SE of the Łódź Region. Based on statistical analysis and graphical position of the principal axes of ellipsoids illustrating the magnetic susceptibility tensors, recreated directions of transport for 206 samples, mainly of glacial sediment of different ages and types. The usefulness of AMS analysis in determining the direction of transport in clasts of the till has been proved and also to verification of the directional results of other measurements in the sediments layered.
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The article presents the results of measurements of the longer axes orientation in the morainic tills at 11 sites and 12 outcrops in zones I–IV of the glacigenic forms in the area between Piotrków Trybunalski, Radomsko and Przedbórz. Zone III located in the western part of the said area corresponds to the well-recognised Widawka lobe in the Łódź region. Zones I, II and IV in the eastern part of the study area associated with the hypothetic Pilica-Luciąża lobe (S part of the Rawka lobe) and both coming from the Warta ice-sheet. Measurements of fabric clasts in zone III proved that the ice sheet has arrived from NNW and NW (330º–340º). In zones I, II, and IV transgression came from the NNE and NE (357º–52º). The lobe reached the Kamieńsk–Rzejowice–Przedbórz line. In the Łódź hump, the meridian belt between Kamieńsk and Łódź fabric tills are of various orientation interpreted as a confluence of the two lobes.
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The main aim of this paper is to present the concept of regional distance as a measure of economic diversity at the regional level. Additionally, the paper is devoted to the identification of regional inequalities in Poland, based on the metric presented. Estimates of the regional distance between specific regions (NUTS 2) and the mean level of development of the national economy or Mazowieckie Voivodship (the region with the highest GDP per capita in Poland) were based on calculations conducted using logarithmic equations. Two different distances were calculated: (a) the mean number of years required to achieve the present reference area level of development, (b) the mean number of years necessary to achieve the reference area GDP per capita, taking into consideration the growth rate of the reference area. The empirical example of regional distance application revealed significant inequalities between regions of Poland at NUTS 2 level.
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The article presents the analysis of city space of Kaliningrad, capital city of Russian exclave Kaliningrad oblast. I use the methodology proposed by Ewa Rewers – hermeneutics of a trace, and Karl Schl?gel – new optics to analyse architectural image of Kaliningrad. The historical and architectural layers of the city coexist and have impact on the identity of its inhabitants.
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A new vic-dioxime derivative including the hydrazone group ligand with four N-donor set and its coordination compounds with Co(III), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal centres were synthesized. For this task, these compounds were characterized by spectral analyses like FTIR, 1H, 13C NMR, HMQC, molar conductances ΛM (-1), elemental analysis, magnetic moment and thermal behavior (TG) of the compounds was determined by simultaneous thermogravimetric. All of the coordination compounds were prepared under similar conditions from the ligand and the corresponding metal salts by putting them of a strong base. On the basis of the magnetic and spectral evidences a square-planar geometry for [Ni(HL)2] and [Cu(HL)2] complexes, octahedral geometry for [(HL)2Co.2H2O] and tedrahedral geometry for [Zn(LH)CI].H2O complex were introduced.
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The article is devoted to estimating the risk of floods in selected rivers of Lower Silesia. On the basic of empirical data concerning daily water levels of three hydrological stations on the rivers: Odra, Nysa Kłodzka and Nysa Łużycka the empirical distribution function of quaterly high water levels will be illustrated. To empirical distribution, the theoretical distribution will be matched and on its base the risk of floods danger will be calculated.
