Around the bloc: Russian Pilot: Turkish Jets Fired Without Warning
Russia slaps restrictions on agricultural imports in first concrete action against Ankara.
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Russia slaps restrictions on agricultural imports in first concrete action against Ankara.
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Watchdog EIA says the timber company Schweighofer is illegally overcutting Romania’s virgin forests.
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Multinomial logistic regression can be used to analyse economic activity of population and labour market. Its application enables to decompose labour resources according to selected demographic and socio-economic traits in relation to the degree of change in the state of economic population activity. The aim of the paper is to present the possibilities of using the logit models to assess the chances (risks) and probabilities of changes in the state of economic population activity depending on its selected socio-demographic traits. The flows from employment to unemployment, and to economic inactivity were discussed. The research method and the data were described. An interpretation of selected research results was also presented. Due to the need to follow changes of the state of economic population activity over time, individual raw data from the Labour Force Survey are relevant to build multinomial logit models of the labour market. The possibility of decomposition is limited by the size of the sample, which results from the structure of population under Labour Force Survey and from the length of the analysed period. In practice, a satisfactory model alignment requires a consideration of an analysis period which is at least several years long (and combining the data into a coherent base) along with an aggregation of certain population groups (e.g. all non-agricultural sections of PKD or contiguous age classes). Moreover, correct inference also requires knowledge and experience of a researcher and it should take account of a broad socio-economic context, i.e. quality conditions of the reference system.
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The Author discusses the relationship between the productivity of the labourfactor and its remuneration. The analysis is focused on a comparison of agriculture to thenational economy and its selected sectors. Both static and dynamic approaches are applied.The relationship between the productivity of the labour factor and its remuneration givesinformation whether the remuneration results from the productivity. Producer’s equilibrium, zero profit conditions and the problem of the allocation anddistribution in the sectoral perspective are the theoretical basis for such an analysis. It isdemonstrated whether (and to what extent) labour productivity is the source of fundingremuneration in a given sector. Secondly, the analysis allows to assess rationality of theallocation of the labour factor and distribution of value added among sectors. The resultscan indicate i.a. whether agriculture benefits or loses from such a distribution. The analysisconsists of two parts. In the first step the Author derives analytical formulas similar to theidea of the unit labour costs and presents theoretical proof. In the second step, empiricalstudy is conducted based mainly on the graphical illustration.
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Rural development is understood as a socio-economic process that consists ofdesired and positive qualitative and quantitative changes, leading to increased efficiencyand productivity of rural businesses and the usefulness of rural households. This is in manyways determined by and at the same time embedded in the socio-economic developmentbeyond local and regional level, and, consequently, also in general economic development.However, financial variables, including fiscal ones, quite rarely determine rural development. Therefore, the main objective of the article is to reduce this cognitive gap, which is of greatimportance also for regional and agri-food policy. The analysis is centered around thetheory and practical achievements of fiscal federalism, which is a sub-discipline of publicfinances. According to this, the Author starts with presenting general assumptions of fiscaland environmental federalism. Then, focus is shifted to controversies related to fiscaldecentralization in order to move on inter-jurisdictional competition and cooperation. Inthe background of this part of the analysis there is the Tiebout model, which is one of themost interesting conceptualizations of local and regional development mechanism. In thefinal part of the article the Author presents the key elements of Buchanan’s theory of clubgoods as a tool for optimizing the size of the local units.
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Phenomena which can be observed in contemporary rural areas require notonly observation and description, but deserve treating them in a new way. Hitherto usedcategories (of cultural participation, localism or cultural practices) do not encompass thespecific perception of culture, which is more and more common also in rural inhabitants.In today’s humanities the term “experience” is employed with success, as it enables tocombine intellectual perception with emotional and corporeal perceptions. This articlepresents assumptions of that new approach, by showing its usefulness in relation to ruralcommunities.
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Spatial disparities of social and economic development results in emerging ofmarginalized (peripheral) areas. Rural areas are particularly exposed to this phenomenon. Peripherality is a multidimensional and complex concept. It is of relative nature andiden tification and determination of peripheral areas is subjective and depends on theidentification criteria applied. Peripherality is commonly recognized as a negative phenomenonwith such underlying features as backwardness, dependency, marginalization and deprivation. Governments at central and regional levels undertake various actions and publicinterventions in order to achieve social and territorial cohesion. However, the results of thoseundertakings are far from satisfactory. The goal of this article is to analyze dimensions ofthe peripherality of rural areas, especially its economic dimension, and to indicate causesof peripheriality in view of theories and concepts of regional development. This paper isbased on the analysis of the literature, public statistics and own research results.
