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The celebration of the 90th anniversary of the magazine "Macedonian Review" provides a good opportunity for a new, modern look and evaluation of performed in the past and present scientific and public tasks, but also for designing its future.
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В статията са предложени нови свидетелства, подкрепящи тезата за присъствието на древнотракийско наследство в българския народен празник Гергьовден. Изследвани са български народни легенди и обредни практики свързани с древнотракийските мегалитни светилища край Ляски връх, Гоцеделчевско, Св. Гергьова скала край с. Бачево, Разложко и Говедар камен на Овче поле в Р Македония. Привлечени са редица паралели. В резултат на сравнително-историческия и семантичния анализ са откроени основни мотиви и обредни практики, свидетелстващи за древнотракийско наследство в народния празник Гергьовден, при това – свързани с конкретни древнотракийски свети места.
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The present paper attempts at reconstructing the initial situation when the cult of Achilles was founded on the island of Leuka. To this effect the earliest written evidence related to it is being discussed: Aetiopis’ fragment by Arktinos from Miletos, Alkaios’ fragment, Pindar’s and Euripides’ verses. These are considered against the background of the archaeological evidence from the island gathered for a century and a half. Greek concept of the North and identification of the small piece of land with the White Island – The Island of the Blessed – Leuka provides a useful context for the discussion. Research results show that the earliest written evidence that locate geographically the cult in the Pontos Euxeinos and on this specific island date back to the 5th century BC: those are the texts by Pindar and Euripides. It is generally accepted that in the time when Aetiopis was created and even before that, e.g. in the 8th – early 7th century BC, the name White Island existed in Greek tradition and was associated with other mythological and literary notions as the Island of the Blessed and the White Rock, which had nothing to do with the Black Sea island and Achilles planted there in the beginning of the Greek colonization of the area. So far data confirms that the cult on the island of Leuka, the island opposite the Istros delta, was most probably constructed as worship of Achilles in the first half of the 6th century BC when apoikoi were settled along the northwestern Pontic coast. The name Leuka or White Rock certainly existed long before Greek colonists located, recognized and gave a name to the small piece of rocky land in the Black Sea. Greek interpretation of the Pontos Euxeinos as the abode of the dead, as the place of crossing over to the netherworld, an idea related to the Greek/Ionian concept of the North, significantly facilitated the process.The author is skeptical about Skythian contributions to the shaping of Achilles’ myth and cult as claimed by some scholars. However, it is demonstrated that Greek seafarers in the region found there rituality that they recognized as a mythological and literary topos known to them as the abode of the hero Beyond. This “meeting” is echoed in Alkaios’ metaphor calling the land beyond the Istros, Skythia.The offered conclusions have highly been stimulated by the research of the Greek colonization during the last few decades when scholars considered it as an unceasing process of interrelations, contacts and interactions.
