Формирование и боевой путь интернационального партизанского отряда им. К. Е. Ворошилова. 1942–1943 гг.

Author(s): S. B. Vyazmenskiy / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 16/2016

The article is devoted to the clarification of the tragic fate and perpetuation of the memory of international partisan detachment named after K. E. Voroshilov commanded by the Spanish anti-fascist, the captain of the Red army Francisco Gullón. The detachment was formed by order № 0038 commander in chief of the guerrilla movement K. E. Voroshilov dated September 14, 1942. And was supposed to operate behind enemy lines in the area of Siverskaya—Luga—Batetskaya. 32 Spanish commandos experienced in subversive struggle during the Civil war in Spain (1936–1939) fought shoulder to shoulder with the Soviet warriors in this unit. Because of the weak qualification of pilots guerrillas landing occurred with a range of 80-100 km. In addition, two of the three detachment groups (a total of more than 70 people) shortly after landing behind enemy lines were missing. As a result only one group of the unit - under the command of F. Gullón — remained combat-ready. The group acted on the territory of the Kingisepp and Luga districts of the Leningrad region from September 29, 1942 to March 6, 1943. But only 4 guerrillas of the 55 partisans of F. Gullón group emerged in the Soviet rear on March 20, 1943. The partisans had to fight not only a superior number of the German punitive expeditions, but with a strong frost, hunger, diseases, and even the suspicion of treachery. Nevertheless the guerrillas continued to carry out sabotage on the enemy’s communications. The Leningrad headquarters of the partisan movement was well aware of the disastrous situation in the detachment, but did not take active action to correct it. Even after the suspect in the detachment’s activity for the Germans was not confirmed.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ И РАЗВИТИЕ ГРАЖДАНСКОГО ОБЩЕСТВА В г. СОРТАВАЛЕ (1880–1939)

Author(s): Hannu Itkonen,Yuri Gennadievich Shikalov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 7 (168)/2017

The article deals with the history of the civil society development in Sortavala at the end of the XIX century and during the period when the city was part of the independent Finland. The year of 1880 was taken as a starting period of our research because a city teachers’ seminary was founded during this year. Its establishment served as a powerful impetus to the formation of the civil society. By the beginning of the Winter War, the civil society in Sortavala was already quite well developed. After the end of the war, in 1940s the city was annexed by the Soviet Union and the Finnish population was completely evacuated. According to the results of our research, during this period the most popular among the city’s residents were sports, music and public educational organizations. The purpose of this article is to identify how the activities of these organizations were formed and changed. The study showed that in the last decades of its”Finnish period” the city of Sortavala turned into a vibrant cultural and sports center with an active civil society.

Формирование идеологической функции в деятельности образовательных учреждений Среднего Урала в 1920–1921 гг.: К вопросу о взаимоотношении РКП (б) и уч

Author(s): J. B. Shuvalova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2008

The forms and methods of organization of school and out-of-school edu-cation in the Middle Ural during the first post revolutionary years are analyzed. Communist party’s personnel policy towards the teachers is studied. The forma-tion of ideological function of soviet school education is observed.

Формирование интеллигентности: онтологический аспект

Author(s): S. V. Kovalyova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2011

The article shows the process of human formation as an intelligent that is characterized by the ability to define in intellectual and spiritually-moral way, to constitute subjective-theoretical and utilitarian-consuming activity of consciousness

Формирование интеллигенции в высшей школе Центрального района России в 1970—1985 годы

Author(s): Galina Anatolyevna Budnik / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2013

The specifics of educational and pedagogical activities of the higher education institutions’ teachers in the Central region of Russia in 1970—1985 are studied. The forms and methods of the organization of educational process are analyzed on the archival material basis. The problem of possi-bility to create intellectual and spiritual qualities of intelligentsia is consi¬dered. The experience of the scientific and pedagogical intelligentsia activi-ties in 1970—1985 is estimated in the context of modernization of the con-temporary higher school

Формирование интеллигенции в высшей школе: от теории к практике

Author(s): Valery Sergeyevich Memetov,Galina Anatolyevna Budnik / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2010

The work analyses actual problems of contemporary Russian higher education. Theoretical aspects of formation of intellectual spiritual image of students are studied in the article. Different practical ways of educational work organization in the system of higher education in the beginning of the 21st century are generalized and explained

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ОБРАЗА ЛИБЕРАЛА В КОНСЕРВАТИВНЫХ КРУГАХ РОССИЙСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЫ ХIХ ВЕКА (на примере работ князя В. П. Мещерского)

Author(s): Andrey Yegorov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5 (134)/2013