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The paper aims at improving our knowledge about farmers’ relations with inputsuppliers and analyses the backward vertical spillovers between the “boundary” chains. Ituses a micro-data on dairy sector in Poland to elicit farmers’ opinions on their cooperationwith feed suppliers and confront them with farmers’ actual behaviors. We find that dairyfarmers have on average a long and stable cooperation with feed suppliers. A great majorityof the respondents perceive their relationship with feed supplier as either good or very good.The relation between farmer and feed supplier is usually not formal (over 90% of farmersdo not have any written contract). Price level and the quality of feed is the most importantfeature of the relation mentioned by farmers. However, we observe significant differencesin the farm characteristics, obtained discounts, possibilities of the price negotiations, etc.depending on the channel of the feed supply. Despite no significant difference in farmlandsize, farmers who purchase feed directly from feed producer have a significantly larger milkproduction and receive significantly higher discount from the feed supplier than farmerspurchasing feed from an intermediary. This group of farmers is also more active in pricenegotiations and more often considers changing their supplier.
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The research was carried out in the Greater Poland’s commune of Rokietnicaadjacent to the administrative borders of the Poznań city. Most of these areas are part of the Nature 2000 „Dolina Samicy”.The aim of the study was to make an inventory and to assess changes in the number ofponds and watercourses in the 19th and 21st centuries. The researchers used The Geographic Information System. Data analysis was performed using ArcMap 10.2 software. The resultsare presented in for form of tables and maps which show the changes concerning pondsand watercourses in the 19th and 21st centuries.
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A social partnerships may have significantly affected the quality* of life in smallcommunities. The Local Action Group (LAG) is one of the sort of such partnerships, which are created in rural areas. The author of this article паз pointed out the factors related to the functioning of the LAGs. The present study is focussed on the work of two selected LAGs in West Pomerania Voivodeship. The area covered by the action of these groups had been studied and a social activity*, and economic potential were described. The LAGs' activities are dependent on the financial capacity, therefore the author pointed to the source of funding and the benefits that may arise from the LAGs' functioning
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This essay summarizes the research and recommendations resulting from a Sustainable Food and Farming project in Koprivnica, Croatia, in the spring and summer of 2014.1 A collaborative effort between researchers at Arizona State University and scholars, government officials, business leaders, farmers, and other stakeholders in Koprivnica and the larger Podravina region, this project assessed the historical foundations and current conditions of the local food and farm system and made recommendations for how to build resiliency and sustainability into that system over the next 30 years. Developing a sustainable local food system involves far more than good farming with strong environmental protection measures; it includes considerations of quality of life, the economics of the food system, policy and governance, cultural heritage, and social justice. We start by characterizing the contemporary food system sustainability challenges in Podravina; then we assess obstacles and opportunities for building a sustainable and resilient farm and food system in the region; and we end with practical recommendations for strengthening sustainable farming and food systems in Koprivnica-Križevci County and the broader Podravina region.
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This paper addresses questions regarding the culture as an element of ecotourism. Having demonstrated that the term "ecotounsrn" is only vaguely defined, reasons for this shortfall are presented, whereupon the paper continues with examining the interplay between ecotourism and culture. Culture is shown to be a phenomenon shaping the regional development An interesting theoretical basis for further considerations is provided by the concept of "community-based ecotoimsm". The paper ends with the proposal of a theoretical framework mghhghong die role of culture as an element of ecotourism and its unpad on regional development.
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The article discloses the issue of the development of the system of service maintenance of agricultural machines as the condition for providing competitiveness of enterprises of agricultural machine building. The essence of the service maintenance of the production was defined. The interrelationship between the level of competitiveness of agricultural machine building enterprises and the level of services which can be provided by a producer for the consumers of agricultural machines was situated and the mechanism of their formation and realization have been defined. The activity of a producer concerning satisfaction of consumer needs through service maintenance of agricultural machines during the whole period of their exploitation was described. The necessity was grounded and the measures relating to further development of service maintenance of agricultural machines directed to the creation of additional long-term competitive benefits of the national agricultural machine building enterprises were suggested.
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The article is devoted to the study of certain civil aspects arising in the process of liquidation of agricultural organizations. Special attention is paid to the analysis of their civil status and the legal framework of regulation of their activity. A conclusion is made that liquidation of agricultural organizations has a negative impact on the agricultural sector and, therefore, should be applied in extreme cases only. The necessity to define the features of insolvency of agricultural organizations as debtors of a specific category is revealed.
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In the analysis of the level of regional development the potential models are used, where the correlation analysis is conducted, and it allows to examine the relationship between the potential and the other socio-economic phenomena. The potential it is the intensity of the interaction between the regions not only as a variable dependent on the size of the regions, but also on their location. The preferred location of the country in the regional system of interactions can affect the growth of its small capacity. In this paper the model of income potential and the model of population potential. In 1970 Dutton introduced to the research the potential quotient, it assumed that the income potential is proportional to the nominal demand and the potential of the population is an indicator of real demand and determines the ratio of these potentials as far as possible to meet the demand. The quotient takes into account potential impact of interregional relations on the level of the studied phenomenon. It is a measure of the system and a variable with a continuous spatial distribution. The spatial distribution of the quotient of the recognized potential as a measure of the level of development, is the basis of distinctions in the regional structure of the core regions and remote areas. The aim of this study is to examine the regional diversity of agriculture in the European Union and to extract the core and outlying regions on the basis of the potential model. The research was conducted at the level of EU member states. It was assumed that within each country there is no significant differences in the level of agricultural development and analysis at the level of the downstream units will not be considered by this study.
