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Podatek od niektórych instytucji finansowych – geneza, założenia a skutki fiskalne i gospodarcze

Podatek od niektórych instytucji finansowych – geneza, założenia a skutki fiskalne i gospodarcze

Author(s): Aneta Chodakowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The main aim of the paper is to present the legal basis for the tax on certain financial institutions in Poland, as well as its fiscal and economic consequences. It also identifies and compares the reasons for taxing the financial sector in Poland with those in other countries. Methodology: The paper contains critical analysis of the literature, which is followed by the data analysis. Findings: The primary reasons for implementing the tax in European countries were anti-crisis measures. In contrast, in Poland, the main aim of taxing financial institutions was to secure additional sources of financing for budget expenditures as well as to increase and equalise the tax burdens of financial institutions towards society. The effectiveness of achieving this goal remains unclear due to the tax incidence mechanisms that were triggered immediately after the new regulations came into force.

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Finanse w erze radykalnej niepewności i wiedzy niedoskonałej

Finanse w erze radykalnej niepewności i wiedzy niedoskonałej

Author(s): Stanisław Flejterski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The main goal of this chapter is to present the factors influencing broadly understood finance, both as a reality and the science of finance, which is part of the discipline of economics and finance. The global crises in 2007–2009 and 2020–2023 influenced various changes both in the real sphere, with geopolitics at the forefront, and in the intellectual sphere. Recent years have been a cumulation of several crises at the same time: pandemic, war, energy, climate, demographic, migration, inflation and financial crises. Methodology: Three categories are used for description and analysis: radical uncertainty, imperfect knowledge and resilience. Based on literature studies, the author shows the directions of the desired evolution of the science of finance. Findings: The existing traditional approaches require modifications and supplements. Future finance should be heterodox rather than orthodox and characterised by interdisciplinarity and contextuality.

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Polityka stóp procentowych NBP a stopy zwrotu z sWIG80 i WIG20 w latach 1995–2023

Polityka stóp procentowych NBP a stopy zwrotu z sWIG80 i WIG20 w latach 1995–2023

Author(s): Eryk Łon / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The aim of the chapter is to answer the question of whether the NBP interest rate policy has an influence on the rates of return on the sWIG80 and WIG20 indices. The chapter examines what rates of return on both stock exchange indices can be expected in periods of expansive and restrictive NBP monetary policy. Methodology: The chapter uses selected tools of quantitative methods as well as structure analysis tools, including the arithmetic mean and median. These methods make it possible to assess the connections between monetary variables and the situation on the Polish stock market in the segment of small and large companies. Findings: The chapter creates two investment strategies: playing on the increase of the stock index and playing on its decline. The former strategy is worth using in periods of expansive NBP monetary policy, whereas the latter in periods of restrictive NBP monetary policy.

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Systemy gwarantowania depozytów a stabilność finansowa w świetle doświadczeń okresów niestabilności systemowej z 2008 i 2023 roku

Systemy gwarantowania depozytów a stabilność finansowa w świetle doświadczeń okresów niestabilności systemowej z 2008 i 2023 roku

Author(s): Ewa Miklaszewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The experience of systemic instability in March 2023 showed that a high level of retail deposit insurance is not sufficient to preserve financial stability, triggering reflection on the need for a new deposit protection policy. Therefore, the purpose of the chapter is to analyse the work currently underway, particularly the reform proposals published in 2023 by IADI, FDIC and the EC. Methodology: The chapter includes a literature review of deposit insurance schemes and a critical assessment of current proposals for their modifications. Findings: The chapter develops the claim that, given the current characteristics of financial markets and accelerated technological development, it is necessary for the preservation of financial stability to expand the scope of deposit guarantees, covering both a larger group of eligible entities and types of accounts, including addressing the problem of large deposits.

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International Business in the Fragmentation and Transformation of the Global Economy

International Business in the Fragmentation and Transformation of the Global Economy

Author(s): Iliyan Sarandaliev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Multinational companies, which plan to continue their work in confronting countries, should adapt their activities in order to meet the requirements of the various markets in which they operate. The process of fragmentation and transformation of the global international relations sharply increases the political risk, which is substantial part of the overall risk structure of the multinational companies. The purpose of this research is to derive an up-to-date definition and manifestation of political risks as a major risk affecting the activities of the multinational companies in contemporary conditions. The methodology of the research is a desk research and analysis of the existing papers, related on political risks for the recent years. The conclusions include summary of the main reasons increasing the political risks for the multinational companies, as well as the main forms of influence and appearance.