Development of a negative image of a liberal in conservative circles of the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX century on the examples of the memoirs and political journalism of Prince V. P. Meshchersky is analyzed. The conservatives were known to evaluate “liberalism” (and “cosmopolitism” as its synonym) not as a political ideology or a social movement associated with certain values, but as a totality of various phenomena opposing the concepts of “patriotism”, “morality”, “classicism”, “idealism”, and “religion”. This broad interpretation of liberalism allowed, on the one hand, to stick this label to any unwanted person (from a minister to a nihilist) in case their views did not comply with the triad “Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationality”, and, on the other hand, to explain all negative facts of the Russian life by the influence of “adverse western ideas” and schemes of “homeland’s enemies”. Antagonism toward liberalism was reflected in stylistics of V. P. Meshchersky’s texts, which manifested itself in such phrases as “the flowing tide of cosmopolitism and liberalism” from the West and “western ideas eroding the sense of love for motherland”. Starting from here the opposition of liberalism against patriotism emerged, which gradually led to the development of an image of a liberal as a “homeland enemy”. The fight against liberals was declared a sacred duty of every citizen. As a result, political journalism of V. P. Meshchersky helped to form a conservative thrust in the domestic policy of Russia at the end of the XIX century, which eliminated any possibility of a compromise between ruling authorities and society

Формирование окуневского канонического искусства

Author(s): Liudmila A. Sokolova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2004

The article discusses the problem of the emergence and origins of the Okunevo art in Southern Siberia. The author considers main manifestations of this art which are expressed in different forms: monumental sculpture, sculpture of small forms, small figurines and graffiti. The analysis of the Okunevo art shows that the bearers of these cultural traditions were not simple bands of taiga hunters but represented rather a complex society with developed hierarchical structure. It was ruled by leaders with theocratic nature of social power who possessed strong influence of non-economic character. The Okunevo art finds clear parallels in synchronous cultures of the Far East and Northern India. It can be supposed that certain similarity between the Yangshao and Okunevo iconographies are conditioned by a common ancestral tradition. However the influence of this ancestral tradition in the Yangshao culture was minimal. On the other hand, connections between the Okunevo and North Indian cultures were long-term and relatively stable including certain cultural borrowings and migrations. The author shares the opinion of D.G. Savinov that the Okunevo cultural tradition was shaped on the border of Northern and Central Asian cultural area on the basis of earlier Neolithic traditions and under influence of different cultural innovations.

Формирование публичного образа Неизвестного Солдата. Память и кино в послевоенном европейском контексте: пример Италии

Author(s): D. Dogo / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 16/2016

This articles outlines the emergence and transformation of one of the most popular Italian myths arising from the First World War: the image of the unknown soldier. It examines how films and their motifs and characters from the early 1920s until the early 1930s evoked and revived historical events seen as extremely valuable by a society that had lived through them. Outlined first is how the popular image of the First World War Italian warrior (i.e. the “Milite Ignoto” or “Unknown Soldier”) was constructed. Second, the article chronicles how this image became a subject for film, and how that choice affected the themes of Italian cinematographic production, notably non-fictional, in the period spanning from the First World War’s end until the ascent of Fascism and its aftermath. The role of full-length Gloria. Apoteosi del soldato ingot (Glory. Apotheosis of the Unknown Soldier), Federazione Cinematografica Italiana / Unione Fototecnici Cinematografici, 1921) was a prominent one for it showed how the image of the unknown soldier began to acquire the dimension of a myth. Some fragments of its footage for example—where the tomb of the Milite Ignoto (at the Altare della Patria at Vittoriano) was filmed—served in the making of the film Gloria (Glory) by Roberto Omegna in 1934 which was later distributed by the Fascists’ Educational Film Union-LUCE. The article thus details how Italians’ postwar image of the unknown soldier changed due to the Fascists’ manipulation of memory.

Формирование раннескифского культурного комплекса Келермесского могильника в Закубанье

Author(s): Tatyana V. Ryabkova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2019

This article is devoted to an overview of groups of artefacts that were found in mounds in the Kelermes burial mound. A second exploration of Kelermes in the 1980s established the sequence of construction of the mounds, and this, along with changes in the collections of artefacts, makes it possible to trace the stages of the formation of the early Scythian cultural complex. The sequence of development can be traced on the basis of materials from the older Kelermes mounds, including mounds 1 and 2 excavated by Nikolay Veselovsky and mound 4 excavated by David Schultz: intensive peaceful contacts with Transcaucasia, characteristic of a population which had migrated from Central Asia at the time of Veselovsky’s mounds, ceased abruptly in the period of Schultz’s mound no. 4, which looks like a sort of ‘return to the sources’. Materials from mound 3 from Schultz’s excavations demonstrate the extent of cultural interaction with the peoples of Western Asia, Anatolia and Transcaucasia. At that time the fledgling nomadic culture was being enriched by the achievements of the Eastern-Greek world. The ‘royal’ class of artefacts from this complex show the unusually high social status of the deceased, comparable with that of an Assyrian king. There are numerous analogies of the materials from mound 24 in other mounds from the Ancient Scythian period, so it is possible to synchronize it with these monuments. Mound 24, one of the latest in the burial mound, appeared at a time when there was not yet any Greek pottery in Trans-Kuban, despite the fact that links with the Eastern-Greek world already existed. Finds from the 1st Razmenny (Kostromsky) mound and the settlement of Tarasova Balka are evidence of the large-scale import of ancient pottery into Trans-Kuban in the last quarter of the 7th century BC.The changes observed in the inventories from the Kelermes burial mound show the length of time the cemetery was in use, the incorrectness of applying the dates of monuments with ancient pottery to all its mounds and the impossibility of dating the burial mound to a narrow timeframe.

