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Diplomația franceză și problema unirii Basarabiei cu România

Author(s): Daniel Citirigă / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Actul unirii Basarabiei cu România implică atât o discuție istorică, cât şi una politică. Intersectarea istorică dintre Rusia şi România este una dintre cele mai complexe din Estul Europei. Practic, în cadrul relațiilor bilaterale regăsim episoade pe care le putem caracteriza drept pagini albe, fără a exagera. Problema anexării Basarabiei în 1812, cea a Tezaurului de la Moscova sau a notelor ultimative din iunie 1940 sunt câteva dintre cele mai importante în acest sens. Pornind de la aceste premise, vom încerca să analizăm poziția diplomației franceze în cadrul dezbaterilor din 1920, observând încă de la început că susținerea Franței a fost una continuă, dar amplitudinea ei oscilantă. Demersul nostru se bazează, în mare parte, pe documentele diplomatice franceze, iar inițiativa nu se vrea una exhaustivă. De altfel, modesta încercare de față îşi propune nu aducerea unor informații absolut noi, atitudinea diplomației franceze fiind cunoscută 8 , ci mai ales, o viziune proprie

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Istoria și propaganda externă în vremea României Mari. Basarabia şi cazul Alexandru Boldur

Author(s): Paul Nistor / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Realizarea unirii din 1918, un mare succes pentru naţiunea română, favorizat şi de conjunctura internaţională care a dus la prăbuşirea imperiilor multinaţionale din Europa, nu a însemnat, totuşi, şi o stabilizare a situaţiei politice a României, în context continental. Ataşându-şi noile provincii, Vechiul Regat era obligat să ducă o campanie politică şi diplomatică permanentă la nivel internaţional, pentru a obţine conservarea graniţelor şi păstrarea unui statu-quo teritorial favorabil, în Europa de Est. Acest lucru nu era nicidecum facil, în condiţiile în care ţările vecine, care pierduseră regiuni întregi la finalul războiului, nu se puteau abţine de la strategii revizioniste şi de la acţiuni provocatoare, care ţineau într-o alertă permanentă statul român. Din acest motiv, Bucureştiul trebuia să-şi consolideze, în continuare, legăturile cu foştii aliaţi, şi pentru a-i convinge că unirea „a corespuns unor puternice realităţi istorice şi etno-politice care pătrunseseră în conştiinţa tuturor.

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Basarabia şi raporturile româno‑sovietice în analize ale diplomaţiei americane la începutul Marii Conflagraţii (1939 – 1940)

Author(s): Emanuel Plopeanu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

După cum se poate observa, interesul SUA pentru potenţialele evoluţii de la frontiera răsăriteană a României (şi nu numai, analizele de la începutul războiului fiind ample şi fac referire la complexitatea vieţii politice interne şi la opţiunile de politică externă) a fost unul aproape permanent, pentru perioada de început a războiului (1939 – 1940). Mai mult, convingerile exprimate au fost mult mai aproape de realitatea prezentă, uneori anticipând, fără a greşi, evoluţii viitoare. Îndrăznim să apreciem că opiniile formulate, în rapoartele lor, de diplomaţii americani de la Bucureşti, Moscova sau de membri ai Departamentului de Stat au dat dovadă de o luciditate sporită faţă de cele ale autorităţilor române cu care, într-un moment sau altul, s-a realizat un schimb de vederi cu privire la situaţia acelui moment.

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Din Activitatea Serviciului Special De Informaţii Din Basarabia (1941‑1944)

Author(s): Pavel Moraru / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

După eliberarea Basarabiei (26 iulie 1941) de către armatele româno-germane de sub ocupaţia sovietică de un an de zile, structurile Serviciului Special de Informaţii (S.S.I.), împreună cu celelalte organe ale statului, s-au reinstalat în teritoriul dintre Prut şi Nistru.

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Unele modalităţi de racolare a basarabenilor în NKVD‑ul sovietic (1940‑1941)

Author(s): Mariana S. Ţăranu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Pactul dintre Hitler şi Stalin, semnat la 23 august 1939, stipula într-un protocol secret interesele sovietice de a anexa Țările Baltice, estul Poloniei şi estul României – teritorii care niciodată nu i-au aparţinut. La 28 iunie 1940, Armata Roşie a trecut Nistrul ocupând Basarabia, nordul Bucovinei şi ţinutul Herţa. Ceva mai târziu, la 2 august, ignorând interesele populaţiei băştinaşe şi încălcând legislaţia internaţională, chiar şi pe cea sovietică, o parte din teritoriul Basarabiei – şase judeţe: Bălţi, Tighina, Chişinău, Cahul, Orhei şi Soroca – şi şase din cele 13 raioane ale R.A.S.S.M. – Tiraspol, Grigoriopol, Dubăsari, Camenca, Râbniţa şi Slobozia – sunt incluse forţat în componenţa Republicii Sovietice Socialiste Moldoveneşti. În acelaşi timp, teritoriile româneşti din nordul Bucovinei, ţinutului Herţa, nordului şi sudului Basarabiei, pe baza aceluiaşi scenariu, sunt incluse în componenţa Republicii Sovietice Socialiste Ucrainene.

