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The introductory part of the article presents the demographic and ethnic transformations, taking place during the entire 20th century on the territory of the three Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). These transformations are then subject to statistical and substantive analysis and interpretation. The starting point for this analysis was constituted by the assessment of the political and ethnic situation at the turn of the 20th century. Next, the evolution of the ethnic changes on the territory considered was reported for the inter-war period and then for the long period of the Soviet occupation. This provided the basis for the diagnosing of the contemporary demographic and ethnic conditions. The subsequent part of the article is devoted to the prognostic analysis. It is shown that the three Baltic states are threatened with the intensifying demographic regression. An attempt was undertaken of demonstrating that continuing intensive depopulation processes shall have essential geopolitical consequences. These processes can, namely, lead in the future to the marginalisation and even to the loss of sovereignty and political independence by the countries in question.
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In the literature representing physical culture a discourse is taking place concerning the problems of socialization in the family as the primary transmitter of physical activity patterns to prepare young generations for conscious participation in physical culture. In empirical studies there is a gap pertaining to the identification of problems of recreational and sports experiences acquired in childhood and cultural activity undertaken by humans in relation to physical exercise in old age. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the cause and effect relationship between family socialization (the internalization of physical culture patterns and standards) and the lifestyle in old age.
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Issues brought up in the literature of sport in the context of the upbringing carried out in families are particularly valuable and needed in the chaos of the contemporary world. Sought here are the answers to such questions as: in which aspect of the functioning of the contemporary family is it possible to address the issue of sport?; can sport become a specific ally in the upbringing and the effective intercommunication of individual family members?; in what way can sport be carried out in the family so that it becomes a part of the education process? Based on conducted examinations material was gathered in the form of data concerning issues of sport treated as one of tools used in bringing up the family. They used quality testing methods here: phenomenological, which most generally comes down to the honest description of the examined phenomenon and with hermeneutic method, thanks to the application of which it is possible to get to obtain tangible results into the meaning of collected contents. Also a method of the diagnostic survey was applied. Research groups for the study were: coaches and instructors, athletes, PE teachers, students of PE and Sport, academic teachers of sports colleges. The persons are examined as to their methods and programmes. They are also parents, devoting themselves largely to the upbringing and the care of their children.
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The article deals with the problem of the topicality of parenting style in the family and its meaning in the theory and practice of family pedagogy. It is an attempt to provide an answer to what is constant and what is variable in parenting styles. The answer takes into account the issues: the understanding of the term, the criteria and classifications of the parenting style, kinds of the parenting style and the determinants of changes.The main classifications of parenting style are presented in the lecture (M. Ryś,D. Baumrind, E. Maccoby, J. Martin, G. Schmidchen). They show the basic criteria of parenting styles division and their importance for the education processes. The category of parenting style applied in pedagogy is still current. It enables the describing, explaining, understanding and interpreting of the reality of upbringing. An important function in the educational theory and practice is still the traditional classification of parenting styles, in which there are distinguished an autocratic style, an authoritative style and a permissive style. In the text there are also presented other classifications, which are slightly different in the criteria and type of parenting styles. Nowadays, important issues are changes and evolution of parenting style. In the article, there are questions submitted about the direction of changes and their importance in the upbringing of children and young persons. Also presented are the results of research and analysis of such authors as J. Mariański, T. Szendlak, M. Kohn, Coleman. The results show an expansive tendency of an inert and permissive parenting style. These data show the intense changes in the pattern of the current generation upbringing. Changes occur not only in the upbringing in the family but also in the educational institutions. Today, the issue of parenting styles is a topical and important challenge for educational theory and practice. The lecture is an attempt to present just certain issues and considering those in the synthetic way from a pedagogical prospect, mainly the family pedagogy.
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The socio-cultural, economic and political outlook changes visible in the contemporary world provoke deep transformations in all fields of life. The social conditions of life have been also deeply changing, often causing changes in views, expectations, behaviour patterns and life standards. In such a situation a young person experiences chaos and the feeling of being lost and looses the feeling of influence on their life. In an uncertain situation and with the feeling of being lost, and with difficulties connected with the adolescent crisis, young people need support from people being close to them. The special role plays family in that case. Family is the first social environment, integrally fulfilling different needs of a child and influencing his development in all areas of his life. All socialization processes developing in a family influence the shape of opinion and attitudes, patterns, traditions and accepted values. The correct one shapes proper, real and rational ideas of future life in children. The responsible parental function and shaping the proper social system in children is based on education styles that are very important for children. These styles are influenced mainly by parents, their views, educational aims, personal experience and patterns from their home. Education styles in a family decide mainly the level of psychological and social needs fulfillment, they shape the behaviour patterns in a family and can be internalized on different levels by imitation and identification, allowing for the adoption of values and standards. The article includes the source of research concerning the declared system of values and aims in life by the respondents. The results of behaviour styles in a family research have been discussed-all meanings, the frequency of particular education styles. The author also tried to show the connection between the family functioning and values chosen by children.
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The author of this article examines the interest of the magazine "Macedonian Review" to the new phase, in which the development of the Macedonian question enters after the Cold War.
