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Impacts of the March 2011 earthquake, tsunami and Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan on country’s agriculture (farms and agrarian resources) and food sector are assessed. The extent of radioactive contamination of agri-food products is presented. Effects on markets, consumers and international trade are evaluated. Responses of different agents are summed up, progress and challenges in post-disaster recovery and reconstruction assessed, and lessons from the Japanese experiences withdrawn.
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The goal of the research is to study current practices of financial managementin Ukrainian companies from agribusiness sector. Ukrainian managersapplied a multidimensional approach in financial management oriented on suchgoals as sustainable growth, continuity and maximizing profits. A great importanceof control, analysis and reporting in financial management derived froma need for detailed financial information for board and shareholders as well as forUkrainian tax authorities and other governmental bodies. Efficient working capital management was a necessary condition for continuity of operations in highly volatile Ukrainian market. The most preferable capital budgeting technique wasprofitability index, while net present value and internal rate of return were lesspopular. Ukrainian managers were strongly supporting the pecking-order theoryof capital structure.
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Intense changes have arisen in global agriculture, yielding a new market reality that is more complex and competitive than before. To confront these changes, a renewed perspective on the practice of agribusiness management is necessary. However, studies in this critical line of research are scant. This study updated the outlook on the strategic management of agribusiness in Taiwan by conducting in-depth interviews with 10 expert agrientrepreneurs. The results indicated that agribusiness strategies can be categorised as targeting one of three dimensions: the external environment, the internal environment, and sustainable development. This paper discusses each dimension in detail and suggests five broader trends of strategic management.
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The aim of rural development (regardless of its theoretical perception) is the improvement of quality of life for rural population. This issue is a complex one because it depends on multiple objective and subjective factors, community characteristics, but also its spatial, economic, social and cultural environment. Authors analyze the influence of socio-cultural individual characteristics and household characteristics, as well as their stay in Stanišić during evaluating quality of life of its rural population. The research confirmed a significant influence of socio-cultural (rural) household characteristics on the evaluation of quality of life. The influence of spatial dimension of social structure is more obvious on socio-cultural (rural) household characteristics.
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In order to better understand how plants were procured and consumed at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, the site’s archaeobotany team examined some of the existing ethnographic examples of "traditional" (non-mechanised) farming in Turkey. The Kastamonu region of the north Turkey is an area where some ’ancient’ wheats (einkorn and emmer) are cultivated in a more or less traditional way and on a small-scale. Fieldwork in this part of Turkey provided first-hand knowledge of some off- and on-site agricultural activities which could have been part of prehistoric village life, but also of ways in which modern technologies challenge non-mechanised farming* . Of particular interest were a) information gathered from field-owners on traditional techniques used to grow crops, b) observation of storage facilities and other ways of storing food in einkorn/emmer-growing villages, and c) observations of mills and other buildings/constructions/items relating to crop processing and food preparation (e.g. oil production); the paper presents obtained information relevant to these three key objectives.
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The period 1961—1969 saw significant changes in agriculture and the countryside. General economic and social development and the dynamic growth of agricultural production in these years brought about certain positive shifts in the structure of agriculture, reflected primarily in the strengthening of the socialist sector and an improvement in general living conditions in rural areas. This is, among other things, confirmed by the first results of the census of agricultural households taken in 1969, which is the basic source of information for this article.
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Yugoslavia’s rapid postwar development has had a far-reaching influence on the structure of personal consumption. The steady rise in personal incomes and living standards has resulted in increased demand for a better diet (protein, vitamins, etc.), including fruit and fruit products.
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Agriculture in prewar Yugoslavia was mainly subsistence farming characterized by very extensive methods of cultivation. Even large estates were farmed with minimum outlays. The low level of productivity in agriculture strongly affected the entire economic structure of prewar Yugoslavia. Scientific advances were virtually never made use of and modern means of production were practically unknown, so that the volume of production was very small in relation to natural conditions and available manpower. The low level of the economic and social development of the country did not provide the necessary incentives for agriculture to develop faster. However, the relatively large supply and small demand, and the low prices of agricultural products created a fictitious picture of large production and consumption of these articles. Under such circumstances there were also relatively large surpluses left for export.
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Grape growing is an important sector of Yugoslav agriculture. In 1969, it accounted for 4.4 per cent of the physical volume of total agricultural production, 7.7 per cent of the physical output of crop production, 3.8 per cent of the total deliveries of agricultural produce, and 4.8 per cent of the total exports of agricultural produce. In the same year vineyards covered a total area of 255,000 hectares, or 2.5 per cent of total arable land. As a result of increased production and higher incomes per inhabitant, per capita grape consumption rose from u6.5 kg in 1959 to 13.7 kg in 1969.