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In connection with the key issue in Thracian phonetics of the graphic variants with alternation of voiceless and voiceless aspirated plosive consonant and variants with alternation of voiced and voiceless consonant different kind of Thracian names have been examined in the paper: hydronyms (Ἄèсõò/ Iatrus/ Ieterus, Ἀèэсáò/ Atyras, Иéáгüëá/ Tiagula, Pathissus/ Parthiscus/ Πáсôßσêον, ФÝáсοò/ ИÝáéсοò, Utus/ Uthis, Timachus/ Timacum, *Óáëäοâõσσοò/ *Óáëôοâõσσοò, Pingus/ Pincus etc.); personal names (like Áěáäοêοò/ Amadochus, Áõëοõêåνèοò/ Aulucentus, Dentis/ Дåνèéò, Danda/ Дáνôù, Еπôησõ÷οò/ Еπôησõêοò, Еπôáêåνèοò/ Eftecentus, Zimarcus/ Жéěáс÷οò, Жåéπáò/ Жåéâáò, Кåôсéποсéò/ Кåäсéποëéò, ÓéôЬëêηò/ Sithalcus, Óπáсôáêοò/ Sparticus/ Óπáсôõ÷οò); settlement names (Ἀсгßäáõá/ Arcidava, Дßåсνá/ Tierna, Кэшåëá/ Chympsala, Мηêэâåсνá/ Мηêэπåсνá, Sparton/ Sparthon, ФЬсáνôοò/ ДЬсáνäοò, Фüěοé/ Thomi); tribal names (Всэгåò/ Всэêåò, Дüëοгêοé/ Dolongi, Ксησôῶνåò/ Γсáσôῶνåò, Фсáõσοß/ Thrausi); god epitheta (Кåνäсåéσοò, Кåνäсåéσåéá/ Кåνôсåéσåéá) etc. The usual explanation of this phenomenon is that it was due to the shifting of consonants in the Thracian language. The following view is substantiated in the paper: The occurrence of names with the variants aspirated/non-aspirated consonants was territorially spread from Dacia, Moesia and Scythia Minor (Pathissus, Ἄèсõò, Thomi, Amadochus) to the Propontis, the Aegean Sea and the islands (Ἀèэсáò, ἈèсõÀëáôοò). Consequently, this variation is not due to the different presence of the Indo-European consonant in two different languages or dialects. A look at the variation of aspirated/non-aspirated consonant shows that some forms with aspirated consonants are earlier than those with non-aspirated ones, as in Ἄèсõò and Timachus, whereas in others they are later (Amadochus, Breierophara, Sithalcus, Óπáсôõ÷οò); in a third category it is not possible to determine a chronological difference (Еπôησõ÷οò, Жéěáс÷οò). Hence, the phenomenon was not a result of any internal linguistic evolution either. In the light of these facts a more appropriate explanation of the cited graphic variants can be the following: the voiceless plosive consonants in Thracian, due to their different pronunciation compared to the Greek sounds (probably more tense), were also rendered by means of Greek aspirated consonants, which was possible because such consonants were absent in Thracian. There is also the possibility of dual use of the Greek aspirated consonants: on the one hand, for voiceless plosives, and on the other – for spirants. The rendering of a dental spirant can possibly be assumed for some rare cases of è/ σ alternation as in Дåνèåëῆôáé/ Denseletae, Жâåëèοõсäοò/ Жâåëσοõсäοò and Óåэèáò with the form of the genitive variant Óηõσá. In variants of names rendered in some cases by means of a voiced and in other cases – by a voiceless consonant, the explanation should probably be sought again in the imprecise correspondence between the Thracian and Greek or Latin voiced consonants, that is why voiceless consonants were also used in some cases for the graphic rendering of the Thracian ones. The examples of double writing with voiced and voiceless consonant are much fewer than those of alternation of voiceless and voiceless aspirated ones, which might be assumed as an indirect confirmation of the idea of absence of aspirated voiceless consonants in Thracian. I believe that for this reason the Greek aspirated consonants may have also been used to render simple voiceless consonants, whereas the presence of voiceless consonants limited the double transcriptions of the voiced consonants, in spite of their different (softer) pronunciation compared to the respective Greek sounds.