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PROFESORUL MARIN ALEXIU – PROMOTOR AL EDUCAȚIEI MUZICALE ÎN LICEUL „MIHAI VITEAZUL” DIN ALBA IULIA

Author(s): Bogdan Laurențiu Avram / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

After the epochal event in Alba Iulia on the 1st of December 1918, the first state high school in Transylvania was established here, having the name of the ruler "Mihai Viteazul". Among the studied subjects, music had an essential place. Music was taught by teachers with musical studies as well as with pedagogical tact. In addition to the theoretical knowledge, they also shared with their students the practical skills of singing in the choir and playing musical instruments. Thus, teachers established school choirs and orchestras, which were the pride and cultural standard of this prestigious high school.

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The Role of the National Security Strategy in the National Security of the United States of America

Author(s): Plamen Nikolov Bogdanov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper analyses the nature and role of the National Security Strategy within the national security of the United States of America in different historical periods of the country’s development and international relations. The US national security strategies since the end of the Second World War up to the present day have been studied and, on this basis, it is concluded that today the scope of the strategy’s purposes have been expanded, which further increases the importance and role of this fundamental document for the national security of the country.

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The Black Sea’s Strategic Importance of the and NATO’s Role in Countering the Kremlin’s Military Domination

Author(s): Ioan CRĂCIUN / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Black Sea region has become one of the key geopolitical spaces for the competition between Russia and the West on which the very future of Europe ultimately depends. The Kremlin wants to keep the Black Sea in its sphere of influence through a strategy of regional destabilisation based on a special military operation against Ukraine, the illegal annexation of new territories, historically considered to belong to Russia, and the strengthening of the military presence in these territories or the direct military threat to the states in the region in order to limit as much as possible the possibilities of their accession to the Euro-Atlantic structures. On the other hand, the West is trying to respond to Russia’s expansion with an advanced defence strategy in which the Black Sea occupies a central place. Thus, the Black Sea region, which has traditionally been treated as a less important area, acquires new strategic features becoming a much more militarised, unstable and contested region, a region that is in dire need of a new regional status quo in order to stabilise. Considering this state of facts, this article has as its main objective the geopolitical analysis of the Black Sea region, given that Russia has become the main destabilising factor in the region, as well as the identification of solutions to achieve regional stability based on the increasingly consistent involvement of the North Atlantic Alliance.

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Kerch-Eltigen Operation in the War Diaries of the German Navy

Author(s): Dan Dragoș Sichigea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Almost in parallel with the withdrawal of the Axis troops from the Taman area in the Caucasus, the Soviets prepared a bold landing action on the Kerch peninsula in Crimea. The landings, carried out in two areas, south and north of the city of Kerch, were aimed at supporting the offensive from the north of the Sea of Azov and capturing Crimea. The present study focuses on the naval actions that took place predominantly in the area of the southern bridgehead, where the Axis naval forces were able to block the supply of enemy troops.

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Considerations Regarding the Evacuation of the Romanian Troops Participating in the Bulgarian Campaign in the Summer of 1913

Author(s): Silviu-Daniel Niculae / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this article is to highlight the aspects of the evacuation operations from Bulgaria, executed by the Romanian troops participating in the military campaign in the summer of 1913, a chapter of the national military history less researched. The article is based on the documents studied in the national archives. In the summer of 1913, in the face of an unstable Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece decided to conclude a defensive alliance, a process completed on 19 May/1 June 1913, which aimed to establish their own interests in Macedonia against the Bulgarian ones. Moreover, to the tensions between the former Balkan allies were added the armed incidents near the outposts of the three armies that had the mission of preserving the conquered positions. In this context, Romania’s position became a very important one, in relation to the obligations assumed by the treaties concluded at international level, which is why Romania had to make a decision regarding participation in the ongoing war.

