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The present study explores the political journalistic activity conducted by Rector Fr. Dumitru Stăniloae in the confessional journal from Sibiu Telegraful Român (Romanian Telegraph), between the years 1940-1941. Amid particularly tumultuous events, but also of maximum historical resonance occurring in Romania, the Transylvanian theologian builds a passionate journalistic discourse, which designs his own theo-political ideas for the Romanian nation and Orthodoxy. Vehemently protesting against the Communist ideology and Soviet Russia, torn spiritually because of the abusive territorial losses in those years, the Christian journalist Dumitru Stăniloae adheres, at first, the enticing “Christian totalitarianism” manifested by the Legionary Movement, and, then, becomes a fervent supporter of the expansionist policy of Nazi Germany and its ally, the much contested General Ion Antonescu.
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This paper attempts to identify the differentiated approaches of the Czechs and Slovaks in relation to monetary integration (the EMU) in Europe. It includes analysis of the key strategic documents programming the countries’ position in and towards the Eurozone, the presentation of selected economic parameters, as well as public opinion surveys on the issue, which divides not only Prague and Bratislava but the whole Central European region. As a result it shows the diversified picture of the two member states’ approaches towards the Eurozone. Comparing the Czech and Slovak cases enables to observe two individual trajectories that launched in 1993. If not the Czech-Slovak divorce, both of the economies would be outside or inside of the Euro-club.
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Understanding Church-state relations in Serbia as an idea carried over from the Byzantine understanding of the doctrine of the relationship between the secular and ecclesiastical authorities. While the ruler carrier secular power, spiritual patriarch, the nation's indivisible and belongs to the state and the church, so that the question of relations between church and state resolved uniquely. On that basis set and relationship harmony and mutuality of church and state, as in Byzantium, and later in Serbia. Archimandrite Sava using Studenica typicon -the first constitution of the Serbian Church -managed in the best way to highlight all that contain terms: church autonomy, self statehood, independence, identity
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The need for legal protection and chance equality between men and women is an essential element of harmonious human development. In the legal protection of one's rights aspect, the human being exposes the deepest and most personal features, tendencies, one accomplishes one's deepest wishes, all of them enlightening one's true personality. Legal protection thus ensures a total of rights and obligations, expresses a number of features and qualities of human personality, has an influence on a person's health and sanity and therefore it is the reason for which the majority of states have included this value amongst the ones that must be taken into consideration even by instrumental implementation of criminal law
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Since 2007, as Romania joined the great European family, the influence EU law over the domestic law has been constant and extremely auspicious. This influence has produced a series of changes in the legal system, as Romania took over the European legal rules contained in the EU treaties which it has signed, and some Compulsory sources –such as directives, recommendations –, and acknowledged and enforced the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice and of the European Court of Human Rights
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Short History of legal profession in Romania presents several personalities of national legal culture
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The phenomena of continuity and discontinuity have a great importance for any science and by default to the science of law in the sense that a legal system is proving effective or ineffective depending on how it handles issues of continuity and discontinuity at the level of legislation. Regarding continuity in matters of law, the Romans knew very well to create a very efficient legal system, on which a large part of modern law relies. A series of important legal institutions of today have their origins in the Roman law, jurists establishing ever since some rules which have acquired undeniable continuity even to the present. A thorough study of continuity-discontinuity relationship as a general rule for the evolution of law is justified by the actuality of the topic, both from the point of view of post-totalitarian evolution of the Central and Eastern European countries as well as from the perspective of their European integration. As for the second aspect, we should start from the premise that the European Union once extended does not cope for the first time with the difficulties of continuity - discontinuity alternation because of this expansion. Throughout history, Europe was confronted with such alternation in legal terms as well and the experience that it has acquired can be used in the continuous process of European Union’s expansion.
