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Топография поселений округи золотоордынского Болгара

Author(s): Djamil G. Muhametshin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The city of Bolgar situated 50 km south from the Kama river mouth occupied an advantageous geographical position. Starting from 10th century, the territory, which had been closely connected with Bolgar throughout the entire period of its existence up to the early 15th c., began to develop around the city. This territory occupied both the left and the right bank of the Volga. After the Mongol invasion, the number of settlements in the area considerably reduced. The remaining ones, closely connected with Bolgar, gained further development and actively participated in the commodity-money relations of the Golden Horde Bulgar ulus.

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Историческая география Среднего Поволжья: вторая половина XIV — первая половина XV в.

Author(s): Ayrat G. Sitdikov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author discusses features of the Middle Volga region historical development in the second half of the 14th to first half of 15th c., in the Golden Horde decline period. The specificity of the three climatic zones of the Middle Volga region, which determined the economic structure and the originality of the population’s material culture, is taken into account. Following the economic boom and the growing number of urban and rural settlements in the first half of the 14th century, a decline and urban life degradation are traced later, as well as the population migration to the north due to military conflicts and climatic changes. On the other hand, new settlements, cities included, emerged in the Middle Volga in the late 14th to first half of the 15th century as a result of the influx of the Golden Horde servicemen, the Volga Finns and the Russians. In the first half of the 15th century, independent Tatar fiefdoms, or beilyaks are established here, and simultaneously prerequisites for the emergence of independent states — Kasimov and Kazan Khanates — are formed.

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Проблемы изучения памятников золотоордынского времени на территории Билярского городища и в его округе

Author(s): Zufar G. Shakirov,Fayaz Sh. Khuzin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In the vicinity of Bilyar (“Great City”), the capital of pre-Mongol Volga Bulgaria, there are 249 archaeological sites referring to the 10th — first half of the 15th century. Of these, 59 date back to the pre-Mongol and the Golden Horde periods, while 20 archaeological sites refer exclusively to the era of the Ulus Jochi. The collapse of the Great City occurred in 1236. This fact is established by both written and archaeological sources and serves as another argument in support of the view that the coins with the name of al-Nasir li-Din Allah were minted in the 1240s. Recent studies have made it possible to localize the restored “Golden-Horde Bilyar”, where coins were minted in the second half of the 13th century, not on the site of the destroyed city, as was thought previously, but rather in the territory of the vast Bilyar III and the Toretskoye settlement sites located 3 km north-west of it. The number of settlements declined almost 3-fold — up to 8 persons per 1 sq. km, with a corresponding decrease in the population density. The changes in settlement patterns and material culture of the Bilyar area population, characteristic of the other conquered territories as well, reflects the process of provincialization of the former pre-Mongol centers.

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Изображение бассейна Волги и Каспия на европейских картах XIV—XVI вв.

Author(s): Igor V. Volkov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses how features of the Volga River, the Lower Volga region, the Caspian Sea, and the adjacent territories are represented on 14th—16th century medieval European maps executed according to different cartographic traditions. In the 14th—15th centuries the ancient tradition was succeeded by a fundamentally new step: the appearance of the first nautical charts associated with the actual exploration of the Volga and the Caspian Sea regions by the Europeans. In this respect, Italian- and Catalan-style maps stand out for the manner the Caspian Sea and its adjacent area were represented. However, all of them are characterized by significant inaccuracies, although Italian-style maps are seemingly closer to the reality. The Turkish conquests of the 15th century greatly limited the penetration of the Europeans to the East, which led to the revival of the cartographic tradition that had stemmed from Claudius Ptolemy, and to the emergence of various compilations.

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Дельта Волги в золотоордынский период

Author(s): Evgeniy M. Pigarev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses peculiarities inherent in formation and development of the administrative-territorial structure of the Volga estuary in the Golden Horde period, singles out economic micro-regions included in the Khan’s domain and offers geographical characteristics of the lower reaches of the Volga River, which had influenced the development of the Golden Horde cities and the formation of their suburbs.

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Некоторые вопросы исторической географии Среднего Подонья в эпоху Золотой Орды

Author(s): Mikhail V. Tcybin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Are characterized monuments of the Middle Don region in the the Golden Horde period. They relate to different groups of population: are settlements with Russian ceramics and nomadic graves, mausoleums, burial grounds and settlements. New data of anthropological researches are provided. Comparison of data of archeology and written sources is carried out.

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Between Colonial Laws and Religious Traditions: Hindu Women in the Nineteenth Century India

Author(s): Maria-Daniela Pomohaci / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In order to understand social reforms regarding women’s rights in nineteenth century India, one needs to begin by taking a look at the ideas of “rule of law” and at the “rule of colonial difference”, which animated legislation initiatives in the field of gender and discrimination in colonial India.

