„Cygańska” przyjaźń – Józef Ignacy Kraszewski i środowisko warszawskich literatów

Author(s): Adrianna Czekalska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

We make a lasting friendship with people who have a character similar to ours. Our friend does not have to have life experiences similar to ours. This also applies to male friendship, the diversity of which is confirmed by the correspondence maintained by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski with two representatives of the bohemia in Warsaw. Analysis of letters J.I. Kraszewski and A. Wilkoński allow us to state that they were true friends who were in some way inseparable and able to count on each other in every situation. This is confirmed by their mutual kindness, open sympathy and constant contacts maintained by the humorist with the Kraszewski family. Similar origins and convergent experiences of the 1930s could also have influenced their friendship. However, when we compare their familiarity with the writer’s contacts with T. Lenartowicz, it will turn out that a real male friendship can appear between two people coming from completely different backgrounds and having different experiences from adult life. Their example also leads to the statement that initially male friendship may take the form of father-son relationship or student-master. It seems that the example of both artists can be seen as proof of the existence of not only a lasting and strong male friendship, but of any real friendship.

„Czarodziej klawiatury” w świecie dyplomacji. Rola Ignacego Jana Paderewskiego w walce o polskie granice (1919-1920)

Author(s): Anna Krochmal / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2020

Ignace Jan Paderewski (1860-1941) – a world-famous pianist, composer, politician, statesman and diplomat played a significant role in shaping the reborn Polish state and its borders. He undertook active political activity during the First World War. In the years 1915-1918, he acquired the President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson and his closest associates, as well as over 4 million American Polonia for the Polish cause. He gained real influence on the shaping of the territory and borders of the Polish state after taking office as the Prime Minister of the Polish Government and the Minister of Foreign Affairs. This took place on January 16, 1919. Paderewski led to the recognition of the reborn Polish state in the international arena by the United States (January 30, 1919), France (February 23), Great Britain (February 25), Italy (February 27), and then other countries. He represented Poland in Paris as a delegate to the peace conference. During the several months of deliberations he fought for the incorporation into the Polish state of Eastern Galicia, Cieszyn Silesia and Upper Silesia, as well as Gdańsk together with Pomerania. He was supported in these activities by well-known Polish scholars, both historians (Szymon Askenazy, Oskar Halecki, Władysław Konopczyński) and geographers (Eugeniusz Romer). Together with Roman Dmowski, he signed at Versailles on 28 June 1919 a peace treaty ending World War I. After resigning from the post of prime minister on December 9, 1919 and leaving the country, he was still interested in Polish affairs. He returned to political activity during the Bolshevik invasion of Poland. From July 1920 to May 1921, at the request of the Polish government and the head of state Józef Piłsudski, he was a Polish delegate to international conferences and a representative at the League of Nations.

„Czas strefowy”. transformacja na Węgrzech w świetle kilku powiązań regionalnych

Author(s): CSABA KiSS / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2020

This article examines certain parallels in the political transformation in Hungary in the context of events in other Central and Eastern European countries. The starting point for the text is the outstanding role of culture, and particularly of writers, in the activities of the opposition in our region. Time Zone had a decisive influence on the course of political events. Most points in common are to be found in the developments in Hungary and Poland. The events of 1988 in both countries had a mutual impact on each other, like two gearwheels (as in 1956). The Round Table talks in Warsaw are an example of this, for they sent an important signal to the opposition in Hungary. This regional interaction led to a strengthening of relations within Central and Eastern Europe.

„Czy śnimy jakiś chorobliwy sen?”. Integracjoniści wobec pogromów Żydów na ziemiach polskich w XIX wieku

Author(s): Zuzanna Kołodziejska-Smagała / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 02/2017

Using the integrationist press reaction towards the pogroms of the early 1880s asa background, the author tries to show the impact of the pogrom in Białystok in 1906 on theintegrationist milieu. The article analyzes both the Polish-Jewish literature and press articlesas well as the way they depicted the Białystok pogrom. The Polish-Jewish reaction has beenjuxtaposed with opinions published in the Polish press.

„Dar książki dla Wrocławia i Śląska” – powojenne akcje społeczne na rzecz polskich bibliotek w Okręgu II Dolny Śląsk z lat 1945-1948 w świetle wybranych źródeł

Author(s): Aneta Firlej-Buzon / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2021

Poles displaced to the so-called Recovered Territories, organizing here the social life, struggled with the lack of Polish books. An acute shortage was felt by the entire community, especially by children, pupils and students from Wrocław universities rebuild from the ruins. In order to satisfy the hunger for the Polish word and Polish books, there were organized numerous of social campaigns, both nationwide, regional and local. The authors of this campaigns were the central authorities and representatives of the Lower Silesian administration, as well as associations established in the District II, and finally private persons acting in the field of education, culture or entertainment. Books obtained thanks to social campaigns were the beginning of libraries book collections.