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The research paper describes the role of families in the language development of their children. The main points of the paper concern: the parent's education, the relationships within the families and the language education of the children (and how the families support the language development of their children). The components of the home environment which are taken to account include the financial status of the family as well as the cultural and social components. But the most important part of the home environment is the parents themselves, because the parents have the most important impact on the development of the vocabulary of their children. There are other components such as: the abilities of perception of the children, their physical and psychological development (which are described in the paper). The abilities of the children to learn (in different age groups) are described too.There are differences in the way the children speak according to the region of the country in which they live, as well as their age, social status and examples taken from the home environment. There are other possible difficulties in learning too. The abilities for the language development of the children include such elements as: their comprehension, their ability to memorize things, their ability to use new words etc. These components decide their future learning success. In conclusion the most important ideas and findings are shown, which should be helpful in order to work on the language development of the children and for future research.
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Positive and negative information related to pupils’ functioning given to parents by the teacher plays an essential role in the modification of the child behaviour. The study presents the results of the investigation on information given by teachers: their characteristics, content, and their influence on a child's education. Opinions were analyzed from two perspectives: teachers and parents. Elementary school teachers took part in the study (N = 29) as well as parents of children from this level of the education (N = 57). A new questionnaire, devised by the authors, was applied. Results show that both groups participating in the study find information significant for the education. Respondents said that information is formulated “often” and is “quite extensive” and the various aspects of child’s functioning is included. Moreover, information from teachers is not one-dimensional, but often combines praise and criticism.
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Changing social attitudes and ways of thinking about people is a very difficult task; nonetheless it is important to take action to change the asexual and the negative image of disabled woman fairly widely held in our society. In a situation of completely unaware global recognition of disability without regards of gender of these individuals, a serious problem arises, in particular – the perception of women with disabilities. Changing the approach to women with disabilities requires most of all a change in a binary way of thinking derived from prejudices and stereotypes. The transformations in this field are also noticeable in the category of scientific discourses of the body, gender and femininity. The article there will present issues related to the social functioning of women with physical disabilities as well as the perception of them by nursing students and students of physical education. Taken considerations are an attempt to by pass exemplification of gender in relation to people with disabilities treated globally omitting the gender difference.
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The focus of this particular work is the analysis of the situation in which the parents find themselves after their child has been diagnosed with a lethal abnormality. Specifically parents with a child who has been diagnosed with a rare aberration of chromosomes known as the Edward’s Syndrome. In the beginning of this paper, the parent’s situation will be examined in the context of the child’s sickness as a threat to their respected values. The conducted analysiss hows that with the loss of values, in this case the health of the child, come many negative feelings similar to those, which can be experienced after the loss of someone close. Some of the parents may even feel incompetent because they conceived a child consideredas biologically defective and because of the social environment which perceives them in a pejorative way. What is more, the parents cannot plan the future of their childas every day might be the last one for him or her. It has been noted, however, that the birth of a child with an Edward’s Syndrome canbe, when certain conditions are met, a chance to reconsider the current value system of a parent as well as a chance to think better of him or herself, his or her marriage and his or her family.
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The paper presents the results of studies on the incidence of biologically (genetically) determined illnesses such as congenital eye disease (glaucoma), phenylketonuria, congenital hypothyrodism, congenital skull deformity and some cases of mental retardation among Roma children living in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The problem that causes the biggest disputes is the considerable percentage of disabilities, particularly mental ones, registered in this population, which exceeds manyfold their occurrence in the entire populations of the two countries.
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Approaches to ageing changes because of the significant increase in the number of the elderly. On the national scale, ageing is connected with alarming forecasts about financial inefficiency in the health and social welfare sectors; on the family scale it proves the increasing deficits in long-term care provision caused by the crisis of ties, and the financial migration of the young. Thus the author presents the necessary revision of the understanding of old age, as well as argues for a more active involvement of the elderly in society and the family.
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Besides the fact that it seems obvious that the majority of the families involve people who love each other, still the researchers agree that the family is the place in which acts of violence unprecedented in other environments take place. They also claim that crimes within the family are some of the most common crimes committed. The UNICEF report concerning the death of children caused by domestic violence or drastic neglect shows Poland to be in the middle of the ranking of 28 developed countries. The report of the WHO shows that over 1/3 of women in the world are victims of violence and majority of them are attacked or harmed by their husbands or partners. This article is an attempt to show the complexity of the domestic violence problem. The author presents in it the forms of violence against children as well as adult family members. Special attention was paid to the very often ignored kind of victimization, namely the children being witnesses of violence between their parents or between other children in the family. The article shows the scale of the domestic violence problem in the light of the empirical research done in Poland and confronted with foreign research results. Special attention was also paid to the situation of a child experiencing violence from his/her relatives. The scale of consequences of the harmful behavior of the parentsis wide and their effects are long-lasting. The child’s aggressive environment provides models of behavior and ways of the instrumental usage of aggression. The victims of domestic violence very often became tormentors reaching for the kinds of behavior that caused them pain and humiliation.