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The Irish “Deer” Series of Cheek-Pieces

Author(s): Brian G. Scott / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Ireland has nearly one hundred and seventy examples of cheek-pieces, two examples dating from the Later Bronze Age, the rest from c. sixth to seventeenth centuries AD, the great majority of which are of insular design and manufacture. There is a highly distinctive class that has been categorised as “horse pattern,” by far the greatest number being in the collections of the National Museum of Ireland, It is clear, however, from the basic anatomical details depicted that the animal incorporated into the design is a male deer, a red deer stag or a fallow deer buck. It is a distinct group, but one without immediate parallels, datable provenances or associations, and it is very difficult to find any convincing precursor inside or outside Ireland, or to use stylistic features to provide a reasonably close date-range. Metal analysis would tend to indicate later rather earlier mediaeval, a view that might be supported by ceramic motif parallels and, by the dating of the introduction of fallow deer to Ireland at the start of the thirteenth century AD.

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Mort de rire : Roland dans sa Chanson

Author(s): Brînduşa Grigoriu / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

When a sacrificial hero ascends to Heaven in the company of archangels, and yet finds the resources to laugh away the death-sentence launched by his arch-enemy, it is an epic kind of irony, involving divergent instances of narrative encoding. The Song of Roland, in the celebrated version preserved by the Oxford manuscript, proposes a polemic code of wittiness transcending the contemporary paradigms of rhetorical success. Throughout the story, a pacifist kind of relativism irradiates the lances of courtesy and banter, while the spirit of “legerie” (lightness) instills in the protagonists an overwhelming sense of the vanity of human glory and divine imperatives.

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La dimension holistique de l’ironie chez Maupassant

Author(s): Jean-Yves Michel / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

In the literary field, the nineteenth century seems to be the ironic century by excellence. Maupassant's work uses irony as a societal and intimate point of view, as much as a technique. It acquires an holistic dimension and is transformed into philosophy. The novel Bel Ami synthesizes his ironic vision.

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INDIVIDUALISM SI COLECTIVISM – TEORII, METODE ȘI APLICAȚII

Author(s): Marilena Doncean / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The connotations of the term individualism have been debated many time throughout history, giving it a wide range of meanings, more vague or more precise, depending on those who use it - historians, writers, anthropologists, philosophers of social sciences, politics or political theorists. Each gave it its own meaning and thus integrated it into their work. The promoters of individualism have as their ultimate goal the individual goals and desires, in other words, individualism is the opposite of holism, collectivism, totalitarianism, which support the community objectives of society. The last part of the twentieth century was the period when neoclassical market policies began to dominate the globe. This was due to two series of major events: the crisis of the welfare state and the fall of communism. The triumphalist spirit of this age, present in works such as Francis Fukuyama's "The End of History and the Last Man" was the New Spirit of the New Age. The term individualism was the one that best captured this spirit better than any other.

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MODALITĂŢI DE COMUNICARE UTILIZATE DE TRIBUNALELE INCHIZITORIALE

Author(s): Mihai Floroaia / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Considering that, throughout history, no theme has been so impressive and interpreted in such a variety as that of the Inquisition, in this study I will explain some issues regarding the ways of communication of people involved in this phenomenon, both clergy as laity. As sources of research on ways of communication we have the collections of laws and decrees, papal bulls, church canons, council acts, monastic annals, histories of local communities and abbeys, minutes of trials, sentences of inquisitorial trials, biographies of bishops, popes, various panegyric etc.

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NICOLAE ISTRATE ȘI PRIMUL CONSERVATOR PRIVAT DIN PRINCIPATELE ROMÂNE UNITE DIN ROTOPĂNEȘTII SUCEVEI

Author(s): Petrea Gîscă / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Nicolae Istrate (1818-1861) was a nobleman politician, a man of culture wholeft great marks in the lives of the people of Rotopănești, Suceava, in the middle ofthe 19th century. Politically speaking, he was rarely understood by his contemporaries, because of his anti-unionist vision. Culturally speaking, he helped in thedevelopment of the peasants of Suceava, building schools for their children.He has full credit for creating the Music and Declamation Conservatory, thefirst institution of this kind in the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia.Last but not least, Nicolae Istrate had a prodigious literary activity, as he wrote manymanuals, poems and historical plays. Through his entire activity, Nicolae Istrate hada significant contribution to the development of education and culture, earning aplace of honor in the history of this land

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Mitropolitul Gavriil Bănulescu‑Bodoni, Generalul Prozorovski şi Galaţii

Author(s): Eugen Drăgoi / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Războiul Ruso‑Turc din anii 1806‑1812 a adus, aşa cum se cunoaşte, importante schimbări în viaţa politică şi religioasă a Principatelor Române Moldova şi Valahia. Comunicarea noastră doreşte să îndrepte atenţia participanţilor către colaborarea a doi din protagoniştii acestor evenimente, anume mitropolitul Gavriil Bănulescu‑Bodoni şi generalul Alexandr Prozorovski, şi, în final, să propună câteve elemente noi referitoare la legătura lor cu oraşul nostru Galaţi.

