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Динамика развития городской территории средневекового Болгара

Author(s): Denis Yu. Badeev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author discusses the possibility to apply methods of geographic information systems to study development dynamics of a medieval city and uses Bolgar as a case study. The archaeological components allowing reconstructing the dynamics of the urban area are characterized. These components include: the cultural stratum with good stratigraphy, chronological topography of the finds, and distribution of archaeological urban structures. Among the latter, the following items are identified: monumental buildings, urban planning elements (streets, squares, etc.), remains of aboveground dwellings and household structures, remains of dugout dwellings and household structures, fortification objects, industrial and agricultural facilities (furnaces, traces of arable land), burial grounds and hydraulic structures. The research involved drawing of cartograms to represent Bolgar historical and social topography.

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Усадьбы золотоордынского Болгара к юго-западу от Соборной мечети

Author(s): Denis Yu. Badeev,Renat R. Valiev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

A study of aboveground and dugout structures in the excavations territory (100-160 meters to the south-west of the Cathedral Mosque) enabled an attempt to single out urban homestead plots dating to the first half of the 14th century. A complex study of a large area (1912 sq. м), distinction of additional construction horizons within the clearly dated stratigraphic scale of the Bolgar hillfort, identification of the main street, as well as the location of certain dugout structures (cellars) and the study of their content made it possible to produce a spatial organization picture of Bolgar homesteads in the area and to determine the dimensions and space of at least one homestead plot.

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Вопрос о границе между Мамаевой и Волжской Ордой

Author(s): Irina Yu. Lapshina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The established opinion of the Russian historiography runs that the border between the Mamai and the Volga Hordes was fixed along the Volga River. A collection of coins dating to the Great Internecine Strife (“velikaya zamyatnya”) period from the Vodyanskoe hillfort site was studied. These data made it possible to conclude that the town on the left-bank Volga area may be related to the Saray region (the Volga Horde domain). Besides, there is a number of indications as to earlier ulus borders along the Don and a minor annalistic evidence concerning an interesting episode in the course of the war between Timur-Khodja and Mamai. All this allows raising the problem of a possible location of the border between the Mamai and the Volga Hordes along the Don River.

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Западные рубежи Ногайской Орды. К истории ногайско-крымских и ногайско-астраханских отношений XVI века

Author(s): Maksim V. Moiseev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In the early 16th century, the Nogai Horde reached its natural boundaries, limited from the west by the Volga River. However, this obstacle hampered their migrations, limiting the space required by the Manghits. So almost immediately they started a longed struggle for new territories with their neighbors — the Crimean and Astrakhan khanates. In 1530—1550, the struggle reached its peak, but neither of the parties at war managed to resolve the problem of ownership rights to the territories along the banks of the Volga River and its Delta distributaries in their favor. The problem of nomadic hordes delimitation was ultimately resolved after the conquest of the Volga region by the Russian State.

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Cтратификация игроков политической сцены Дешт-и Кипчака в начале XV века: случай приезда сыновей Тохтамыша в «земли Руси»

Author(s): Bulat Raimovich Rakhimzyanov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

This abstract analyses mutual political status of the Golden Horde and Muscovite Grand Principality in the beginning of the fifteenth century. The main goal of abstract is to delineate the real role of Muscovite principality in political history of Central Eurasia in the beginning of the fifteenth century. The author examines the arrival of Tokhtamysh khan’s sons, namely Jelal ad-Din and Kerim-Berdi, to Muscovite principality. Among states that were members of the Golden Horde polity we find so called “Russian ulus” — an alliance of principalities of Northeast Russia, which were conquered by Batu khan. The Moscow Grand Principality became the strongest one among other Russian principalities. It took the leading position in contacts with Tatars. Nevertheless, how influential was the Moscow Grand Principality among other actors in political life of the Desht-i-Qipchaq in the beginning of the fifteenth century? The author concludes that the influence of Moscow was minimal and only began to be seen.

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Находки половецких каменных изваяний как источник по изучению географии половецких кочевий степного Прикубанья

Author(s): Yuriy V. Zelenskiy / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author considers the problem of localization of the Polovtsian stone sculptures on the territory of the Kuban River and eastern Kuban area steppes. The statues have been delivered to the museum starting from the late 19th century and are still delivered today. Before the revolution, the findings were not always localized. In the 1950s to the early 21st century, the statues were delivered from villages located in the territory of the Central steppe area, from the Middle Kuban area, and Eastern Kuban area. The findings of the Polovtsian stone sculptures are a valuable source on the geography of the Polovtsian nomad encampments of the Kuban area.

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О локализации «Трехстенного городка» на Нижнем Тереке: некоторые вопросы исторической географии ХIII—ХVII вв.

Author(s): Evgeniy I. Narozhny / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

On Localization of the “Trekhstenny Gorodok” site on the Lower Terek: issues of 13th—17th-century historical geography.°In this work, an attempt is made to verify the information about the fortification discovered in 1930 by E. M. Krupnov, who connected it with the “Trekhstennyi gorodok” site from documentary sources. A comparison of the fortress remains with the ramparts of Terek (Terki) city of 1588 made it possible to identify the “Trekhstennyi gorodok” site with the place of inflow of the Terek and its distributaries into the Caspian Sea (I. Güldenstedt). Explanations are offered to the reasons of Terek city construction in the center of the former “Tyumen Principality” (“Caucasian Tyumen”), which had been established within the “Djulat area”, devastated by Timur.