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The index of agricultural goods output comprises weighted changes of prices of agricultural commodities whereas the index of intermediate consumption describes fluctuations of input prices, including seeds and nursery stock, energy, fertilizers, soil improvers, plant protection products or feedstuffs. The relation of these two indices is defined as “price gap” or “price scissors”. There are a lot of price models for agricultural goods in the literature. However, the issue of modeling drivers for the price gap has rarely been explored. For that reason the authors aim to estimate long-term regression models of the agricultural price gap for different European countries that represent varied agrarian structures. The analysis entails a few stages. In the first stage, the long-term price indices (from 1980 to 2014) were computed based on EUROSTAT and FAOSTAT agricultural prices data for all available agricultural products and inputs in the EU-27. Then, the aggregated indices were weighted with a volume of production or intermediate consumption on the basis of the average price indices for the respective outputs or inputs. In the second stage, a cluster analysis was carried out with regard to the utilization of agricultural land factor by individual farms in the subsequent European Union Member States. In the third stage, three countries were chosen for case studies from each of the distinguished clusters and the econometric models of price gap were estimated where the indices of outputs and inputs were independent variables. An interesting finding was made that marginal effects for price gap drivers were much stronger in the countries of an intensive and large scale agriculture (such as France, the UK and Denmark) than in the countries of fragmented agrarian structures such as Greece, Portugal and Ireland.
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The issue of variability in agricultural income of a single farm household, resultingessentially from stochastic factors, is gaining increasingly in economic, social and political.importance. The article has two basic purposes, first, to examine mechanisms of agriculturalincome stabilisation, secondly, to review and evaluate the selected farm income stabilization systems from an international, European Union (EU) and Polish perspectives. This paper isa cross-sectional study with some elements of meta-analysis. It is also based on a comparativeapproach. Assuming the stability of prices and quantities, agricultural income may increasedue to higher revenues and lower average total cost. The world’s most refined solutions tostabilise farm incomes are developed in Canada (ie. AgriStability). There is substitutabilityand complementarity between some state intervention tools, market or quasi-marketproducts. Excessive support provided by state to intervention instruments inhibits thedevelopment of tools offered by the market, which leads to a crowding out effect. In the caseof Poland, an obligatory farm accountancy system might greatly facilitate the introductionof income stabilisation instruments.
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The article determines efficiency of agriculture in the EU Member States in2014 based on Data Envelopment Analysis method. The DEA model focused on minimizinginputs. The model features the following variables: 1 effect (value of agricultural production)and 4 inputs (arable area, number of people employed in agriculture, use of fertilizers, useof energy). It was found that among the 25 studied countries, 6 countries had efficientagriculture. The efficient agriculture group included the Netherlands, Denmark, Greece,the UK, Italy and Belgium. Based on the DEA method benchmarks have been defined forcountries with inefficient agriculture. On the basis of these benchmarks for inefficientagricultural sectors, it is possible to determine a combination of technologies that allow thesame results to be achieved with less input. The efficiency of agriculture in Poland faredpoorly compared to other EU Member States. The reason behind it might be structuralproblems, low labour and land productivity in the agricultural sector in Poland and theextensive nature of agricultural production.
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This article presents the main conclusions from the research conducted byscientists employed in IRWiR PAN in 2014–2015. The analyses conducted address keyeconomic and social processes taking place in rural areas in recent decades. The articlecontains selected findings on: territorial structure of the individual farms’ sector, changesin demographic structures, the rural labour market, spatial development of rural areas,social changes and institutional and organizational development of the countryside. Animportant area of research undertaken in IRWiR PAN relates to the evaluation of theCommon Agricultural Policy and its comparison with policies implemented in othercountries, including Farm Bill in the United States.
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The objective of the paper is identification of errors and problems in marketing communications during fairs and exhibitions in the agricultural industry. The conducted research can be implemented and were carried out within the framework of research conducted in the Department of Marketing of Lublin University of Technology. The intermediate objective is formulating key features of fairs and exhibitions for researched enterprise from agricultural industry. The research results have confirmed that according to respondents, fairs are the best opportunity for recognizing market trends and searching for the most suitable offer. The conclusion is confirmed by a significant number of persons who decreased themselves as observers and customers in the questionnaire survey. Half of the research persons takes part in fairs less often than three times a year. Therefore, exhibitors should take a good care about making their stands attract attention, perfectionism in personnel preparation and presented offer exceptionality.
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