„Darbų ir dienų“ 41–45 numerių rodyklė

Author(s): Danguolė Valančė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 76/2021

„Darbų ir dienų“ 46–70 numerių rodyklė

Author(s): Danguolė Valančė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 74/2020

Index for Volumes 46 to 70 of “Deeds and Days”

„Declaratio sententiae” w orzeczeniach Sądu Najwyższego Prawa Niemieckiego na zamku krakowskim. Część II

Author(s): Zygfryd Rymaszewski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2020

Declaratio sententiae is a statement of the court issuing the decision, explaining to the court a quo its doubts related to this decision. In the second half of the fifteenth century, in the practice of The Supreme Court of Magdeburg Law at the castle of Kraków, such instructions were very common. Frequently the lower courts issued questions, but there appeared some cases where a party made an inquiry as well. The questions related both to procedural and material matters. The Supreme Court, while giving instructions, pointed out the errors made by the court a quo, asked for further explanations, and indicated the actions necessary to be performed, determining their consequences.

„Democrația” înainte de partide

Author(s): Raluca Alexandrescu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2004

The article portrays the main tendencies of the concept of "democracy" in the 19th century Romanian political thought, before the formal creation of the political parties. Using the methodological basis of conceptual history (Kos- selleck, Skinner, Farr etc.), the author follows the emergence of several meanings of "democracy", in the pre- and post-1848 cultural and intellectual context, related, at first, with the 17th century philosophical heritage (Descartes, Locke etc. ) and slowly translated into the 19th century philosophical language. The European invention of some fundamental concepts, such as "Revolution" and "Nation State", including some essential debates opposing democracy and equality and linking the democratic system with the idea of representation and universal vote, is also present in various ways in the Romanian political thought.

„Der Massenmord im Walde von Katyn. Ein Tatsachenbericht” – NSDAP na tropie prawdy o mordzie katyńskim. Analiza broszury propagandowej

Author(s): Iwona Bartoszewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2020

This article analyzes a German propaganda brochure, entitled “Massacre in the Katyn Forest. Fact-based Report,” edited in 1943 by the Central Nationalist-Socialist Publishing House of the German Workers Party.” The aim of the analysis is to determine whether the brochure follows propaganda guidelines defined by the Ministry of National Enlightenment and Reich Propaganda (PROMI), with particular attention paid to the manner of presentation and use of the discovery of mass graves in the Katyn Forest where Polish officers and Soviet prisoners, imprisoned in the Starobielsk camp, were murdered and buried by the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKWD). The analysis is set in a historical context. It focuses on the themes and language of the brochure. It finds that the brochure shows all the qualities of a propaganda text typical of PROMI. The analyzed parts of the brochure were translated into Polish.

„DIUAR” GRĂNICERESC: ANUL 1866

Author(s): Adrian Onofreiu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 19/2020

The author proposes another way of rendering the history of the area of the former military border in Năsăud. In so doing, the starting point is represented by the historiographical achievements that consist in daily notes, known as “diuar/ziuar”. From this perspective, the author presents 11 documents dating from 1866 related to the way of managing the border funds, property restitution or the celebration of some important events for the Romanians in Transylvania or for local people. All can be subsumed or comprised in the general term of daily notes.

„Dlaczego się nie żenią?” O przyczynach starokawalerstwa w humorystycznych narracjach polskich publikacji popularnych od drugiej połowy XIX do początków XX wieku

Author(s): Anita Napierała / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the motives and causes of the phenomenon of “unmarried men”, which were included in popular humorous texts from the second half of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century. During the discussed period there were some significant social transformations. One of the manifestations of these changes was the increasing number of men who were living alone. In the context of nineteenth-century norms of morals, this situation aroused social concern. Lack of acceptance and stigmatization of people who were living alone, that was expressed in the epithets of the “confirmed bachelor”, as well as the “old maid” and in the widespread stereotypes, rose the question: why do not the bachelors marry? The aim of the article is to examine the arguments appearing in selected sources in the context of the following questions: Was this situation a result of a bad fate or rather a choice? If the reason was hidden in external – social and moral factors and what role economic reasons played in this situation?

„Dobry upiór” – postrzeganie kobiet zmarłych w połogu w kulturze ludowej i obyczajowości polskiej w okresie między XVI a XVIII w.

Author(s): Natalia Stawarz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2020

The paper discusses an ambivalent category of deceased: women died in childbirth. There was a particular consideration on women dying during childbirth in folklore. It was believed that they are not able to find calm after death, because they are still connected with their living child. What is more troubling, their death was concerned as unclear. This is the reason of calling them ghosts or phantoms. The attitude towards this phenomena among early modern society is revealed by analysing ethnographical sources, archaeological excavations, as well as funeral liturgy.

