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U Mostaru je prije rata živjelo 23.846 (18,83%) Srba, a danas samo 5.000 (3%). U Gradskom vijeću Mostara Srbi imaju pet vijećnika, od kojih su četvorica iz bošnjačkih i hrvatskih nacionalnih stranaka – SDA i HDZ-a, dok je u gradskoj administraciji od 600 radnih mjesta posao našlo dvadesetak građana srpske nacionalnosti.
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This chapter uses the Turkish Census data to offer a very detailed demographic and geographic analysis of immigrants from Germany, returnee migrants from Germany in Turkey. ABSTRACT IN TURKISH: Bu bolumde Almancilar ve ALmanya'dan Turkiyeye goc detayli olarak analiz edilmekte ve cesitli tablolar ve haritalarla onemli aciklamalar getirilmektedir.
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Turkey is a special country. Sandwiched between Europe and Asia,Turkey is a secular Muslim country that has undergone many transitions,including from a major source of international migrants to a major destination for them. About five percent of the 80 million people born in Turkey are living outside the country, including over half in Germany. Meanwhile, up to five percent of people in Turkey were born elsewhere, including over half born in Syria.
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The concept of citizenship, which is a multi-layered construct by itself,consists of diverse structures when it comes to the citizenship of immigrant women. This research investigates whether, how and to what extent social and cultural changes experienced by the Bulgarian Turkish immigrant women,along with changes in their educational lives and labor force participation made an impact on the practice of their citizenship rights. The migration process itself is gendered not simply due to the fact that men and women are differently affected; it is also likely to affect how gender identity interacts with the new identity bestowed upon the migrant women. Transnational migration generates new social inequalities and social exclusion. The tragedy of ethnic oppression and ethnic assimilation and, in extreme cases, the danger of ethnic cleansing are made unbearable through the assaults on women and children. Hence, the victimization of ethnic minorities is almost always feminized.
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Since Turkey became a candidate country in December 1999, the EU has been typically exerting influence on Turkish domestic policy change through accession conditionality. Since the mid-2000s, the main shortcoming of this reform framework has been its direct interconnection to the country’s accession process, while the country’s prospects for membership were losing their credibility. This loss of credibility in the country’s accession prospects has led to a halt in the EU induced policy change in various policy areas,especially in the ones where the related chapters of the accession negotiation framework were frozen by the EU, or by the individual member states.Despite being one of those policy areas, migration policy presents a deviation from this trend as commitment to the EU induced reform agenda continues despite the frozen status of the Chapter 24, Justice Freedom and Security.
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In its fifth year, the civil war in Syria has opened Pandora’s Box. In addition to various negative things such as ISIL and its terrorist attacks indifferent parts of the world, the war has triggered a global refugee crisis.Before the war, the population of Syria was 22 million. As the war continues with no end in sight, millions of Syrians have scattered throughout the region.According to the UNHCR (2015a), almost 5 million Syrians are now registered in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. Among these countries, Turkey is reported to host the largest number of Syrian asylum seekers.
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Fargues rightly said "Migration has become global but there is no global regime to govern the international movement of persons". It is essential to point out the importance of the cooperation with neighboring countries. Solely the protection of European Union's (hereinafter EU) borders cannot be successful unless neighboring countries cooperate in the fields of irregular migration and the fight against cross-border criminality and terrorism. Even if this political approach driven by European security interests moves the EU from its bilateral and multilateral regional cooperation schemes to becoming "Fortress Europe" , the EU still bases its relations with the Mediterranean, especially owing to the migration crisis on a defensive approach. In order to do this, the EU should offer a certain level of compensatory measures that incentivize such cooperation, such as economic privileges or visa facilitation.
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In recent years, Turkish politicians have increasingly intervened into political and social matters that concern Turks in Germany. The former Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan visited Germany several times and held speeches in which he condemned assimilation as a “crime against humanity”, calling on Turks not only to maintain their relationship with Turkey and Turkish culture but also to work in the interests of Turkey. Erdoğan’s speeches and other high-ranking Turkish politicians’ similar comments have caused friction in German-Turkish relations.
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The study presented discusses in detail the conspiratorial diplomatic relations between the representatives of Hungary and Poland in the neutral European countries during World War II. These contacts had two planes: the first primary plane, from the perspective of relevance and importance were the attempts by Hungarian diplomacy focused on the groups of Western Allies in the neutral countries to probe into their attitudes and the conditions for Hungary’s “jumping out” from the system of Nazi Germany’s allies. The second plane, which was organically linked to the first one, were the discussions about the future political order of Central and Eastern Europe and as a part of these, also the realisation of ideas about the future status of Slovakia.
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Víťazstvo boľševickej revolúcie v Rusku v októbri 1917 začalo vytvárať na politickej mape sveta nový geografický útvar pomenovaný v decembri 1922 Zväzom sovietskych socialistických republík. Zbožné želanie ruských boľševikov a radikálnych socialistických elementov v európskych krajinách o svetovej revolúcii sa nenaplnilo. Sovietska vláda vo východnej Európe a na veľkej časti ázijského kontinentu však zostala realitou, s ktorou sa bolo treba vyrovnať. Komunistické myšlienky sa zo sovietskeho Ruska začali prenášať do všetkých krajín prostredníctvom národných sekcií celosvetovej organizácie proletariátu – Komunistickej internacionály (Kominterny).
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Cieľ zabrániť sovietskemu prenikaniu na Blízky východ bol zahrnutý už v Trumanovej doktríne z roku 1947 a v programoch vojenskej a hospodárskej pomoci USA tomuto regiónu, ktoré sa odvtedy uskutočňovali. Prezident Eisenhower nadviazal na tento cieľ vyhlásením, že „bezpečnostné hranice“ USA prechádzajú Blízkym východom tak ako Európou a Áziou. Úplný krach britsko-francúzskeho „suezského dobrodružstva“ roku 1956 uľahčil USA prevzatie vedúcej úlohy v regióne. Základom tejto koncepcie, známej ako Eisenhowerova doktrína, bol názor, že v dôsledku oslabenia vplyvu Veľkej Británie a Francúzska na Blízkom a Strednom východe tu vzniklo „mocenské vákuum“, ktoré musia zaplniť USA, aby zabránili komunistickému prenikaniu do tejto časti sveta. Už 5. januára 1957 prezident Eisenhower vo vystúpení pred kongresom zdôraznil význam Blízkeho východu pre Západ, varoval pred nebezpečenstvom, ktoré pre priateľské vlády v regióne predstavuje medzinárodný komunizmus a požiadal o súhlas na použitie ozbrojených síl USA bez predchádzajúceho schválenia Kongresom na „odvrátenie agresie medzinárodného komunizmu na Blízkom a Strednom východe“.
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