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По мнению ряда исследователей, первые серии монет Херсона были выпущены уже первой половине V в. К ним относят ряд разновидностей ранневизантийских бронз, а также pseudo-imperial coins, находимых на территории полуострова. На данный момент подобные выводы стали практически общепринятыми.
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С середины VII в. в византийской Таврике ходили монеты только двух номиналов: фоллисы и гемифоллисы. Причем кратковременные эмиссии меди наибольшего достоинства, прошедшие при Ираклии I и Константе II, не могли насытить рынок нужным количеством разменных денег. Высокая потребность в мелких платежных средствах вызвала неординарное для Византии явление — копирование их с помощью литья. Эта технология оказалась настолько выгодной, что использовалась в византийской Таврике до прекращения ее денежной эмиссии. В результате в обращение поступило множество серий разнообразно оформленных монет. Так как в настоящее время нет единого мнения по вопросу об их номиналах, то мы, продолжая ранее начатое исследование, попытаемся найти и обосновать наш ответ на него.
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This article examines the state of Polish communities in rural areas of the North Caucasus between the two world wars. The author notes that mono-ethnic settlements of Poles were not formed in the region for various reasons. This was the result of both objective reasons (dispersion of the Polish settlement, predominance of social groups and professions characteristic of urban life) and the result of the conscious policy of the tsarist (royal) and Soviet authorities (after the Civil War) which prevented their creation. Despite the small number of the Polish rural population, they had more customs, traditions, faith, language and national identity for a long time than their urban compatriots.
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The materials for the article were obtained during the long-term expedition of Kiev Teachers’ Training Institute on the territory between the rivers Stugna, Irpen, Krasnaja and Dnieper (fig.l).The correlation of late Roman settlements of Kiev (32 settlements) and Cherniakhov (91 settlements) cultures using the landscape science terminology in geography is examined. The settlement landscape characteristic allows choosing 5 «biokhor» types and 32 «biotype» versions (Table). The coefficient of the correlation stability and distribution histogram by landscape elements shows greater selectivity in making choice of the spot for settlements of Cherniakhov culture. The settlement of Kiev culture embraces the greater circle of suitable for habitation lots and are distributed on them more evenly. Such a high stability of the Cherniakhov culture sites is bound up with the steady tradition of field agriculture, which stipulated the economic effectiveness of this culture, and it flourished in the second half of the 3rd to the 4th centuries. However, the prolonged (150 years) utilization of lands in agriculture results in loss of humus up to 50%, soil degradation, decrease of its fertility. Besides, it got colder about the 400 year A.D., which shortened the vegetative period. All these factors predetermined the environmental and demographic crisis of the Cherniakhov culture, which influenced its fortunes. On the contrary, «ecological valency» of the Kiev culture sites gave the possibility to adapt its economy more effectively to the conditions of the third quarter of the first millennium A.D.
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The article is a survey of works by contemporary Russian and foreign researchers who apply to the urban identity issues, the collective memory, the process of formation and interpretation of the values of the cultural space of the city. The history of Vyborg, “places of memory”, reflected in the urban space, signs and symbols, often becoming the subject of political implications, have always attracted the attention of Russian and foreign, especially Finnish, researchers. The article analyzes the works devoted not only to the study of architectural monuments and other visual objects of the city, but also images that are created on the basis of these visual objects in the narrative, art and other forms of interpretations of urban space, as well as an explanation of cultural contexts and identify the spatial identity. Within the Finnish historiography researchers note the great symbolic value of Vyborg for the Finns however emphasize the one-sided perception of Vyborg in Finland as a city almost entirely Finnish. The idea “Vyborg is our” — one of the concepts that circulate in the culture of modern Finland. In general, the Finnish Vyborg imagological historiography is more advanced and extensive than the Russian. This is due not only to the duration of the time gathering evidence of the Finnish identity, great attention to mnemonic techniques and schemes, but also to trauma syndrome (loss), which stimulates the storage in the collective memory of the city space as a perfect Finnish.