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География события 1222 года на Северном Кавказе

Author(s): Evgeniy I. Narozhny,Pavel V. Sokov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Taking into account the polarity of assessments and reconstructions of the 1222 events in the Northern Caucasus, the authors consider both the information of Ali ibn al-Asir and the cartography of prevalence of the Cuman stone sculptures in the region, developed on the basis of works by predecessors (E. D. Felitsyn, T. M. Minaeva). Comparing these data with the list of the latest similar finds, the authors suggest their version of reconstruction of the routes of Mongol-Tatars movement from Derbent across the region, which had eventually brought them to the Kalka River in 1223.

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Адыгская керамика золотоордынского времени в фондах Государственного музея Востока

Author(s): Ludmila M. Noskova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses a small collection of 14th—15th-century ceramics from the excavations by the Caucasian archaeological expedition of the State Museum of Oriental Art in Adygeya and the Eastern Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is discussed. Most of the pottery comes from the Shendjiy kurgan cemetery (Adygea) and late medieval burial ground in the village of Kabardinka (near Gelendzhik). Several of the vessels were found on the banks of the Krasnodar Reservoir, where the late medieval funerary sites are situated. The material is divided into two groups: those from the left bank of the Kuban River and from the Black Sea region. The vessels are represented in different forms of jugs and mugs predominantly. All the vessels are made of red clay, which is typical for the Adygeyan ceramics of the Golden Horde period, and are produced on slow rotation potter’s wheel. Most of the jars of the second group have a side drain — a rim in the shape of oenochoe (“towards yourself”), which is a typical feature of the vessels from the Black Sea region. These forms of vessels disappear in the left-bank Kuban region. At the same time, the jugs with tubular drain appear in the ceramic complexes as metal jugs imitations. In general, the ceramic forms represented in the collections of the Museum of the Oriental Art complement the main types of kitchenware, common in the North-Western Caucasus in the 14th—15th centuries.

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Город Золотой Орды Маджар по письменным и картографическим источникам

Author(s): Yury D. Obukhov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The researchers’ interest in Majar, a Golden Horde city in the North Caucasus, has become obvious since the 18th century and still exists nowadays. In spite of the existing seemingly extensive historical evidence of the 14th through to 20th centuries, related to the description of the city existence and exploration, there remain quite a number of questions, which attest to the fact that the sources available have not been extensively processed. The combined analysis (not ventured before) of all available written, cartographic and illustrative sources without exception, with the involvement of newly identified ones, alongside with the application of modern GIS technologies, will have a positive effect on the study of the Madjary hillfort site and its practically unstudied environs.

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«Новые» объекты на топографической карте генуэзской крепости Чембало XIV—XV вв. (по материалам раскопок 1999—2013 гг.)

Author(s): Serhiy V. Dyachkov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The 1999—2013 excavations allowed revealing the functional purpose of the well-known fortifications of Cembalo and marking a few new objects on the map.The church in the territory of the Consular Castle used to serve as a burial-vault of its inhabitants. Tower No. 8 protected the entrance to the territory of the castle. On a special ground next to Tower No. 8, there was a big missile machine of Trebuchet type designed to fight enemy ships. Tower No. 6 was located in the port area of the town. A huge cistern for keeping more than 550 cub. m of water was placed on the lower tier of the tower. The upper tier was used as a battle ground for mounting missile machines.In the 14th century, Tower No. 5 was part of the town fortification system. In the 15th century, Tower No. 5 was equipped with a cistern, and a weapon and armor depot was also placed there.

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Симболон — Чембало — Балаклава: семантика топонимов и особенности топографии средневекового города

Author(s): Victor L. Mytz / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Modern Balaklava is located on the banks of a well-protected winding bay. The infrastructure of the medieval town formed during the 6th—17th centuries and was historically linked with the Byzantine, Golden Horde, Genoese and Ottoman periods of its existence, changing its name from Symbolon to Cembalo to Balaklava. The paper offers a brief retrospective consideration of the etymology of these toponyms in their historical and cultural context. It is also noted that the topography of the ancient fortress and the town is characterized by an unusually low number of preserved microtoponyms and urbonyms that had formed in conditions of cohabitation of the population speaking three languages: Greek, Tatar and Ligurian.

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Мираж европейской Сарматии на фоне истории текста и карт «Географии» Птолемея

Author(s): Petr V. Shuvalov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Works of O. A. W. Dilke, A. Diller, P. Schnabel, J. Fischer and others enable the author to conclude that the handmade maps are descendents of Ptolemy's maps. An alternative hypothesis (i. e. that the maps were a later product by the Byzantine scholars who used Ptolemy's text) seems to be not very well grounded.

