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The study surveys instances of discursive normalization of the Russian attack on Ukraine across the Visegrád Four (V4) countries, examining political discourses in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. Following February 24, 2022, the strategies that expressed an open backing of Russia were mostly marginalized becoming morally all but impossible and thus politically too costly. However, other and more indirect ways of showing “understanding” if not support for Moscow’s actions soon (re)emerged. These included presenting the war in “realist-geopolitical” terms, as a proxy for the (allegedly inevitable) competition between great powers and a “neutralist-pacifist” discourse that criticized the Western military aid to Ukraine. In a broader sense, both discourses can be viewed as anchored in collective memories of the tragic Central European past that have traditionally infused the national identities in the V4 with a sense of vulnerability. The grim “realist” image of the world also rhymes well with the regional rise of the populist political style that hinges on the stated need to protect the “underdog” people and replaces the imperatives of solidarity with those of “self-help.”
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Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine has highlighted the problems of the Japanese academic discourse on Ukraine. This essay has two purposes. First, it describes how Russia’s invasion has altered Tokyo’s official policies and public discourse by driving away Russian disinformation and propaganda narratives while articulating the multiple chasms among academics regarding Ukraine and Russia. Second, it highlights the embedded assumptions commonly seen in many researchers dealing with post-Soviet space: Russia-centred ontology (e.g., “Ukraine is a periphery of Russia”, “fraternal nations”) and counterhegemonic epistemology that blames the collective West for “Russophobia.”
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Using Indonesia, one of the leading voices in the so-called Global South, I trace the diverse narratives of non-Western elites on interpreting the war in Ukraine, the relationship between Russia and the “non-Western” world, and the NATO factors. The lack of knowledge about Russia and Ukraine, coupled with the strong anti-Western sentiment, has created a more pro- Russian sentiment in the Indonesian narratives about the war. This tendency was made stronger by the postcolonial thinking in Indonesian elite discourse, creating an ‘understander’ narrative rooted in the local postcolonial history instead of being driven by external, material factors.
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This contribution investigates what explains Brazil’s neutrality narrative regarding the Russian war against Ukraine. Brazil’s position can be seen as a consequence of the economic interests of Brazilian agrobusiness, but mainly due to its historical tradition of diplomatic neutrality. However, neutrality seems to clash with Brazil’s self-conceptualization as being a relevant player at the international level, especially since the 2000s. I show how this identitarian clash has led to an attempt to move from “neutrality” to an “impartiality” discourse, and argue that Brazil might partially align with the West to meet core strategic foreign policy goals.
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Modern historical research rarely reaches medical audience. Its findings are extremely interesting and even surprising. It is important to give the opportunity to healthcare professionals to know them.
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Adolf Kussmaul was a leading clinician on his time. He was born on 22. February 1822 as son and grandson of physicians and followed their way. Kussmaul studied medicine in Heidelberg and later specialized in Vienna and Prague with Carl von Rockitansky (pathology); Joseph Škoda (internal diseases); Ferdinand von Hebra (dermatology) and Johann von Oppolzer (internal diseases). He served as military surgeon and later had private practice. He went to Würzburg to study for his doctorate under Virchow. Kussmaul was subsequently Professor of medicine at Heidelberg, Erlangen, Freiburg and Strassburg. He was elected as honorary citizen of Heidelberg where he died on 25.May 1902. Kussmaul is regarded as one of the creators of the term Biedermaier. His name continues to be used in the eponyms: Kussmaul breathing (very deep and labored breathing in severe diabetic ketoacidosis); Kussmaul sign (pulsus paradoxus in constrictive pericarditis); Kussmaul disease (periarteriitis nodosa, now polyarteritis nodosa) – named with Rudolf Maier, pathologist.
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Appeared around 10,000 BC, in northeastern Africa, smallpox spreads around the globe, causing devastating epidemics among human society. The discovery of the smallpox vaccine in 1796 by the English doctor Edward Jenner has marked the beginning of the specific prevention of the disease. Gradually, vaccination was imposed in the world medical practice and gained wide popularity. Bulgaria is one of the first countries to introduce variola vaccination as mandatory for the Bulgarian population. The purpose of the present study is to make a historical overview of the spread of smallpox on Bulgarian territory, the methods and anti-epidemic actions of the health authorities to protect the population and to trace the path to success in achieving the eradication of smallpox on a national scale.
