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Czas pierwszych ocen
The article discusses the evolution and functioning of the Common Security and Defence Policy of the EU in 2019. The authors begin with an analysis of the main determinants of cooperation within CSDP, focusing on the impact of the perspective on Brexit as well as internal political changes and tensions in main European countries (France, Germany), and US-Europe relations. They discuss the evolution of the political dimension of European cooperation on security and defence, including the debates on European strategic autonomy and changes in European institutions. They also present the development of PESCO, including the course of the debates on the participation of third states in this initiative, as well as it’s functioning in 2019. Additionally, they analyze current changes in operational activities (i.e. CSDP missions and operations), including modifi cations of key instruments for executing such actions, like the so called Civilian Compact. In conclusion, they off er an overall assessment of the results and achievements of CSDP in 2019, together with a concise prognosis of its future development.
More...Działalność rady bezpieczeństwa w 2019 r.
The article assesses the activity of the Security Council in 2019. It explains the reasons behind Russia’s and China’s vetoes concerning the situation in the Middle East and Venezuela, and the discussion blockade on the situation in Ukraine and Myanmar. It describes the main trends in decisions on country and regional situations, as well as in the adoption of thematic resolutions. In addition, it summarizes the progress of peacekeeping operations and the impact of Polish membership in the Security Council. The article argues that some problems which cause political tension are currently “juridicized”; that Russia and China oppose inclusion of Human Rights issues in the Security Council works; and that Poland concludes its membership with rather meagre results.
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The article analyses the dynamics of ethnic composition and ethnic processes in Transcarpathia in the second half of the 20th century, as well as ethno-cultural processes of national consolidation of Ukrainians of the region as part of the Ukrainian nation. The paper evaluates the practice of the Soviet state and the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) to determine the nature, content and directions of all ethno-national and ethno-cultural policies in Transcarpathia. While researching the consolidation processes of Transcarpathian Ukrainians as part of the Ukrainian nation, the authors showed that the development of the traditions of Ukrainian national culture was seen in the environment of the creative intelligentsia and the majority of the people as an alternative to ideological communication. It is justified that the main goal of the communist authorities in Transcarpathia in 1945-1991 was to establish socialist, economic, political and ideological regime in the region. In order to accelerate this process, a Russian (Russian-speaking) national minority was hastily created in the region by the state authorities, which, having occupied leading political, ideological and economic positions, became a reliable support for the new communist regime. The article analyses the dynamics of ethnic composition and ethnic processes in Transcarpathia in the second half of the 20th century, as well as ethno-cultural processes of national consolidation of Ukrainians of the region as part of the Ukrainian nation. The paper evaluates the practice of the Soviet state and the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) to determine the nature, content and directions of all ethno-national and ethno-cultural policies in Transcarpathia. While researching the consolidation processes of Transcarpathian Ukrainians as part of the Ukrainian nation, the authors showed that the development of the traditions of Ukrainian national culture was seen in the environment of the creative intelligentsia and the majority of the people as an alternative to ideological communication. It is justified that the main goal of the communist authorities in Transcarpathia in 1945-1991 was to establish socialist, economic, political and ideological regime in the region. In order to accelerate this process, a Russian (Russian-speaking) national minority was hastily created in the region by the state authorities, which, having occupied leading political, ideological and economic positions, became a reliable support for the new communist regime.
More...W poszukiwaniu nowej równowagi
The collapse of existing political and social structures in the Middle East creates spacefor seeking new systemic solutions. For many countries, this is an opportunity tochange their position and international roles in the region. Especially Iran and Turkeyhave become very active, seeking to strengthen their regional position. Being twoof the largest countries in the Middle East, their actions entail consequences that gobeyond the region, thus becoming the subject of non-regional powers.
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Historia e zhvillimit të poezisë sonë popullore dëshmon se në të sa vjen e bëhet më e dukshme dhe më e theksuar prirja për ta trajtuar materialin epik brenda kufijve të ngjasës, për të ruajtur dhe evidentuar sa më mirë bazën e tij neale dhe autentike, vërtetësinë e tij. Kryesisht me këtë shpjegohet ulja e gjallërisë ose ndërprerja e zhvillimit të ndonjë zhanri epik, që, për shkak të lindjes, të strukturimit e të kristalizimit si formë poetike e një kohe të caktuar, nuk mundi t’i përgjigjej prirjes së përgjithshme për vërtetësi të theksuar artistike (p.sh. cikli i kreshnikëve). Me këtë prirje lidhet, gjithashtu, profilizimi i qartë, si një zhanër me karakter të theksuar realist, vitaliteti i veçantë i 'këngëve historike. Nga ana e saj balada, si zhanër epiko-lirik, që nisi jetën e vet artistike në kohë të hershme, e ka vazhduar dhe e vazhdon këtë jetë. Dhe kjo se balada, me përmbajtjen dhe formën artistike, me aftësinë që të ndryshojë e të zhvillohet vazhdimisht, me mprehtësinë dhe elasticitetin e vet ka mundur të zbatojë lidhjet me realitetin e epokave të ndryshme historike, është treguar e aftë për t’iu përshtatur shijeve, kërkesave dhe nevojave ideoestetike të këtyre epokave. Kjo db të thotë se ka kuptim të flitet për lidhje të baladës me realitetin historik, për aftësinë e saj që të bartë, krahas llojeve të tjera të informacionit, edhe një informacion historik.