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This paper addresses the topic of citizenship, considered an issue of internal law, on the grounds that the state, based on the principle of national sovereignty, is the one that sets, on the one hand, the criteria and methods for obtaining or losing its citizenship, and, on the other hand, the rights and obligations of the persons who have/acquire its citizenship based on these. The emergence of the cases of dual/triple citizenship or of statelessness may be regarded as the result of concepts and regulations of the states, which are sovereign in the case of granting and withdrawing citizenship.
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Nowadays, the boundary between virtual and real security is diminished, organized attacks in cyberspace can cause serious consequences in physical reality. Cyber threats have a significant international component, which determines the approach of cyber security in terms of foreign policy.This analytical approach pays particular attention to the factors determining the need for developing diplomatic instruments specific to cyber space, as a component of foreign policy. The paper focuses moreover on the operationalization of the cyber diplomacy concept and on the analysis of cyber diplomacy mechanisms developed by the European Union.
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By association with other legislation, where the economic and social considerations are more important than other legal factors, the main objective consists in saving the debtor and the research for viable solutions to the detriment of payment of liabilities, in our insolvency legislation, trying to satisfy the interests of both creditors and debtors, covering the debt with reorganization of the debtor.The paper analyzes the circumstances in which creditors are entitled to make application but also the legal consequences of non-compliance with these conditions.
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Law-making involves a complex process conditioned by complex realities, in which two aspects prove equally important and also interdependent - the aspect pertaining to social realities and the technical and formal aspect, pertaining to the elements on the structure of the enactment style and language of corporate and specific procedure for adoption. In this process, an essential role is played by documentation that allows the issue of value judgments in choosing the best solutions to be incorporated in the proposed regulation. Documentation, as an activity is not considered an end in itself, rather it creates prerequisites for a thorough understanding of social phenomena and relations which are to be subject to legal regulation.
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Bus company cajoles visitors to the Nazi concentration camp by using emotionally charged images from the Holocaust.
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Disciplinary responsibility represents a form of judicial responsibility specific to the labor law, containing the ensemble of the legal norms that define disciplinary deviations, establish the sanctions and regulate the background and procedural conditions for their application.Being specific to the work relation, the disciplinary responsibility occurs whenever an employed person violates the obligation to respect labor discipline. This tipe of responsibility has a contractual nature, a strictly personal character, exercising sanctioning, preventive and educational functions.
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Charles-Louis Montesquieu’s outlook on justice is based on the idea of separation of powers, a fundamentalidea that founded modern constitutionalism. The work that we focus on in this article, De l'esprit des lois, highlightsthe importance of knowing the essence of laws and how their action manifests in different forms of government, asthe law constitutes a social, historical and cultural phenomenon. The law corrects and the punishment represents theprice paid for maintaining freedom.
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Violation of the pre-established regulations through an unappropriate behaviour triggers the responsabilityof the guilty person forcing them to bear the most different consequences of his act.Judicial responsability is both a kind and an integral part of social responsability whose singularity consists in the actthat it derives from violating a law regulation that incubates. The compulsoriness of bearing a constraint has the solereason of deviation from the judicial regulation. By triggering the responsability and bearing the consequencesdevolving from it the violated law order is established.In the content of the present article there will be approached specific aspects of the kinds of judicial responsibilitywithin the labour law, their features as well as their sanction system.
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The issue of land acquisition in Romania by foreign individuals or legal entities accounted for over time asensitive issue. If the regulations adopted by 2003 categorically forbade land sales to foreigners in the context ofRomania's accession to the European Union has become permissive legal framework, foreigners can acquireownership of lands, as stipulated by special laws.
