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Koncept státotvorné družiny raného středověku v české a německé historiografii
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The author analyses the international importance of the Act of 5th November from the point of view of the future of Poland in the post-WWI international deal. The declaration of two emperors represented an “important step towards Poland’s reconstruction” (as Szymon Askenazy, a Polish historian, observed). However, the declaration failed to ultimately internationalize the Polish cause and determined itself the existence of the Polish state. The document was a product of special circumstances resulting from the fact that Germany was running out of human resources indispensable to continue the war. It was also possible because of the abortive attempts at securing peace with Russia on the basis of a territorial status quo. The declaration represented Berlin’s grand-scale political move, connecting with the history of the German political thought with assumptions originated by Bismarck and general Waldersee and revolving around the idea of establishing a small Polish state when it is necessary in the course of a war with Russia. Despite the proclaimed establishment of the Polish state by the governments in Berlin and Vienna, the Western powers (France and Great Britain) were not able to force Russia to acknowledge Poland’s independence. They assigned the government in Petrograd the right to deal with the Polish cause at its discretion i.e. to delineate the Western border of the empire according to its will once the acts of war were over. The historian therefore concludes that it was not before the February Revolution in Russia when actual possibilities opened up for the Western powers to support the Polish cause. In their policies, they did not include willingness to make the world a better place by principles of international justice but rather, they intended to maintain Russia as an allied force in the anti-German coalition at all cost.
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This article presents the response of the Russian press to the Act of 5th November of 1916 administered by Germany and Austria-Hungary and proclaiming independence of the Polish state in the former Russian Partition. Most frequently, Russian writers tended to unanimously disregard and belittle the Act as devoid of legal significance. The Polish cause continued to be regarded an internal Russian issue. It was also generally required that Poles unambiguously criticize the Act’s provisions. In fact, no postulate was put forward for Russia to outbid the central powers’ offer regarding the Polish cause.
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In this article, the author makes an attempt at presenting articles selected by him from Polish newspapers published in Russia during World War I and the responses and interpretations of the Act of 5th November of the relevant journalists and politicians, especially those with democratic as well as national-democratic affiliations. The author made an informed choice of the texts published in the press as the fundamental source used to discuss the issue in question. The author is certain that to a large extent, these publications reflect the opinions of the Polish political circles as well as the press analyses of the international consequences of the Act issued by the two emperors to the Polish cause.
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This article is an attempt at presenting the opinions of Stanisław Koźmian, a Krakow-based member of the Stańczycy political group, on the development of the Polish cause in 1914–1916. Koźmian was a supporter of the so-called Austrian-Polish solution which consisted in incorporating the Kingdom of Poland to Austria-Hungary and granting it more autonomy. However, he did not postulate that the monarchy should be restructured towards the Austria-Hungary-Poland trialism as he realised that Hungarians would oppose this suggestion. According to Koźmian, the Act of 5th November was a poor solution as it did not offer the Kingdom of Poland any guarantee of independence. It only created “written down” independence.
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This article deals with the issues of an 11th century grave field in Morawy village in Kuyavia. In the first Piasts times, the area was an integral part of the dynasty’s dominion. Discovered in the 1930s, the grave field is of great importance from the point of view of considerations of ethnically foreign settlement in Poland. At the same time, the grave field registered by Stanisław Madajski supplements our knowledge of the advancement of Christianity in the 11th century in Poland. The knowledge of the necropolis, especially general access to the results of the excavations in Morawy, were unsatisfactory. Therefore, an attempt was made to re-discuss the results of the excavations from 1937, verified in the field in 2015. As part of the new research, the formerly excavated material was verified, topped with archive search queries aimed at recognising open settlement in the village of Morawy and the grave field itself.
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Royal universal is researched as mass communication tool at the paper. The purpose of the paper is to determine the level of communicative efficiency of the royal universal for the early modern polish society. For this the author found the elements of communicative efficiency of the document and applied them to the royal universales. As a result the author writes about significant, but not perfect, level of communicative efficiency of the royal universal. Technical elements of communicative efficiency of the royal universal had not always been used. Besides that, early modern polish society (especially nobility) did not comply with all orders, which were in the royal universales.
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In his paper the author examines the written and epigraphic sources on Caracalla’s visit to Pannonia. Despite the earlier hypothesizes the visit must bed dated to the autumn of 213 because the emperor stayed at the end of December in Nicomedia. As the Alamannic war ended only in September and his route to the East Caracalla could spend a very short time in Pannonia, i. e. he travelled only through the province that is why the written sources hardly mentions this visit. Most of the inscriptions mentioning the emperor from this period has nothing to with this visit. Based on a Greek inscription from Ephesus the emperor had to stop only in Sirmium most probably because of the Dacian problems. He had no time to visit Dacia either. A Barbarian attack into Pannonia under his reign must be ruled out.
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The authors carried out the archaeometric analyses of 9 basalt preforms found at the Kádárta site in Veszprém county. Most of the analyses used non-destructive methods (macroscopic petrography, PGAA, MS and electron-microprobe (EDXEPMA) method developed within the frames of these investigations) and the traditional destructive petrographic and mineral chemical analyses were carried out on a small flake. All the analyses demonstrated that the nine basalt artefacts were prepared from the same raw material. According to the material collected so far from the basalt volcanoes of the Pannonian Basin, this raw material came from the volcanic territory of the Little Hungarian Plain and the Balaton Highlands. Within these territories the most probable provenance of the raw material is the lava rocks in the region of Boncsos-tető, although Hegyestű, Somló and Haláp cannot definitely be excluded.
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Review of: "Exploring Ancient Sculpture. Essays in Honour of Geoffrey Waywell."; Edited by F. Macfarlane and C. Morgan. (BICS Suppl. 104.)London 2010. pp. XII–254.
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