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Followed are the life and creative path of Professor Dr. Vasil Mollov – a distinguished Bulgarian internist, parasitologist, professor and author of numerous publications. An emphasis is placed on the contribution of Prof. Mollov to the fight against malaria in Bulgaria which consists of organization of the process, preparation of the first Regulations regarding battling the malaria and formation of the first stations for combating the disease in our country. Prof. Mollov holds scientific and managerial positions, he was elected dean and rector of Sofia University. He is a member of a number of scientific societies and academies.
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The research of nurses and midwives marked its development in the early twentieth century in the United States, when the need for education at the university level, rather than vocational school, was realized. The development of bachelor's and master's programs in the field of health care is a prerequisite for the development of new professional skills and competencies such as conducting research. A literature review was made about historical development of nursing research in the USA, Europe and Bulgaria. Scientific publications, available scientific literature and official pages of international, European and Bulgarian organizations are included. The establishment of National Institute of Nursing Research is of great importance for the development in the United States. A significant event in this direction at European level is the creation of a European Foundation for Nursing Research to support and promote research in health care. In Bulgaria, this activity is still at an early stage of development and the responsibility is mainly at the institutional level of higher medical schools. There are differences in the level of research development of nurses and midwives in the United States and Europe. Steps have been taken in our country concerning this activity, which presents healthcare professionals in a completely new role. Modern health care requires high quality in their provision, which is guaranteed by a science-based approach.
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The French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) died on island St Helena in Atlantic Ocean. After the battle of Waterloo (1815) he abdicated and lived in exile in Longood House, the old residence of the British governor of the island. For a long time he was in bitterest conflict with Sir Hudson Lowe, a British general and governor of St. Helena. His health deteriorated progressively. Napoleon began to suffer from right abdominal pain, episodes of fever, vomiting and, at the end, from hematemesis and melena. He expressed progressive weakness and weight loss (about 10 kg). Napoleon died on the 5th of May, 1821. Dr. Francesco Antomarchi performed the autopsy in the presence of seven British medical doctors. The main pathological finding during the necropsy was a mass of cancerous disease advancing to cancerous ulcer. The ulcer was covered by adhesions located between the stomach and the liver. The main risk factors for gastric cancer are chronic gastritis caused by Helicobacter pylori and genetic susceptibility. It is proposed a H. pylori infection during his life as an important risk factor. In addition, the diet of military campains, rich in salt-preserved foods, thoroughly roasted meats, and few fresh fruits and vegetables, is likely to have played a synergistic role in the pathogenesis of Napoleon’s cancer. In 1961, an elevated arsenic (As) concentration in his hair taken after the death suggested arsenic poisoning. In 2008, this hypotheses was finally dismissed due to a study showing elevated As content in the hair of Napoleon’s son (Napoleon II) and Joséphine, his wife; the both were never on St. Helena. Today the Napoleon’s remains are located in Les Invalides, Paris.
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By dedicating this presentation to Prof. Dr. Todor Zahariev, his main contribution to building and strengthening the authority of the then Higher Medical Institute - Plovdiv is highlighted with respect and admiration. The intensive construction initiatives and realizations for the expansion and erection of landmark buildings on the territory of the University and a mountain recreational facility for its employees are also highlighted. His creative and career development as Rector of the higher educational institution (1957-1964) is outlined. He headed and held management positions in healthcare institutions nationwide. Personal recollections during the period of renewal and the spirit of the atmosphere under his leadership are shared. Emphasis is placed on research interests and innovations gravitating in the area of social hygiene and history of medicine, the contribution to the current field of ergonomics of medical work. The logical vision of healthcare organization in the conditions of democratizing reality is present even after the end of his active professional activity. A bow to the Man, always benevolent and dedicated - the colossus Prof. Dr. T. Zahariev!
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Prof. Dr. Dimiter Petroff Pamukoff is renown for his innovative contribution to the medical science of phytotherapy in the XX and XXI century. He was employing evidence-based medicine in his scientific research of medicinal plants’ profilactic and theraupetic effect since 1940-s. In 1975 he founded the first Scientific Phytotherapy Centre at the Technical Progress Department of the Ministry of Health in Bulgaria, which he directed for around 20 years. There, he invented innovative phytopharmaceutical medicines for many socially significant diseases. We review his research and innovations, as well as his remarkable contribution to medicine.