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The contribution of the Patriarchate of Romania at the beginning of preparation of the Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church (1902-1932)

Author(s): Ioannis Ladas / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church is admittedly one of the most important Orthodox ecclesiastical events of the 21st cent. The Council’s 2016 convening was finally made possible after a very long and arduous preparatory process of circa 93 years, in which process the Patriarchate of Romania appears to have played an important and constructive role. In fact, the Church of Romania, in 1920, shortly before the official preparation begins, dispatched Prof. Dragomir Demetrescu to the Ecumenical Patriarchate with the mandate to exchange views on the possibility of convoking a “Council of the Orthodox Churches”, and to propose potential issues to be considered in such a Council. Since then, the Church of Romania has responded positively to all the relevant invitations of the Great Church of Constantinople and participated constructively in all the preparatory bodies and phases of the Holy and Great Council, while the Romanian Primates - from Patriarch Myron to Patriarch Daniel - demonstrated a profound synodical awareness and fought devotedly for the unity and cooperation of the Orthodox Churches. The current article has a double scope: on the one hand, it presents the historical contribution of the Patriarchate of Romania at the beginning of preparation of the Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church, and on the other hand, it attempts to evaluate it.

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COLECŢIA „CUNOŞTINŢE FOLOSITOARE” O BIOGRAFIE A EPOCII INTERBELICE

Author(s): Ana Nagherneac / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The article highlights the rare book collection of SL USARB „Useful Knowledge", published in the interwar period by the most prestigious and oldest publishing house in Romania - Cartea Românească. Some moments from the biography of the collection are reviewed: the history, the structure, as well as the variety of the contents. The value of the collection consists in familiarizing the reader with information from various fields of human knowledge, the editors being firmly convinced that the healthy training of the youth will contribute to the progress of the country and the nation.

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Легендата за Филис: античен текст в ренесансов контекст

Author(s): Vanya Lozanova-Stancheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Around the mid-1380s, John Gower, finishing his long poem Confessio Amantis, shared that fact with his friend Geoffrey Chaucer. In response, he told him about his new poem The Legend of Good Women, or – as he called it – The Seintes Legende of Cupide, on which he had started work at the same time. The article systematizes and analyzes the mythological and literary tradition of the Thracian princess Phyllis and her misfortune and tragic love with Athenian prince Demophon in the context of Chaucer’s The Legend of Good Women and Gower’s Confessio Amantis. Both poets followed the general framework set by Ovid in his Heroides (Ep. II and Ep. XIV), but with the deformations inherent to their own era and their own moralising purposes. Their versions, however, differ substantially in some significant details. The comparative analysis of the two works reveals the alternative sources that the two poets used in their works, as well as the deviations from and innovations to the ancient and medieval mythological and literary tradition. Obviously, both Geoffrey Chaucer and John Gower interpreted and adapted intentionally alternative sources that enriched their works with eclectic, intricate and artificial intertwining of details, aimed at building and perfecting their insights into the ethics of courtly love.

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Преводът на латински християнски произведения на български език – въпроси и предизвикателства

Author(s): Rosen Milanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

There are specific questions concerning the translation of the Latin Christian literature into Bulgarian. In the first place, the choice of valuable works for translation. Next, the correct rendering of the names of the authors and the titles of the works, the translation of the biblical texts inside of the patristic works and, most importantly, the degree of free translation. The choice of an actual work for translation and the method of presentation – totally or in an anthology, are also very significant. Which are the most remarkable works of Latin Christian literature, whose translations have potential to become masterpieces? And which are the rules for the creation of a great translation? Answers to these questions are given in the following article.

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Гръкоезичното поетично творчество на трима възрожденски българи – Ив. Селимински, П. Протич, Г. Пърличев

Author(s): Dimitrios Roumpos / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Greek, Modern (1453-) Publication Year: 0

In the middle of the 19th century, a large number of Bulgarian Renaissance scholars, which included Ivan Seliminsky, Petar Protich and Gregor Parlichev, created poetry in Greek. The works which are presented by the three Hellenists in the present study are a valuable a source for some of the characteristic features of the Balkans, as well as the language characteristics and the particular style from each of them. P. Protich’s satire focuses on the dangers hidden in Hellenistic phenomena of the Balkan intelligentsia. The poems of Greg. Parlichev are distinguished for their rich poetic language and describe the struggle for liberation from the centuries long yoke of slavery, while Iv. Seliminsky presents events in Wallachia since the middle of the 19th century. In the life and spiritual attitude of these three Hellenists there is something very common – they attend Greek schools, they study at the University of Athens, live and work for the political and spiritual regeneration of the Bulgarian people.