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Бессарабия XIX – XX ст.: мультикультурный субъект европейской истории или ее геополитический объект?

Author(s): Vitali V. Stetskevych / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Până la formarea Republicii Moldova, Basarabia nu a fost niciodată un stat independent, deci un subiect valid pe eşichierul relaţiilor internaţionale europene. De fapt, Basarabia a fost permanent un obiect al intereselor geopolitice, care au depăşit cu mult interesele populaţiei locale. Aceste interferenţe geopolitice au avut un rol important în modelarea identităţii culturale a locuitorilor Basarabiei, aflaţi într‑o zonă de interferenţe culturale multiple. Faptul acesta a reprezentat, pe de‑o parte, un beneficiu, însă, pe de altă parte, a fost şi o sursă de confuzie în ceea ce priveşte construirea unei identităţi coerente şi bine structurate.

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Prezenţa elementului grec în structura demografică a Basarabiei în prima jumătate a secolului al XIX‑lea

Author(s): Valeriu Harabara / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Ca urmare a anexării Basarabiei la Imperiul Rus (1812), în această zonă a început un proces de modificare a structurii etnice a populaţiei Basarabiei, proces ce a fost amplificat de autorităţile ţariste prin politica colonizării teritoriului obținut. Acţiunile date s‑au răsfrânt şi asupra evoluţiei demografice a elementului grec de pe teritoriul Basarabiei.

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Vechi cărţi bisericeşti semnalate de Zamfir Arbore În Dicţionarul Geografic al Basarabiei la începutul veacului al XX‑lea

Author(s): Sergiu Tabuncic / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

În cazul lui Zamfir Arbore – mare personalitate istorică, militant împotriva monarhismului imperial rus şi luptător pentru unirea Basarabiei – recursul la trecut s‑a impus ca o necesitate, ca o întreprindere cu adevărat benefică, de revigorare a memoriei ştiinţifice a vremurilor în care a trăit, vremuri construite pe verticala devenirii naţionale moderne. În acest sens, Dicţionarul geografic al Basarabiei1, pe care l‑a publicat în anul 1904, a marcat un imperativ în acelaşi timp istoriografic, politic şi naţional, majoritatea covârşitoare a informaţiilor cuprinse în această lucrare fiind valabile şi astăzi, prin calitatea de adevăr ştiinţific.

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Relațiile româno‑ruse (1878‑1888). Tensiuni, conflicte și încercări de reconciliere

Author(s): Liviu Brătescu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Intenţia noastră în cadrul acestui studiu este aceea de a analiza modul în care s‑a raportat clasa politică românească în perioada 1875‑1878 la ceea ce ar putea fi numit „problema sudului Basarabiei”, adică a judeţelor Cahul, Ismail şi Bolgrad revenite în trupul Moldovei prin Congresul de la Paris din 1856 şi pierdute de către statul român în urma reuniunii internaționale de la Berlin (1878).

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Locotenent‑colonelul Mihail Drăghicescu: Contribuţii La Istoria Moldovei

Author(s): Andreea Atanasiu Croitoru / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Parte integrantă a spaţiului geografic românesc, teritoriul dintre Prut şi Nistru a parcurs aceleaşi etape istorice pe care le‑a cunoscut întreaga evoluţie a românilor, din cele mai vechi timpuri şi până la începutul secolului al XIX‑lea, când a fost cotropit de Imperiul Rus. Acesta, profitând de conjunctura politico‑militară favorabilă determinată de „Criza orientală”, a ocupat Principatele Române şi „prin înşelăciune şi intimidare, a determinat Poarta otomană să recunoască încorporarea la Rusia a spaţiului românesc de la est de Prut, deşi turcii nu stăpâneau efectiv acest teritoriu şi nimic nu le dădea dreptul să facă această cesiune teritorială."

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Basarabia între două anexări (1940‑1944): percepţii finlandeze

Author(s): Silviu Miloiu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Atunci când, arareori, istoriografia – fie că ne referim la cea românească postcomunistă, finlandeză sau occidentală – s-a oprit asupra cazului Finlandei şi al României în perioada celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, aceasta a remarcat faptul că cele două state au fost victime ale Pactului Ribbentrop-Molotov, s-au văzut obligate la dureroase cesiuni teritoriale, motiv pentru care acestea au devenit „camarazi de arme” în Războiul din Răsărit (1941-1944).

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