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Cross-Cultural Marketing Strategies: Bridging the Gap in International Management

Cross-Cultural Marketing Strategies: Bridging the Gap in International Management

Author(s): Brunela Trebicka / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper examines the role of cross-cultural marketing in international management and marketing, focusing on understanding consumer behavior and brand perception in diverse cultural contexts. Drawing upon the literature in the field, the study investigates the impact of cultural dimensions on consumer preferences, purchasing decisions, and brand perception. It explores effective strategies for adapting marketing efforts to accommodate cultural differences and foster customer engagement in international markets. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with marketing professionals. The findings emphasize the importance of aligning marketing communications with cultural values, employing localization strategies, and building authentic and emotionally resonant connections with consumers. Practical implications and recommendations are provided for firms operating in international markets. This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge on cross-cultural marketing and provides insights to enhance marketing strategies in diverse cultural contexts.

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The Global Necessity of Transparent and High Quality Reporting and Disclosure on Sustainability Issues: with a Focus on Climate Change

The Global Necessity of Transparent and High Quality Reporting and Disclosure on Sustainability Issues: with a Focus on Climate Change

Author(s): Hristina Oreshkova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Over the past decades, there have been strong international efforts to develop a global framework for sustainability reporting and disclosure. Significant progress has been made globally and many frameworks have been developed that focus on sustainability issues, particularly those with an inherent focus on climate change and the risks it poses. Changes in global climate patterns are recognised as one of the most pressing challenges facing humanity, and attempts have been made to respond. However, there are too many initiatives for reporting on sustainability issues and the author’s main concern remains. The proliferation of frameworks focused on sustainability reporting, including climate change issues, is vast and dynamic. Frameworks and standards are proliferating to the point of confusion. The proliferation of frameworks, recommendations and requirements based on similar but not identical principles can in turn affect and compromise the comparability of the information provided, significantly reducing its usefulness and potentially causing confusion among stakeholders (rather than reaping the potential benefits for a sustainable future). The author argues that there is still a lack of quality in the transparency, consistency and relevance of corporate governance policies, activities and information on sustainability and climate-related issues, whether provided voluntarily or through mandatory disclosure. Weaknesses and vulnerabilities at the level of corporate governance and management should be properly addressed in order to respond efficiently and effectively to the challenges. This article revolves around the author’s belief that climate-related information is an essential and key component of sustainability reporting and disclosure. Climate-related issues should always be a priority for corporate governance, given their growing importance for the effectiveness of corporate reporting practices. The author’s view and thesis is that it is paramount that climate-related disclosures are transparent, credible and relevant to the risks and potential opportunities posed by climate change, if the disclosure process is to be efficient and effective, and thus useful to all interested parties, such as creditors, lenders, employees, potential and current investors and all members of society. The author believes that humanity is in urgent need of action on climate change. With this in mind, the author aims to highlight, discuss and justify the need for a more aligned framework and consistent standards globally to support meaningful and reliable disclosure of climate-related matters, risks and opportunities. The author aims to highlight and discuss the reflections, concerns and criticisms of researchers, professionals and experts on the issues discussed.

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Необходимост от оповестяване на информация за устойчивост от страна на бизнес организациите

Необходимост от оповестяване на информация за устойчивост от страна на бизнес организациите

Author(s): Gabriela Dimcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The research represents the essence, role and significance of the sustainability accounting concept, as well as it explores the most discussed sustainability accounting standards, namely International Sustainability Standard Board’s Standards, Sustainability Accounting Standards Board’s Standards and European Sustainability Reporting Standards. As a result, it is proved the necessity of disclosure of sustainability information from business organizations.