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The role of parents in the upbringing of the child is especially important for a normal socialization and the successful development of the individual. But what happens when the child instead of receiving from their parents the a sense of security, respect and love, suffers extreme neglect or even abuse? And furthermore, how may the childfeel that, despite numerous sufferings, is in the end is rejected by their loved-torturers and goes to the special education centre? As a result of adverse experiences such an entity may be accompanied by Reactive Attachment Disorder. RAD is a disorder of human relationships, which prevents initiating and maintaining relationships – especially those with loved ones. RAD makes it difficult, not only for the child, but also to those seeking to establish a deep, emotional contact with the child. Employees of childcare centres trying to break the barrier put up by the child who displays increasing resistance, undisguised reluctance, and sometimes aggression. Also an adoptive family faces the problem. Fresh parents see the fault in themselves, because when faced with such complex disorders of their child they do not have the knowledge of what to do to help the child feel at ease in their company. The article will widely discuss Reactive Disorders ties with pupils care and educational institution, their causes, diagnostic criteria and symptoms.
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Efficient functioning of a re-socialization institution is a condition of its growth and key factor of appropriate course of the community life that within its structure. Its efficiency relies on explicitly, clearly acknowledged objectives, its internal organization and division of work load as well as the independence of the professional tasks from the personal interests of the staff. Moreover, it tackles the conformity of the staff aspirations with aims and assignments for the accomplishment of which such a structure has been established, entailing high internal integrity, productive cooperation with other facilities and the external environment. It enables the achievement of the projected and socially desired outcomes as well as the accomplishment of common goals upon arrangements of various activities. Cooperation with the family environment of the charges constitutes a key element of the functionality of every re-socialization institution. It must be remembered that parents of the juvenile delinquents manifest features disabling the appropriate course of the upbringing, which consequently can lead to the children’s criminogenic lifestyle. Such features concern structural properties of the families, qualities related to the emotional attitude to their child, parental competences and last but not least – upbringing methods. Non-structural features can be subject to modification in given circumstances. Nonetheless, it is a challenging task particularly when institutions do not participate in the process of family support. Inclusion of the charges’ parents in the process of its correctional activities can condition the quality of educational measures accomplished within, becoming a key indicator of a rational organization and correction of behavior, reforming socially maladjusted behaviors of children and teenagers.
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Duty on goods is one of the oldest public taxes to be levied on Polish soil by ”state authorities”. The duty during the reign of the Piast served a purely fiscal purpose and provided reigning monarchs with a primary source of revenue. In the early Middle Ages it possessed the character of the duty charge we are all familiar with. Absorbed in the chambers of Customs (toll – may have been the name used) collection points were not only located at the country’s external borders, but also internally.
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The article depicts the way in which the house for priests in Zakopane was formed. It starts from the decision adopted by the Health House for Priests Association in 1891 to build it and up to the completion of the works including the creation of a medical establishment. The house served different purposes: it was a health and tourist house for priests, and, more recently, a retreat house. Its services were addressed exclusively to clergy, or encompassed a wider range of lay people. The paper describes the climate in “Księżówka” in the days of the Austrian partition, in the Second Polish Republic, and during the Nazi occupation.
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The article is a continuation of interwar history of Franciscans in Gliwice and the origin of an independent church unit in the so called Smelting Quarter, published in the volume 35 of “Theological-Historical Studies of Opole Silesia”. This time the author outlines the history of the curacy of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus in Gliwice in the years 1925–1945. Since the time of its foundation the Franciscans of Gliwice had been conducting intense pastoral work in the local smelting quarter. The main aims of the pastoral work was not only administering sacraments, but also social activities among workers’ families. After the status of curacy as a church unit had been outlined, profiles of priests were discussed as well as main accents of charity and pastoral work. Setting up so called parish association for parishes in Gliwice and constructing churches in neighbouring quarters stopped the construction of the new church, which was not finished until the turn of the 21st century. Many losses were suffered by the Franciscans of Gliwice during the Nazi rule and the Second World War. The monks were evicted from most of their rooms limiting their pastoral work to the minimum. Despite this fact the monks remained among the congregation. They accompanied them also in the difficult months of 1945 and in the period of post-war transformation and the re-founding of the parish community. The history of the curacy is a good example of how pastoral work was organized in the industrial towns of Upper Silesia during The Weimar republic and the Nazi regime.
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During his apostolic trip to Poland, Pope John Paul II left to all Polish people the task of collecting testimonies and immortalizing the memory of the Polish martyrs of the twentieth Century. The period of the Second World War was recognized as a “time of very painful experience”, he pointed out the special duty to gather all the testimonies of those who have given their lives for Christ. The article is a response to the call of Pope John Paul II. The author presents the figure of rev. Franciszek R. Nawrot (born in 1903), the priest of the Archdiocese of Gniezno, which due to their specific abilities and qualities was sent by Cardinal August Hlond to work in Bytom. In the first weeks of the Second World War, Nawrot was arrested and imprisoned in the concentration camp in Dachau, where he died on May 18th 1942.
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