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A country’s agricultural potential, basic diet, food processing industries, and farm exports are all conditioned by the area, quality and location of agricultural land. Agricultural land in Yugoslavia was largely formed in the course of the last hundred years or so, i.e. in a period of intensive socio-political changes. These brought about large-scale demographic movements (a faster natural population increment and intensive inter-regional migration), a rise in the standard of living, and a growing “hunger” for land suitable for the production of food and industrial raw materials of agricultural origin. As a result, large areas of forests have been turned into arable land and much of the first-class but swampy soil in the Pannonian Basin reclaimed (drainage canals, etc.). These developments have been especially intensive in the last fifty years or so.
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As a result of Yugoslavia’s general postwar economic development, especially since 1953, which marked the beginning of large-scale socialist farming on modem technical and technological principles, there has been a steadily growing need for increasing quantities and variety of agricultural machines and implements. Before 1953, domestic production of agricultural equipment was limited in range (mainly animal-drawn, implements), and the growing requirements could not be met by imports. For this reason intensive efforts began in 1954 to develop domestic production of tractors and other agricultural machines. In 1954—1956, licenses were bought from leading world companies for the manufacture of tractors, motors, combines, ploughs and many other kinds of agricultural machines. At the same time a petrol-engine tractor and many attachments and machines were developed by domestic industry.
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There have been major fluctuations in postwar agricultural production. In the period 1947—1956, it was below the average level recorded in 1930—1939* showing, however, a slight upward trend. After 1956, thanks to the introduction of modern equipment and technology and the development of the socialist sector and cooperation with individual farmers, it began rapidly to increase, recording in 1956—1960 a growth rate of 4.5 per cent. This rate of growth was never attained in subsequent five-year periods.
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In the postwar period agricultural price policy has gone through two stages, each with its own different characteristics resulting from the general policy of economic development, demand for agricultural products, and institutional regulations concerning agriculture. In the period up to 1956, the basic aim of agricultural price policy was the redistribution of values generated in agriculture, so as to ensure the development of non-agricultural activities, primarily industry. The unequal terms of trade between agricultural and non-agricultural activities made it possible to accelerate industrialization and thus to increase capital formation in society as a whole. Until 1951, earnings generated by agriculture were taxed away through compulsory deliveries and low prices of agricultural produce in order to protect the standard of living. As a result of its unfavorable socio-economic position and some other reasons, agriculture developed in that period very slowly.
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In Yugoslavia very great importance is given to wheat production. The rise in the population, changes in the national diet, the development of the food industry, and growing requirements for raw materials have all resulted in increasing needs for wheat. Various measures of economic policy have been taken since the war to intensify agricultural production and improve its financial position. Thus, agricultural production as a whole, and especially wheat growing, have been stimulated by a system of subsidies, guaranteed prices, premiums, credit and investment policy, and privileged rates of interests.
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Among the questions associated with the outflow of Yugoslav labor seeking temporary employment abroad, of particular significance is the emigration of farmers and other agriculturally employed. At the time of the last population census (March 31, 1971) more than half the economically active migrants were farmers. The number of agricultural workers temporarily employed abroad has in recent years been steadily increasing and gradually involving farmers from all parts of the country.
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The level of economic development attained by the mid-Sixties, the need to improve the national diet, and possibilities for marketing agricultural products abroad made it imperative to improve the quantity and quality of agricultural production. Measures were first taken to intensify field crop farming, as the raw material basis for intensive stock-breeding, and subsequently also to increase livestock production. Considerable social resources were invested in livestock. Facilities for the accommodation of breeding and fattening stock, dairies, forage silos, feed mixing plants, factories for high-quality animal feeding stuffs, slaughter-houses, canneries, etc. were constructed; the present chain of cooling plants was developed, livestock and veterinary scientific and other institutions were founded, veterinary and animal drug plants built, etc. In addition, high-quality breeding stock (cattle, sheep, swine and poultry) and proteinic ingredients for animal feed (oil- -cake, fish meal, etc.), were procured to intensify livestock production.
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At the end of 1973 and the beginning of 1974, the Federal Bureau of Statistics carried out a special investigation into the revenue, expenditure and consumption of households in 1973. The survey included, among other things, collection of data on the percentage of households with specific durable consumer goods. About 18,000 households in urban, rural and mixed areas were surveyed. The data presented in this article relate to 5,585 households surveyed. Relative to the results of the similar surveys conducted in 1968 and 1973, this most recent inquiry shows certain changes in the socio-economic composition of the households interviewed. The proportion of agricultural households decreased from 26.9 to 21.5 per cent, the proportion of mixed household increased from 24.5 to 27.5 per cent, and of non-agricultural from 38.6 to 51 per cent1 2.
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The Balkan States Exhibition mounted in London in 1907 was the greatest international presentation, both as regards the quantity and the quality of its exhibits, of Serbian products and achievements from the fields of industry, agriculture, science, arts and culture held up to that time. The total number of visitors exceeded a million and two hundred thousand people. A large number of Serbian products was awarded high prizes and special commendations. It was shown that many Serbian goods (woollen cloths, furniture, prunes, marmalade, drinks) could compete successfully with the products of eminent European producers. The London Exhibition marked in a sense a comeback of Serbia after the three-year long isolation following the assassination of King Aleksandar Obrenovi} and his wife.
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