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The endorheic catchment of Lake Gardno is located in northwestern Poland on the Wolin Island at a distance of 0.2 km from the Baltic Sea cliff coast. Within the Lake Gardno catchment, on a monthly basis, water with its quantitative aspects and physicochemical properties was examined at every stage of its circulation. For the diagnosis of the circulation of water and solutes, as well asits mechanisms it was essential to determine the seasonal variability of the concentration of biogenic ( NO 3 –, NH 4 +, K + ) and denudative ions ( HCO 3 –, SO 4 2–, Ca 2+, Mg 2+ ), and ions supplied primarily from sea aerosols ( Cl –, Na + ). At the first stage of the water cycle, atmospheric water reaching tree-tops has the lowest mineralization at 1.8 mS • m –1. Throughfall and stemflow lead to an increase in the mineralization up to 8.7 mS • m –1 on average. The next stage, connected with the underground water circulation and leaching of soils, increases the mineralization of water up to 46.3 mS • m –1. The lake water was mineralized at 36.7 mS • m –1. The seasonal variability of the hydrochemical activity of water circulating within the Lake Gardno geoecosystem was represented by groups: with increased concentrations of solutes, with average concentrations of solutes and with reduced concentrations of solutes. The analyzed geoecosystem is characterized by a high concentration level of chloride and sodium ions at every stage of water circulation, which is related to the supply of sea aerosols.
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The aim of this study was to determine the number of hot days, very hot days and very frosty days as well as heat waves and cold spells in the Świętokrzyskie Mts (central Poland) during the 1981 – 2013 period. Datasets of minimum and maximum daily air temperatures from the IMGW-PIB stations : Kielce-Suków, Bodzentyn and Święty Krzyż were used in the study. During the last 35 years 17 heat waves and 12 cold spells occurred in the study area. The number of hot and very hot days and heat waves on the summits of the Świętokrzyskie Mts ( Święty Krzyż weather station ) was 2 – 5 times lower than at the valley stations. There was an evident increase in the occurrence frequency of hot weather extremes in the 2001 – 2010 period as compared to the end of the past century. There is no clear tendency to change in the number of very frosty days and cold spells. Two indices: WSNC and WSNZ were proposed as tools for the assessment of the intensity of heat waves and cold spells.
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The twentieth century, especially its second half, was one of unprecedented rapid change in the Earth’s environment. Environmental problems have become global in their scope. Systemic and cumulative degradation has occurred on an unprecedented scale, causing geographically differentiated outcomes that threaten the whole Earth e. The idea that the global environment is at risk due to anthropogenic activity, and that something must be done quickly to abate this, is accepted by a grooving majority of people across the world. Environmentalist “worldviews” are now more or less mainstream in the academic literature. Environmental problems do not respect the artificial boundaries of nation states as is demonstrate by contemporary phenomena such a global warming and climate change. The emergence of the Green or ecology movement has resulted in attempts to refine or reformulate spatial organization of the world. Traditional conception of geopolitical order are statecentric but the green movements try to change our perception of spatial order argue that country does not form the basis for the organization of social and political life but bioregions. Bioregion is defined in terms of the unique overall pattern of natural characteristics that are found in a specific place. The main features are generally found throughout a continuous geographic terrain and include a particular climate, local aspects of seasons, landforms, watersheds, soils, and native plants and animals. People are also counted as an integral aspect of a place’s life, as can be seen in the ecologically adaptive cultures of early inhabitants, and in the activities of present day reinhabitants who attempt to harmonize in a sustainable way with the place where they live. In the green political thought bioregions should be the basic unit of organization of global space.
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Characteristics of Human Geography of an area are closely interconnected with physical features of that area such as topography, hydrography, vegetation and climatology. Even though determinant role of physical characteristics on the human activity in urban areas has been reduced by the advancement of contemporary technologies it is still efficient in the rural where the agricultural production still predominate human activity. The huge difference on physical features in Tire province which can be observed on North-South direction also has affected the rural landscape on that direction. The main interesting point is that the rural landscape is also change in West-East direction where the change of physical features is not clearly visible. The main aim of this study is to explain the rural landscape change on West-East direction in the rural area of Tire province.