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In presenting the unfolding of the Economic Thought during decades and centuries, in order to fillthe gaps in this holistic vision, or to highlight some aspects in time and space, we found it necessaryto evidence one of these moments. It is about the third decade of the 20th century, in USSR,starring in the spotlight the thinker and politician Evgeni Alekseyevich Preobrazhensky (1886-1937).He was the thinker, in the troubled period after Lenin‟s death and Stalin‟s rising, by tryingbackground and imposing of so-called New Economic Policy (NEP), but very well to be understoodas The New Economics. Better said, he tried to find theoretical features to support this policy,which emerged and was implemented in the early Bolshevik years after WWI in Russia/USSR. Theimportant ideas and measures stipulated by Preobrazhensky resist decades and are still valuable inour days.The study of Preobrazhensky‟s writings must be done, either in the context of his doctrinalera, including famous thinkers as Alfred Marshall or John Maynard Keynes and in the context oftoday‟s approach on Political Economy
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The period from the Austro-Hungarian Compromise to the outbreak of World War II can be considered as decisive for the modernization of cities in the territory of Slovakia. It is because processes, the impact of which is still today determining the appearance of the urban landscape, took place during these seven decades. Intensive modern urbanization took place in that period in the Kingdom of Hungary and Hungarian cities reached the standards of Western Europe. Particularly between 1867 and 1918, development took place in the same temporal, functional and structural context. Hungarian cities were characterized by an identical typology of urban structures and spaces. In them, the modernization process became visible at more or less the same time, independent of the size, population and city‘s position within the country. The re-organization and modernization of transport, roads and street networks, as well as modern infrastructure had a complex impact on cities. Modernization influenced city growth, accelerated urbanization, the development of new city functions and economic transformation. While, until 1918, the concepts of a modern city had been implemented quite equally in all Hungarian cities, historical turning points, such as the collapse of the Kingdom of Hungary and the establishment of Czechoslovakia or the changes in the architectural and urban paradigm, had a direct impact on the later development of cities in a rather selective and unique manner. The study provides information on the modernization of cities located in the territory of the modern day Slovakia, with special attention paid to Bratislava, Košice and Žilina as they went through the most dynamic and complex developments and are unique examples not only of the implementation of the concept of modern city's but also of development under various cultural and geopolitical influences.
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Similar to other cities that had removed the limitations of the city wall system, there was a development of urban life in the second half of the 19th century in Košice. The middle and upper-middle burgess classes inhabited multiflat houses that were developed with a rational organisation and were functionally divided into presentation and service rooms. The representative features concentrated mainly on the facades and main staircases, copying features from palace structures in a moderate mode of neo-renaissance and neo-baroque styles in a way that we are able to see in the newly built houses on Rooseveltova Street in Košice. According to recent research, the construction of the vast majority of these houses in the 1880s and 1890s was managed by the local builder and architect Michal Répászky. He was the author of the completion and reconstruction of the great house in Hlavná Street where the world-famous writer Sándor Márai later lived.Márai wrote a dynamic description of the everyday life and rituals of life in the burgess flat of the upper-middle class in his work Confessions of a Bourgeois. The direct confrontation of Répászky's newly identified projects in this house from 1896 along with Márai's description has confirmed and added details to his artistic expression. At that time, the house was modern, yet deeply rooted in the 19th century – serving the traditional and largely conservative values of bourgeois life – and according to Márai's description, it can be said objectively that the construction history of the house overlaps with Márai's personal history.
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Josef Marek was an architect of Czech origin who arrived in Slovakia in 1919 along with his colleagues – young architects who had studied in Prague. He began his professional activity in Bratislava in the newly established democratic state – the Czechoslovak Republic. At that time, architectural designs as well as the construction industry in Slovakia were not at the same level as in Bohemia. There was no independent school of architecture that could establish a national tradition. Therefore, Czech architects faced many problems – from enforcing new regulatory plans for Slovak towns to the application of a national architectural style. This eventually appeared in the work of Czech architects for only a short period of time during the first half of the 1920s. Josef Marek, a student of Jan Kotěra – the founder of modern architecture in Bohemia, was part of this complicated process and created a number of major works, including regulatory plans for several Slovak towns, the capital city, Bratislava, and Petržalka in Bratislava. Housing as well as city and municipal construction were the two areas he focussed on the most. After all, his apartment building Avion is one of the most significant buildings of the 1930s in Slovakia. The railway employee accommodation in Nové Mesto nad Váhom, on the other hand, is a typical example of employee housing where he was inspired by the work of his teachers – not only Jan Kotěra but also by the architecture of Dušan Jurkovič. Marek's work is thus an integral part of the interwar history of architecture in Slovakia.