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Еволюцията на правото в контекста на конституционната промяна

Еволюцията на правото в контекста на конституционната промяна

Author(s): Boyka Cherneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report examines the evolution of law as part of institutional change. A legal sociological approach is used, assuming that law is a basic social institution in the structure of the social system. The terms "institutions of law" and "sources of law" define the boundaries of the legal system within which law changes. The distinction between legal change as evolution in law and changes in legislation as a mechanism for effective regulation of public relations is perceived. The publication emphasizes the evolutionary function of the constitution as a source of law. It is argued that the evolution of law takes place at the constitutional level. From a sociological point of view, changes in the constitution are an element of social and institutional change, and from a legal point of view there is evolutionary legal thinking (a balance between legal dogmatics and substantial changes in legal thinking).

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Ролята на данните в световната издателска индустрия

Ролята на данните в световната издателска индустрия

Author(s): Dimiter Gantchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Publishing is a creative industry that contributes significantly to the GDP and employment of most countries around the world. In spite of its economic, social and cultural importance, this industry still lacks authoritative systematic information to allow an adequate assessment of its place and role. There are various sources of data and statistics that form a partial picture of the economic performance of the publishing industry. This paper reviews the key data sources and analyses some of the methodological relating to the use of this information in a coherent way. Significant national and international efforts are needed to improve the data sourcing of the publishing industry. This industry can defend its role and interests much better with appropriate information and analysis. This paper analyses the challenges in this area from a global perspective.

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Правно регулиране на интелектуалната собственост през призмата на принципа на националния режим

Правно регулиране на интелектуалната собственост през призмата на принципа на националния режим

Author(s): Trayan Kosev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report examines the content of the principle of national regime and its different interpretations, in relation to the different approaches of the international treaties that regulate it. The manifestation of the principle in each individual sphere of intellectual property is considered. An analysis is made regarding the role of the principle of national regime in relation to legal regulation in the field of intellectual property at the national level. The various approaches in the conventional international framework regarding the introduction of the principle as a guarantee to overcome the limitations imposed by the territorial nature of the objects of intellectual property are examined.

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Правно-организационна форма на лечебните заведения. Лечебни заведения, като вид – публични предприятия, съгласно действащото законодателство. Правен режим. Органите на управление и контрол

Правно-организационна форма на лечебните заведения. Лечебни заведения, като вид – публични предприятия, съгласно действащото законодателство. Правен режим. Органите на управление и контрол

Author(s): Nina Chilova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This report aims to clarify the legal form of medical institutions under the current legislation. With the adoption of the Law on Public Enterprises, a group of state and municipal medical establishments were transformed into public enterprises within the meaning of the Law on Public Enterprises. This legislative change imposed a specific procedure for the election of the management bodies of these public enterprises (sole and collective), new requirements related to the procedure and manner of their election, as well as a number of obligations related to the management of this category of public enterprises.

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Правна рамка на Европейския съюз за приемане на еврото

Правна рамка на Европейския съюз за приемане на еврото

Author(s): Aglika Kaneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In the paper, the process of euro adoption has been presented. The normative documents of the European Union have been indicated through which the introduction of the euro is regulated. The main rules of the introduction of the euro have been reviewed.

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Търсене и извличане на политически ренти при концентрация на икономическа власт

Търсене и извличане на политически ренти при концентрация на икономическа власт

Author(s): Ivan Todorov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The research analyzes the impact of the normative rules for limiting discretion on the concentration of power and the possible negative side effects. The fiscal policy rules ("Fiscal rules" - object of the PF’s Act) occur an inelastic supply of offers for public goods providing. The monetary policy rule ("Currency Board" - subject to the provisions of the BNB’s Act) allows carrying out monetary policy operations through the Fiscal reserve account. It is used as a strategic complementary tool in risk aversion manner of the authorized body (Ministry of Finance). Combination of aggregate rules and gaps in the regulatory framework at a lower level,including the lack of functioning capital budgeting, the concentration of economic power could materialize in rent-seeking and rent-extraction process.

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Общественият контрол като предизвикателство пред публичното право

Общественият контрол като предизвикателство пред публичното право

Author(s): Tsvetanka Ivanova – Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The study of the meaning and scope of civil society control represents a challenge for public law and knowledge about it will deepen in the future insofar as it guarantees the democratic character of any society and prevents the sole imposition of power decisions in it. Its effective exercise improves the relationship „citizen-state“ and the feedback loop „statecitizen“, and imposes good quality on the executive's governance decisions.