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Женский костюм черняховской культуры с двупластинчатыми фибулами

Author(s): Anna V. Mastykova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author studies Chernyakhov feminine costume, which is typical for the Eastern Germanic peoples of the late Roman times. It is characterized by presence of a pair of crossbow fibulae or fibulae with two plates. The fibulae are arranged in pairs on the shoulders or chest, but there are known cases where a burial contained three and even four fibulae. The number of these items is determinative for the typology of the Eastern Germanic clothing, suggested by M. Mączyńska (Tempelmann-Mączyńska 1989). This typology is used in this study to examine Chernyakhov burials with two-plate fibulae.

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Древнейший христианский храм Восточной Европы эпохи Великого переселения народов

Author(s): Yuri Yu. Shevchenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The Ai-Todor temple of Chilter-Koba cave monastery in the Crimea has an ancient throne adjacent to the inner wall of the apse, which consists of flow systems: a cup-shaped cavity and a drench gutter. This finds analogies in three earliest Byzantine thrones of Jerusalem and among the sites of 2nd — 4th centuries. Since Christianity evolves in Tauris during the Gothic Wars of 264 and 275, one can date these liturgical devices in Chilter-Koba to this time.

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Погребения эпохи великого переселения народов и раннего средневековья из курганов степного Прикубанья

Author(s): Natalia Ju. Limberis,Ivan I. Marchenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article presents the materials of the two richest burials in barrows in the Kuban steppe, dated from the Great Migration epoch. The detailed analysis of the multiple inventory items (polychromatic objects, buckles and belt decorations, cauldrons, weapons, etc) makes it possible to date the burial in Kalininskaya to the first half of the 5th century, and the burial in Malay — to the middle of the 6th century.

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Ioan Ianov: un junimist uitat

Author(s): Diana Vrabie / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Ioan Ianow répresente lꞌun des junimists fidèle, qui a pris part aux réunions de la société jusqu'à la fin de sa vie. Écrivain, député, sénateur, avocat, conseiller communal, figure répresentative dans la société de Iași, il est aujourdꞌhui pratiquement oublié. Son oeuvre littéraire, composée de créations occasionnelles, d'intérêt intime ou public nꞌa pas bénéficié pour l'instant de la réception objective, étant perdue dans la presse du temps. Cet article a pour but de ramener le profil de cet écrivain dans l'actualité, en accentuant les registres esthétiquementrésistants de sa création. Nous considérons quꞌétant contextualisée de manière inspirée et rapportée à son époque, la créations poétique dꞌIoan Ianow implique des textes suffisants qui peuvent passer avec succès la validation esthétique.

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Един роман на Жул Верн за Априлското въстание или за свободата като voyages exstraordinéres

Author(s): Evdokiya Borisova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The text recalls a little-known work by Jules Verne and allows the interaction of Vazov („Under the Yoke“) with Jules Verne („The Danube Boatman“) and back into the genre of adventure novel. The story here is not just a background but also a plotting factor, and the love triangle, police pursuit, and the river‘s pirate lure of the characters push the imagination of the reader and the researcher towards the best traditions of the genre. Namely – to the novel models of Hugo and Duma-Father. Jules Verne‘s interest in our national liberation struggles was designed in the adventure-sensational and emancipated Bulgarian stories in European literature.

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Пальчатые фибулы типа Арчар-Истрия на Дунае и в Крыму

Author(s): Michel Kazanski / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Big fingered fibulae of the East German tradition, such as Archar-Histria type, are addressed in this article. In the late phase of the Great Migration Period, they spread throughout the East Roman Empire, south of the Danube, as well as in the Crimea. These fibulae belong to the East German tradition of women's costume and date from the second half of the 5th — the beginning of the 6th centuries. Most likely, they spread from the northern part of the Balkan Peninsula along with migrations of the Goths to the West and the East. Perhaps, the finds of such fibulae in the Crimea (Luchistoe, Artek, Kerch) reflect one of the Gothic migrations from the Balkans, not recorded by written sources.

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Earrings Decorated with Hemstitched Spherical Pendants Found on the Territory of Romania, Moldavia and the Serbian Banat

Author(s): Silviu Oţa / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the structure of the earrings with hemstitched spherical pendants, decorated in the granulation and filigree technique, found on the territory of Romania, Moldavia and the Serbian Banat. In total, finds from 11 locations were analyzed (Cetăţeni-Poiana Târgului, Ilidia-Obliţa, Reşiţa-Ogăşele — necropolises; Buruieneşti, Şuşiţa, Braşov, Cotul Morii-Popricani, Olteni, Schinetea, Dubovac, Şaptebani, Cotnari — hoards). This decoration pattern is found on the circular link earrings, but also on the question mark shaped earrings (Ilidia-Obliţa, Braşov, Dubovac, Schinetea). Their chronology is mainly determined by the hoard coins. The items were also analyzed in terms of structure and decoration. From a chronological point of view, they were spread from the thirteenth century to the early sixteenth century. Their occurrence is typical for the communities south and east of the Carpathians, but also in the Banat or southern Transylvania, exactly in the same places where the Byzantine items or the items of Balkan tradition were in fashion during the previous centuries.

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