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The area of the Hum land was by the end of the 12th century in the jurisdiction of the Ston Catholic bishop. Beside Latin, Slavic, being dominant in this region, was also used in liturgy. As the diocese was situated at the crossroads of the East and the West, there was a "mixture" of the Western and Eastern rites. At the end of the 12th century, when the Hum land came under the rule of Prince Miroslav Nemanjic, the bishop of Ston was exiled. With the establishment of the Serbian Orthodox Archbishopric in 1219 these areas came under the influence of the Eastern Church. Its founder Rastko (Sava) Nemanjic appointed an episcope in Ston who recognized his jurisdiction and established the Hum episcopate. On the ground, things did not change due to the closeness of languages and church rites. There were no clashes over the church rites. The Bishop of Hum in Ston and Rat, and the Benedictines of the monastery of St. Mary on Mljet coexisted in this area. Due to unstable political situation the Bishop of Hum in the mid-13th century moved the seat of the eparchy to the monastery of St. Peter in Lim. In the mid 80s the appointment of the bishops of Ston was renewed. The Catholic Church recognized the diversity of languages and rites so that Catholic bishop and eastern "Raska" monks and priests, who celebrated the service in the Slavic language and, probably, eastern rites, could coexist again. When Ston and Rat fell under the rule of Dubrovnik, a major change occurred. Dubrovnik wanted to see the residents of Ston and Rat more tied to the Republic and blocked the Ston-Korcula bishop's jurisdiction in Ston and Rat bringing the priests and friars (foreigners?) from Bosnian vicariate, who introduced "Roman" rites and Latin in liturgy. It caused a conflict between Dubrovnik and the Ston-Korcula's bishops, which was resolved by the Holy See. Dubrovnik, in order to win this dispute, took all the credit for Catholicism. They even labeled the residents of Ston and Rat as "schismatics" representing thus to the Holy See the credit of Dubrovnik in their conversion. The same was done by the Franciscans after they were deprived of their congregation in Ston and Rat. Unlike Dubrovnik and the Franciscans, the bishops of Ston and Korcula did not see them as schismatic. Believers in Ston and Rat because of the turbulent political situation and the lack of care of their shepherds were certainly religiously neglected so that such negligence could be characterized as "schismatic" and later as "heretic".
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Duration and intensity of the Second World War in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the presence of occupying forces of the German Reich and the Kingdom of Italy, the Armed Forces of the Independent Croatian State, as well as actions of Yugoslav monarchists and communists led by partisan movement resulted in direct conflict of the warring parties with large casualties among the soldiers and the population. Irreconcilable ideologies and political and military interests of the opposing sides during the conflict and civil war multiplied human losses.The communist confrontation in Yugoslavia with all actual and presumed adversaries, without distinction, during and especially at the end of the Second World War and the immediate post-war period was massive and relentless.The intention of complete and radical confrontation of Yugoslav communists with the enemy immediately after the Second World War, was based on the decision of the Ministry of the Interior DF Yugoslavia of 18 May 1945 on the removal of cemeteries and graves of the "occupiers" and "enemies of the people", which included the cemeteries and gravestones of soldiers of German, Italian and Hungarian armies, as well as the Ustasha, Chetniks and Slovenian Home Guard. That the decision on the removal of cemeteries and graves of "occupiers" and "enemies of the people" was systematically carried out in Bosnia and Herzegovina can be confirmed by the preserved documents, contemporaries of such events and the state of these cemeteries too. After the Second World War in Yugoslavia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, graves and cemeteries of fallen partisans and the graveyards of the victims of "fascist terror" were protected by law, maintained and embellished, whereas the graves and cemeteries of "enemy soldiers" as well as the graves of "their collaborators" stayed out of such regulations.This continued until the disintegration of the former Yugoslavia.
More...Bogdana Nawroczyńskiego bilans walki o państwowość, ziemie i język: na podstawie opracowania Nasza walka o szkołę polską 1901-1917
The following text is an analysis of the struggle for the independence of the Polish nation between the 19th and 20th centuries. This analysis takes an educational perspective and is based on a largely forgotten work of Bogdan Nawroczyński, Nasza walka o szkołę polską 1901-1917. When speaking about the freedom struggle one can distinguish between a more common meaning connected with military conflict, and a less common meaning connected with organic, cultural-based work. The second meaning is especially interesting due to the important role played by education therein. The organization of secret and official schooling in that period not only served to promote the spread of knowledge, but was also used for the rebuilding of the state. Nawroczyński's piece is also important from the point of view of contemporary problems and conflicts.
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