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Instytucjonalne paradoksy. Dlaczego dobre intencje dają złe efekty w skali państw i przedsiębiorstw i jak temu zaradzić?

Instytucjonalne paradoksy. Dlaczego dobre intencje dają złe efekty w skali państw i przedsiębiorstw i jak temu zaradzić?

Author(s): Jan Polowczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The main goal of the chapter is to present the concept of institutional paradox. Innovations, hypercompetition and growing social demands create an increasingly dynamic and complex environment. In this situation, the paradox becomes an important concept facilitating the understanding and management of contemporary organisations. Traditional organisation theory assumes that science allows us to objectively discover the truth and formulate recommendations for politicians and managers. The concept of paradox assumes that knowledge and understanding arise from the confrontation of opposing but coexisting dynamic forces in social contexts. Paradox helps in accepting different views and supports tolerance for diversity. The chapter consists of four parts, which present: the concept of paradox, the institutional perspective, the paradoxes of macroeconomic development and the paradoxes of enterprise development.

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Instytucje w aspekcie koncepcji społecznej odpowiedzialności biznesu

Instytucje w aspekcie koncepcji społecznej odpowiedzialności biznesu

Author(s): Grażyna Wolska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

An effective institutional system has a direct impact on the efficient functioning of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) concept. It also helps reduce uncertainty and disruptions in the flow of information. The aim of the study is to prove that an efficient institutional system determines the optimization of the implementation of the CSR idea. There search methods used in the work are primarily critical literature studies, the hermeneutical method (striving to interpret texts in accordance with the intentions of their authors), logical and semantic analysis, conceptualisation (introducing and defining concepts), the principle of Occam’s razor (simplicity of argument, avoiding issues that are not necessary to solve the problem). The analyses carried out in the text show that effective institutions influence the level of implementation of the CSR idea and that the CSR concept then has a chance to be found not only in the sphere of intellectual disputes, but also in the sphere of interest of representatives of state institutions.

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Impact of AI on the Korean Media

Impact of AI on the Korean Media

Author(s): James Kang / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Korean media emerged in the late 19th century following the introduction of Western newspaper publishing technologies. Despite enduring numerous political upheavals, including Japanese colonial rule, the Korean War, military dictatorships, and democratization movements, the media in Korea continued to evolve. However, the rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) in the 21st century have fundamentally altered the traditional media landscape. This paper aims to analyze the impact of AI on the development of Korean media and explore ways in which both entities can coexist harmoniously.

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Application of Cyber Intelligence for Security Operation Center

Application of Cyber Intelligence for Security Operation Center

Author(s): Nedko Tagarev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Ensuring practical cyber intelligence for a Security Operation Center (SOC) involves collecting, analyzing, and utilizing information about cyber threats to enhance the organization's security posture. This encompasses the gathering and analysis of data on potential and active cyber threats, including Indicators of Compromise (IoCs)" which refer to signs that a security breach may have occurred, while "Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs)" refer to the methods and behaviours used by an attacker to carry out a cyber attack and utilized by threat actors. Additionally, it entails the use of advanced tools to monitor networks, systems, and applications for suspicious activities, such as the utilization of Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS). Furthermore, it involves developing and implementing plans to respond to security incidents, including identifying, containing, eradicating, and recovering from cyber-attacks. Regularly scanning systems for vulnerabilities and applying patches or mitigations to reduce the attack surface are also crucial components of cyber intelligence in the SOC. Lastly, monitoring and analyzing user and entity behaviour to detect anomalies that could indicate insider threats or compromised accounts is another significant aspect of effectively integrating cyber intelligence into SOC operations.

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Analysis on the Applications of Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) Architecture

Analysis on the Applications of Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) Architecture

Author(s): Bozhidar Bahov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper explores the applications and implications of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) architectures in various business domains, highlighting their ability to overcome the limitations of traditional Large Language Models (LLMs). Unlike fine-tuning, which demands significant computational resources and struggles with domain-specific nuances, RAG efficiently integrates external knowledge to deliver accurate and contextually relevant responses. The paper discusses the core components of RAG systems, including vector databases and retrieval models, and showcases their practical and business.

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