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The changes in social, national and cultural conciousness around a third into the 19th century brought also inspiration in the field of artistic and architectural creation. There was an emphasis oo the artist´s individuality, and inner movements were characteristic. The dynamism and freedom of creation stood in contrast to classicist reservedness and moderation. State, church and national communities simultaneously look for security and support in tradition. It brings preferred historical themes and a direct connection to the historical principles of creation in architecture. The neostyles were applied, and by the end of the 19th century, so was eclecticism. This article deals with the origin and development of neostyles in the field of sacral architecture with a focus on Slovak territory.
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The aim of this article is to evaluate the contribution of Lithuanian archaeologist, military officer, and writer Petras Tarasenka (1892–1962) to the exploration of hillforts. It reveals the methods employed by Tarasenka to make hillforts culturally significant heritage sites within society. The article is based on the latest historiography, archival data, and analysis of Tarasenka’s fictional works. Historical, analytical, descriptive, statistical, and content analysis methods were employed in its preparation. Three interrelated directions within Tarasenka’s work in the field of hillfort exploration are distinguished: data collection and protection, research, and popularisation. The article uncovers how Tarasenka’s approach to hillforts can apply to other forms of heritage.
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LKP CK biuro sprendimu 1958 m. birželio 27 d. Vilniaus universiteto rektorius Juozas Bulavas buvo pašalintas iš rektoriaus pareigų. Jis buvo kaltinamas partijos nutarimų nevykdymu, universiteto partinės organizacijos ignoravimu, nacionalinės Lietuvos specifikos akcentavimu, lietuviškų nekomunistinių kadrų iškėlimu. Universitete viešame susirinkime, perduodant pareigas naujajam rektoriui, J. Bulavas neatgailavo ir klaidų nepripažino. / By the decision of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the LCP on 1958 June 27 the rector of Vilnius University, Juozas Bulavas, was removed from his position. He was accused of not implementing the party’s resolutions, ignoring the university’s party organization, emphasizing the national specifics of Lithuania, and promoting non-communist Lithuanian cadres. In a public meeting, at the university, during the transfer of duties to the new rector, Bulavas did not repent and did not admit his mistakes.
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Review of: Lauri Mälksoo. Neteisėta aneksija ir valstybių tęstinumas: Baltijos šalių prijungimas prie SSRS. Vilnius: Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras, 2021.
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All evidence at our disposal shows that the region of Srem was devastated only once – by the Cumans fleeing from Hungary in the spring of 1241, and that the papal letter of 1247 alluded to the wrong culprit. It was possibly a consequence of scribal error or frequent mixing of Mongols (“Tatars”) and Cumans in the eyes of contemporaries. However, the particular moment when the plea of the clergy of Srem was sent to the Roman Curia reveals other, more probable explanations. Namely, exactly between 1246 and 1248 the fear of a new impending Tatar attack was omnipresent in Hungary, efforts were made to strengthen the defense of the country and the Pope himself instigated the Hungarian prelates to participate in the building of new fortifications. Moreover, at that time Béla IV tried and eventually succeeded to persuade the Cumans, who were scattered over the Balkans, to return to Hungary as royal allies. The agreement was crowned with the betrothal between the king’s son and a Cuman princess. In such a climate, characterized by the widespread fear of a new Mongol attack, rapid fortification efforts and the high hopes put into the king’s alliance with the Cumans, it is unsurprising that the clergy of Srem motivated their plea for the establishment of the new seat of the bishoprics by the previous “Tatar devastation”, conveniently omitting particular details of the events, such as the identity of the real culprits – the Cuman allies of the king.
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The paper is analyzes the history of the Matarango Arbaneshi feudal family and its position among the major political and military powers in the Balkans during the 13th and 14th century. It is determined that the Matarango family, since it was first mentioned in the historical sources in 1297, played a minor, but yet visible role in the political and economic life of what is today the south coastal area of the Republic of Albania. The policy of balancing and yielding to larger and stronger political powers was essential for the survival and strengthening of this family. Therefore, members of the Matarango family can be found in the service of the Byzantine Empire, but also in that of the Serbs and the Angevins. The collapse of the centralized Serbian empire and the emergence of regional lords, despite the efforts of sebastokrator Blasius Matarango, decisively influenced the disappearance of this family.
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