„Domn biruitor - domn oblăduitor”. Considerații asupra gândirii și acțiunii politice a lui Șerban Cantacuzino

Author(s): Marian Lazăr / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: XXXVI/2018

As this year marks the 330 commemoration of Șerban Cantacuzino’s death (on the 29th of October 1688), it seems appropriate to remember his fascinating personality. Șerban Cantacuzino successfully managed to restore peacetime in Wallachia after more than two decades of political turmoil. He ruled Wallachia for a decade, from 1678 to 1688, in a rather problematic regional context. Despite the Ottoman dignitaries’ ever increasing demands, he ensured a better government of Wallachia. An educated prince, an offspring of the family that housed the most impressive library in the region, Șerban Cantacuzino advocated the use of Romanian in church services and financed the printing of Romanian translations of the most important religious books: the Gospels (1682), the Acts of the Apostles (1683) and the Bible (1688). He laid the foundations of the Greek education, later developed in the Princely Academy of Bucharest. He founded, restored and made donations to many monastic foundations, mostly to the Cotroceni monastery where he was laid to rest. Due to his aesthetic tastes, a new artistic style that merged Byzantine, Oriental, Renaissance and Baroque elements, was diffused through Wallachia. This style was to define Romanian art and architecture for more than a century. Șerban Cantacuzino’s rule provided the groundwork for the long reign that was to follow, that of Constantin Brâncoveanu, his nephew.

„Dumna dziewczyna w bieli"

Udział kobiet w protestach na Białorusi po wyborach prezydenckich w 2020 r.

Author(s): Agata Włodkowska-Bagan / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2021

The article is part of the discussion on women’s political participation, their involvement in social movements and protests which are concentrated on the power shift and democratisation of the political system. The text focuses on the case study of Belarusian women’s participation in anti-regime and pro-democracy protests following the rigged presidential election of 9 August 2020. The aim of the article is to answer questions about the reasons for women’s involvement in the 2020 protests in Belarus and the methods of action used by them. The article also analyses the differences and similarities between the women’s protests in Belarus and pro-democracy protests oriented towards power change in other countries.

„Dyktat wersalski” i jego kontestacja w Republice Weimarskiej

Author(s): Katarzyna Dunaj / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2019

The First World War, lost by Germany, made it necessary to accept the terms of peace, which were determined by the provisions of the Versailles Treaty, signed on June 28, 1919. It was developed by the victorious powers, and Germany was forced to accept its provisions. In this regard, in the era of the Weimar Republic, the peace agreement was described as „the Versailles dictate.” All political forces opposed it and the need to sign it caused the first government crisis after the November revolution (the resignation of Philipp Scheidemann’s cabinet in June 1919). Over time, the group of supporters of the republic and parliamentary democracy was shrinking. Critics of the changes made after the collapse of the Hohenzollern monarchy accused the Social Democrats, who formed the basis of the so-called Weimar coalition, of bringing to Germany the misfortunes of a harmful and shameful peace. The Nazis gained the most from the criticism of the ‘Versailles dictate’. After assuming power, Adolf Hitler revised the Treaty of Versailles by the method of fait accompli, which eventually led to the outbreak of World War II. The subject of consideration in this article is the analysis of the circumstances in which the Versailles Treaty was signed, the presentation of its provisions, and the impact of widespread opposition to the imposed peace agreement on the direction of the evolution of the political system of the Weimar Republic.

„Dziś Golgota na kopalni »Wujek«, tu łza matki i krew syna spływa, rozpacz ludzka i ziemi cierpienie, a przed bramą Matka Boleściwa”

Author(s): Krystian Kazimierczuk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 14/2019

Book-Review: Wujek 81. Relacje. Wybór i oprac. R. Ciupa, S. Reńca. Katowice 2018. Reviewed by Krystian Kazimierczuk.

„Dziwni to ludzie, ci Aryjczycy!” Utopia rasowa w Gościach z Marsa Władysława Satkego

Author(s): Wacław Forajter / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2018

The paper discusses the forgotten science fiction novel entitled Goście z Marsa byWładysław Satke with regard to “racial” ideology of the turn of the century. It primarilyfocuses on reconstruction of the ideological and intertextual background with particularreference to the 19th-century typologies of “races” and scientific theories based on them.Furthermore, the article addresses the issue of utopia and its limitations as a literary genre.

„Erdélyiként, kisebbségiként úgy érzem, hogy saját szülőhazám és népem múltjának a feltárása a dolgom…” Beszélgetés Kovács Andrással

Author(s): Krisztina Juhász,Gellért Ernő Marton / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2020

„Eu îs de părere că fiinţază o sângură limbă!”: controverse lingvistice la Institutul Pedagogic din Chişinău

Author(s): Liliana Rotaru / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2020

In this study, based on unpublished sources found in the National Archives of the Republic of Moldova, the author analyzes the linguistic dispute that erupted in the department of “Moldavian” language and literature of the Chişinău Pedagogical Institute in 1956. After a long period of real “linguicide” carried out by I.D. Ceban, director of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Moldavian Research Base of the USSR Academy of Sciences and his henchmen, the de-Stalinization and the Khrushchev Thaw allowed philologists, “slightly disguised Romaniaphiles”, to reject the theses about the “specificity of the Moldavian language” and affirm the linguistic unity of the people living on both banks of the Prut, although the river remained a political border. The considered linguistic contradictions between the two opposite camps of philologists from the department of “Moldavian” language and literature, as well as their consequences, are of great importance for explaining the phenomenon of preservation of national Romanian identity in the Moldavian SSR and the emergence of a national movement in the 1980s.