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Diseases and their contagious forms, epidemics and pandemics, are not easy to study due to the precariousness of historical sources and terminology that increase the difficulty of identifying them. These “everyday structures” (Fernand Braudel) have traversed all times and all geographical spaces. In addition to their age-specific intensity, historians have found some interesting constants. The first refers to the fact that diseases and epidemics evolve, change and disappear, depending on the ecological, epidemiological, demographic, food, etc. conditions from every age. Secondly, they spread on the most populated and busiest routes. Third, their succession follows an unchanged rule so far: a strong bacillus infects rapidly, especially the population without immune defense. The result of the contagion is torturous death in a relatively short time. During the great epidemics there were states of fear, panic and social disorder, reflected in various iconographic representations and literary writings. Equally, the duration and virulence of contagious diseases were conditioned by the level of medical science of the time. Before the discovery of bacterial theory, medieval and modern medicine were intensely concerned with the causality of diseases and epidemics. Of all the epidemics that have affected European societies over time, the 14th century plague was the most destructive. In all three variants that have been identified (“orientalis” – the most widespread –, “medievalia”, which is believed to have been at the origin of the great epidemic of the mid-fourteenth century, and “antiqua”) , the plague bacterium showed an unusual resistance, being able to maintain its virulence for several years. In its pulmonary version (whose clinical specificity was demonstrated, with the “bubonic” hypostasis, at the end of the 19th century by Alexandre Yersin and Paul-Louis Simond), it destroyed a large part of the population in the West. Also, the social consequences of the plague were devastating due to the disintegration of the communities and the overwhelming number of victims.
More...Biblioteca Telekiană
The present paper tries to present the documents that reffer to Aurel Filimon’s activity at Teleki Library from Târgu-Mureş and can be found in the Filimons archives.In 1937, The Ministry of Culture and Arts, according to the constitutive document from 5th of December 1913, appoints Aurel Filimon as honorific representant at the count Samuil Teleki’ Library. His mission was to examine the condition of the library and to find out if some books or manuscripts have been estranged, who has them and how can they be recovered.The paper is based on original / official documents and on the correspondence between Aurel Filimon, on one side, and count Teleki Carol, count Teleki Ádám, count Teleki Domokos and the librarian Gyulás Carol, on the other side.In his statement, Aurel Filimon analises the collections of books and manuscripts, and reffers to those that have dissapeared starting with 1830 (one of the documents used for this paper is the list drown up by Filimon and contains 96 titles). More than that, he realises a very important study concerning the history of Teleki Library and a description of its building.He also submits a lot of proposals concerning the better organization of the future inspection and his solutions are based on scientific bibliotheconomical principles.
More...Cartea veche
The library „Gheorghe Asachi” from Iaşi has an interesting collection of old books belonging to the XVIth and XVIIth centuries. This collection comprises a great number of historical works. Among them, we have to mention Raphael Fabretti’s book De Columna Traiani Syntagma, which came out printing at Angellus Tinassius printing house in Rome, about 1683.Fabretti opens his book with a preface Ad lectorem, explaining away the importance of this work for history, taking into consideration that there are preserved few documents belonging to Traian’s period.The work is divided in nine chapters; seven of them remarke Traian’s reign, the author using a few known historical and literary sources about those times. At the same time, the author tries some considerations on the artistical achievement of the sculptures on the Column. The eight chapter is a comparative study concerning the existing inscriptions from the Roman empire period and the ones on the Column. The last chapter of the work deals with numismatics. There are commented and compared various monies belonging to Traian’s reign (during the Dacian Wars) and even after Traian’s reign.Fabretti ends the book with an index of works and memorable words. We consider this book very important for the collection of our library, because the Traian’s Column is an authentic birth certificate for the Romanian people.
More...(szerk.) Pieldner Judit: Kulturális identitás és alteritás az időben, Debrecen, A Debreceni Egyetem Történelmi Intézetének Kiadása, 2013.
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Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153) was a dominant figure of the Roman Church, passionate believer, with no doubt his views and beliefs were right. He never ran from discussions with those who did not agree with him. He fought battles with a scientist and theologian Abelard, abbot and statesman Sugerius. With the strength of his personality, St. Bernard gave new life to monasticism, supported reform of secular clergy and fight against heresies, ended the papal schism, preached II Crusade and the real description of his life would have been a history of the first half of the 12th century.
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The paper deals with the issue of the relationship between Serbian rulers and local princes of the Nemanjić dynasty and Roman Catholic clergy, both inside and outside of medieval Serbia. This includes the relations of the Nemanjić dynasty to the local Roman Catholic Church, primarily towards the episcopate of the Archdiocese of Bar (Antivari), and the Archdiocese of Dubrovnik, as well as the relationship to Roman Curia.
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