Формирование сельской интеллигенции Области войска Донского выходцами из крестьянского сословия

Author(s): I. A. Revin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2010

The article deals with the problem of rural intelligentsia formation of Donskoye Host by peasants during the reforming period. The author states the criteria of intelligentsia on basis of which he analyses the specific features of activity, mentality, qualitative characteristics of such social group as rural intelligentsia. Special attention is given to peasants’ motivation in getting education, in attempts to increase peasants’ social status and consequently to change their sphere of activity. The author’s conclusions are proved by ar-chive documents and biographies of honored artists that come from peasantry of Donskoye Host

Формирование средневековой государственности в Трансильвании (IX–XIII вв.)

Author(s): I.-A. Pop / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2012

The study surveys the evolution of the medieval area of Transylvania from a territory divided between Slavic, Romanian and then also Magyar political structures to a peculiar province under the authority of the Hungarian crown. The study further investigates the religious and confessional transformation occurred throughout the centuries under analysis in the area between the Carpathian mountains (from the Christianization of the local — «new and old» — populations to their shift towards Byzantium, in the last century of the First Bulgarian Tsarate, to the changes brought by the expansion of the Latin rite Kingdom of Hungary after the year 1000). The paper equally discusses several controversial matters such as the «question of Romanian continuity» vs. «the immigration theory» or the composite ethnic structure of Transylvania both prior and after it became an institutional part of the Hungarian realm. Special attention is paid to the local political and administrative developments, which preserved (and adapted) Transylvania as a voivodate within the Hungarian kingdom.

Формирование сущностных черт интеллигенции в процессе преподавания культурологии (Из опыта использования музейных экспозиций)

Author(s): G. P. Krasina ,T. N. Markova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2009

The article shows the role of present-day museums in moral education of the students in the University. It analyzes the peculiarities of the use of museum exposi-tions in the educational course “culturology” from the point of formation of intelli-gentsia essential features. It also evaluates the potential of museum expositions of Ivanovo in culturology teaching.

Формула за будућност - обештећење југословенских жртава нацистичких прогона

Author(s): Vladimir Ivanović / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 1/2009

Both countries, according to their interest, were changing their ideological approach, taking a more pragmatic attitude. This led to the Brioni agreement between Tito and Willy Brandt, which eventually gave solution for the indemnity of the victims of nazi persecution. How-ever, Broz had never explained real nature of the agreement to the peoples of Yugoslavia, thus making a basis for building of a political myth.

Формы производственной деятельности инженерно-техни¬ческих кадров в системе промысловой кооперации губерний Верхнего Поволжья в 20—30-е годы ХХ века

Author(s): A. V. Gusev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2009

The article deals with main forms of production activity of engineer-ing-technical personnel and their role in the broadening cooperation between technical specialists and workers.

Формы участия творческой интеллигенции в социально-экономической жизни советского общества на этапе форсированной индустриальной модернизации

Author(s): Violetta Kuzmina / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2011

The article shows different forms of creative intelligentsia’s participa-tion in social-economic life of the country in the 1920—1930s. This is the time of industrial modernization. It was possible to implement the given plans of the Soviet government by both economic and political methods and non-economic ones connected both with consolidation of population in solv-ing the main problems of industrial modernization and with the new type of the Soviet person formation whose life and activity is aimed at socialistic creation for the purpose of prosperity of the Soviet government. The creative intelligentsia was solving these very problems.

Фортификация Болгара в XIV в.: современное состояние проблемы

Author(s): Vladimir Yu. Koval / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

The article reviews published materials and hypotheses concerning the fortification of Bolgar town in the 14th century, in the era of its heyday and reaching the maximum area. The hypotheses were verified based on the data obtained during excavations in 2014—2015. It is shown that the archaeological realities documented in the excavation reports do not match with O. Khovanskaya and Yu. Krasnov’s hypotheses on a buttress wall (or a cellular wall, ‘tarasa’) placed on the crest of the rampart and existence of pillar-basedtowers. In reality, during the excavations of 1946, 1953 and 1967, only irregular traces of pillar pits of different depths were discovered. Such traces could be left by a light fence supported by some separate pillars. Pillar-based towers in the Russian medieval fortifications are not known, because they would represent very fragile structures, vulnerable to stone-hurling artillery. It was suggested that the found pillar pits could be traces of some household structures of a Russian village dated by 17th—20th centuries. Defensive structures on the top of the rampart could consist of a light wooden fence without any towers. Some attempts are made to explain the difference between the Russian and Bolgar urban defense strategies. While the Russian strategy was based on use of vertical barriers (wood-earth walls), the Bolgar strategy was based on the construction of ramparts to prevent cavalry attacks on the town. Such ramparts were defended by cavalry detachments moving inside the town walls.

Фотис Кондоглу: романтик или фанатик?

Author(s): Sophia Hadzhipapa / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/2003

Фотоальбом

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2020

To the Anniversary of Oleg Sharov

Фотоальбом

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2020

Block of photos with Maria Comşa