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Templates for the state's healthcare of the Hungarian inhabitants were progressively created up until the Age of Enlightenment. One of the most important tasks of the state and public health authorities was to protect the inhabitants from contagious diseases. Educating people from every strata of the population to look after their health was also considered extremely important.The school environment brought many healthcare pros and cons for children and youths. This article is divided into three parts. In the first part, the author shows the most important pros and cons of the school environment in general. The introduction of physical education and health education into the school system and the employment of school doctor was a major plus. A school, however, as a collective institution allowed many contagious diseases to spread very easily. This is considered to be a huge minus. In the second part, the author pays closer attention to health education and also the function of school doctors in what is today Slovak territory up to 1918. In 1913 a little more than a half of secondary schools and half of teachers' institutes employed a school doctor. The third part brings an overview of everyday healthcare in selected city schools according to the school's annual reports. The author used the particular example of five secondary schools which employed school doctors.
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The present article concerns the Catholic clergy’s attitude towards the communist system in the Opole Voivodeship. From the beginning of changes to the political system in 1944 members of the clergy were submitted to various forms of forcing them to be politically loyal and ready to cooperate with the authorities. The research undertaken leads to a conclusion that the opinion promoted by contemporary propaganda presenting attitudes among the clergy as mostly positive does not seem to be so certain. In the Opole Diocese passive and moderate feelings certainly dominated, as well as those awaiting. Disapproving or even hostile attitudes towards the new system, authorities, directives and decrees passed were not uncommon. Positive attitudes were rare. In 1956 the repressive policy of the authorities towards the clergy was only partly restricted.
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The study of small-town houses is not a very common topic among researchers. The analysis of the development of the historical house "Panský dom" (literally house of nobility) in the town of Týnec nad Labem has been highly informative. The aim of the article is to show the individual development phases of house construction according to research into material and written sources. Reconstructions, the building use, as well as individual structural changes can be analysed from the late Middle Ages to the 20th century.On the basis of the research performed, it can be stated that the use and purpose of the building changed with each new owner, related to his social status (suzerain house; inn; house of reeve and aristocratic officers; uninhabited; house of a noble with a regular income that led to the construction of a dance hall; semi-agrarian farmers; the transformation to an apartment building and hotel; bakery; etc.). The function of the courtyard also adapted to the desires of the new owner and the quality of life the residents changed accordingly. The quality of life of its residents illustrates the ability to exploit the potential for the house (including loft, farm buildings in the courtyard, etc.), to express the fashion and trends of the particular period. The vision of the owner, the structural possibilities and especially the methods of modification that embody the fashion of the particular period can be appropriately illustrated. Individual structural modifications describe the ambitions and situation of the owners.In this case, it is not a "great" history, but it is a study of the traces of life left in the house that surrounded its owners. At certain points, general history overlaps with the micro-history of "Panský dom" and together they influenced the form of house construction. The research identified several building phases and reconstructions when the modus operandi accurately corresponded with the social status of the owners. The informative value grows from the early periods to the later periods, in proportion with the number of written sources, as well as the material source – the house itself.
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"Where the slopes of the mountains Belasitza and Ograzhden converge and form the Klyuchka ravine, on a hill on the right bank of the river Strumeshnitsa, the Gradishteto is located known amidst the locals as the "Samuil's Fortress".
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This paper examines the functional transformation of mining town to tourist destinations. We first discuss the theoretical fundamentals of functional conversion and some examples of its successful application to mines and mine-related sites, then we analyze the functional use of selected historical objects in the city of Banská Štiavnica and the village of Hodruša-Hámre and their potential in the tourism industry.
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Chapbooks as a very specific genre of printed materials are a unique type of a society‘s material memory, one that is currently under threat due both to its physical medium and its ephemeral nature and bibliographic uniqueness. The Institute of Ethnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, as one of the bodies tasked with the preservation of the nation‘s cultural heritage in the area of popular culture, has undertaken to process and make publicly available its collection of chapbooks by first publishing them as books and then by digitizing them and cataloguing them in a publicly accessible online database using the MARC 21 format.
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