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The Return of History in Colin Thubron's Travelogue Behind the Wall: A Journey through China

Author(s): Pavel Petkov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses Colin Thubron’s book Behind the Wall: A Journey Through China – one of the most popular twentiethcentury travelogues about this country. It explores the various ways in which the author constructs the image of the Chinese people, especially when these images are related to China’s recent history. More specifically, I focus on a discursive phenomenon – an imagined “return of history” – which the reader can witness throughout the book. The author constantly travels around the country, expecting to somehow see the history he has heard so much about at home. He expects something from China and is prepared to see this ‘something’ even in the face of the evidence. At the same time he feels he has every right to pass judgments on what he perceives as history, while denying the Chinese he meets the right to comment on British history.The paper discusses Colin Thubron’s book Behind the Wall: A Journey Through China – one of the most popular twentiethcentury travelogues about this country. It explores the various ways in which the author constructs the image of the Chinese people, especially when these images are related to China’s recent history. More specifically, I focus on a discursive phenomenon – an imagined “return of history” – which the reader can witness throughout the book. The author constantly travels around the country, expecting to somehow see the history he has heard so much about at home. He expects something from China and is prepared to see this ‘something’ even in the face of the evidence. At the same time he feels he has every right to pass judgments on what he perceives as history, while denying the Chinese he meets the right to comment on British history.

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Литература и богословие в „COMMONITORIUM“ на Св. Винценций Лерински

Author(s): Rosen Milanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

One of the saints of the Lérins islands (modern day France) is St. Vincent of Lérins († after 434). He is the author of the very significant work Commonitorium (in two books). Commonitorium is esteemed from Antiquity till today in the West as well as in the East. The reason for this is its theological value and the important thoughts therein concerning authority in the Church and the principles of development of the Christian doctrine. However, Commonitorium possesses other qualities as well – literary and especially spiritual. The language of Vincent of Lérins is not artificial; at the same time, there are many beautiful similes and antitheses in his essay. Furthermore, the subject-matter of Commonitorium is topical even now and it has special meaning for the life of each Christian today. Commonitorium is a testament to the possibility that the Christian church can express its truths in an exceptionally fascinating way.

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Елинското училище в Търново и православният клир през първата половина на XIX век

Author(s): Vladimir Vladov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Greek, Modern (1453-) Publication Year: 0

The present study deals with an important point in the history of the educational activities in the old capital city of Turnovo, namely the opening of a Hellenic school in 1821. The analysis of the data of its chronicle reveals the significant role of the Orthodox clergy, headed by the bishop of Turnovo, in relation to the establishment, organization and maintenance of the school. By the middle of the 19th c. it was not only the most authoritative centre of education in the city but it also had a leading role in the public and economic life of the Bulgarians.

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DEFENSIVE SYSTEMS AND POLITICS. THE VAUBAN SYSTEM AND THE CASE OF THE ALBA-IULIA FORTRESS

Author(s): Elena-Loredana Florescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Italian fortress of Palmanova, built in 1593 and designed by Gulio Savorgnan represented a turning point in the studies of the military engineers of that time. The French engineer Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, through the fortress of Neuf-Brisach, created the “Vauban defence system”, reminiscing of the layout provided by the fortress of Palmanova, approximatively 100 years later. In this paper I intend to analyse the reason why, in 1711, the appointed architect Giovanni Morando Visconti used the Vauban defence system in designing the Alba fortress in the present-day Romania. Following the political and historical background that led to the building of these fortresses and the strategical points that they represent, I intend to identify the similarities between them and whether following an architecture that is based on the ideal city of Renaissance represents a political statement.

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PUBLIC COMMUNICATION DURING UKRAINE’S INVASION AND ITS EFFECT ON PUBLICS

Author(s): Mihaela Stoica / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Our paper examines the manner in which public opinion is affected by public communication in a very specific situation. The conflict in Ukraine has been on everyone’s mind for the last three months not only due to its unreasonableness but also due to the Ukrainians mastery of communicating to the public, be it national or international. As the conflict has grown stronger in its intensity so has the public communication on the Ukrainian side which took any given chance to address the international political scene through President Volodymyr Zelenski’s speeches in front of numerous Parliaments. While scrutinising the Ukrainian manner of communicating information and asking for humanitarian, financial and military aid, we will also inspect the manner in which the Russian side communicates. We will look into the effect that these addresses have had on the public opinion. The theoretical background of the paper includes the views on public opinion of GabrielTarde, Pierre Zémor’s definition of public communication as well as Jürgen Habermas’ communicative theory. These theories will assist us in our research to demonstrate which side communicates the better and which has the ability to use cultural references that support their message. Our paper studies an ongoing military conflict,i.e. the data that we have included so far could be interpreted differently later.

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