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Involutions which were observed in Quaternary deposits were usually interpreted as periglacial and their development have been explained as result of formation of reversed density gradient systems, cryostatic pressure or cryohydrostatic pressure. However, it is obvious that periglacial environment is not required to involution formation. In the article deformational structures developed in the bottom of the organic-mineral series were analysed. The organic-mineral series was dated at the end of Alleröd and the Younger Dryas. It was possible to distinguish a few types of involutions on the base of different morphological features deformations which formed as a result of deformation impulse acting downwards, upward deformations and structures fold-like and irregular. The differences in pattern of structures are conse- quence of "extra-local" agents as: uneven boundary surface, lithological heterogeneity of sedimentary series involved in deformations, dif- ferent thickness of the top series involved into deformations, and different ratio of kinematic viscosities of series involved in deformations.
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In summer 2014, hydromorphological state of the upper section of the Ner River was investigated applying the River Habitat Survey (RHS) method. The use of this method involves performing field studies on the selected sections of rivers. During fieldwork, in specific survey forms are collected hundreds of qualitative and quantitative parameters of both the river channel and the valley bottom, as well as vege- tation, land use, hydrotechnical buildings etc. Collected data allow to calculate two synthetic hydromorphological indicators on the basis of which the hydromorphological state of the studied section of the river is described. Investigations were carried out in three sections: the Huta Wiskicka sections (I) situated upstream, the Gadka Stara section (II) situated more downstream and the Lublinek section (III) situated downstream. The sections I and II were located beyond the administrative boundaries of Łódź, while the section III was located within the city limits. Moderate and relatively poor assessment of the hydromorphological state of the upper section of the Ner River was obtained: the upper section is characterised by weak state (class IV), the middle section by middle state (class III), the lower section by poor state (class V).
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During palaeogeographic research printed cartographic materials are often used. In order to incorporate them into GIS thorough assessment and verification are necessary, since they condition proper analyses of the materials and valid conclusions. Evaluation of the materials is particularly important when information from several data sources is compiled. This paper assesses the possibilities of using a variety of geological materials on Central Poland in GIS, such as data derived from borehole profiles as well as archival geological maps and sketches that were published as stand-alone deliverables or as attachments to scientific monographs and papers.
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Earthquakes in the past have caused significant damage, injuries, and deaths. The remaining resources do not equal the amount needed. For this reason, effective and efficient disaster management methods are needed. Learning from recent research that describes how they optimize the coordination function of hospital systems to overcome the imbalance between need and care capacity, we add the bed occupancy ratio (BOR) of healthcare facilities to the modeling. This paper aims to provide information about the distribution mechanism for injured victims by minimizing the total time to arrive at the healthcare facility. This victim evacuation modeling uses the integer linear programming method with two scenarios. Simulations were carried out on 164 injured victims, estimated by residents who live in areas that cross the Great Sumatran fault. The results show that the second scenario, which involves distributing it to the nearest healthcare facility, is 3.6 hours shorter compared to taking it to the general hospital in the first scenario.
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The application of various petrophysical and elastic metrics has advanced reservoir characterization and provided critical geological formation information. Porosity declines with depth, according to sonic, neutron, and density logs. Lithology, pressure, and hydrocarbons all contribute to this. Formation resistivity and fluid saturation are used to identify hydrocarbon-bearing zones. Because oil and gas are non-conductive, hydrocarbon-containing rocks are more resistant than water. In lithological categorization, gamma logs and the Vp/Vs ratio have helped classify reservoirs as Agbada Formation sand-shale reservoirs. Reservoir elastic characteristics, specifically sandstones, have been studied at various depths. These discoveries have an impact on their brittleness, strength, and failure risk in a variety of scenarios. Hydrocarbon accumulation has been influenced by diagenetic compaction equilibrium in pressure-exposed shale source beds. The research advances our understanding of the geological formations of the Niger Delta and gives practical insights for exploration and production. Decisions on oil and gas are based on hydrocarbon reservoir assessments at various depths, including porosity, fluid saturation, and lithology. Well logs from Wells B001, B002, and B003 revealed the diverse properties of several Niger Delta reservoirs. These discoveries have benefited hydrocarbon exploration and production decision-making significantly.
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