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Обратим внимание на периферию Херсона. С учетом положения, в котором оказалась Таврика в XIII—XIV вв., следовало бы ожидать сжатия зоны обращения византийской монеты. Однако этого не наблюдалось. Зато известно, что монеты Палеологов выпадали в клады, сокрытые после гибели империи271. Так что византийская монета еще долго оставалась востребованной денежным обращением Таврики. И это требует объяснения272. Первым делом определимся с регионом исследования. Полагаем, что ограничить его нужно пределами самого крупного и активного феодального образования — княжества Феодоро. Ведь митрополиты и монастыри Таврики не могли чеканить свою монету273. А города региона к тому времени или прекратили денежную эмиссию, или стали подвластны Золотой Орде и генуэзцам, использовавшим свои валюты.
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This article is devoted to the creation and main activities of the Polish national sections under the party and state authorities in the South of Russia (Don and North Caucasus) in the first Soviet decade (1920s). Special attention is paid to the sections under the committees of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) – RCP (b), in 1925 renamed All-Union CP (b). In the historical literature on the history of Poles of the region, with rare exceptions, these structures did not attract the attention of researchers. This is due to the negative attitude towards their activities in regional Polish studies. The author considers that, for all the costs associated with the prevailing regime, the mere presence of the national sections in the system of power structures encouraged the authorities to take into account the problems of Diaspora groups.
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In article possibility of application of a statistical method in research of a role of social making medical geography in formation of health of the population, public health services development is shown. The maintenance and ways of calculation of the indicators reflecting a condition of the individual, group and population health, activity of establishments of public health services at regional level is presented.
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В отечественной историографии до сих пор доминирует оценочный, восходящий еще к С. М. Соловьеву подход к историческим трудам К. Аксакова: «защита отживших взглядов», «скольжение по поверхности тех же идей», «прямолинейность выводов» - таковы резюмирующие суждения большинства современных авторов. Другая исследовательская традиция, у истоков которой стояли Н. И. Костомаров и К. Н. Бестужев-Рюмин, стремившиеся выявить продуктивный характер исторической концепции Аксакова, не получила должного развития, хотя и представлена рядом основательных работ; возможно, дело объясняется недостаточным вниманием к специфическим чертам его мышления, определявшим пафос и направление трудов по русской истории.
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The Hungarian word darázs ‘wasp’ has no acknowledged etymology in the current dictionaries. In this paper, a Slavic etymology is suggested for the Hungarian word from the verb *dražiti ‘to irritate, to provoke’.
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This article intends to determine whether or not the extensive debate within the Planning Theory has led to a better understanding of the meaning 'planning' and a clarification of its role. Since the response to this question is negative, the article will examine: what are the reasons for that situation and under what conditions a further development of the debate and research can achieve a real contribution to what should be its main objectives - better understanding of planning and helping to perfect its methods.
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The author of the article analyzes human resourcing practice employed for the Soviet research of the Arctic islands and archipelagosin the 1920s. The analysis is carried out with the help of multiple archival materials and published sources. Characteristic featuresof human resourcing, training and motivation of the members of scientific expeditions and polar stations are studied in the paper.The present research studies activities of the Northern Scientific and Industrial Expedition (Severnaya nauchno-promyslovaya ekspeditsiya),Hydrographic Expedition of the Arctic Ocean (Gidrograficheskaya, ekspeditsiya Severnogo Ledovitogo okeana), FloatingMarine Research Institute (Plavuchii Morskoi Nauchnyi Institut). The author concludes that 1920s became a period of the humanresourcing system development. It was implemented for the research of the Soviet Arctic Area. Before the Russian revolution itpracticed irregularly. The beginning of the 1920s, in spite of the first attempts to create educational programs within several institutions,was characterized by the lack of specialized training, poor conditions of wintering, low salaries, poor-quality of food supplyand clothing for polar scientists. Scientific achievements of this period are explained mainly by the professionalism of experiencedresearchers – managers of scientific organizations (R. Samoilovich, V. Vize, N. Matusevich, I. Mesyatsev), who organized the workeffectively, united scientific groups, and attracted young researchers. In the second half of the 1920-s the human resourcing for Sovietscientific activities changed significantly because of the economic recovery and authorities’ attention to the Arctic. These changeswere expressed in the numeric increase of employees for scientific organizations and growth of researchers’ salaries. In addition,increased state involvement in to the process of science management provided basic regulation of the working environment, in particularthe system of payment and labor protection.
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(Рецензия за „Новините от света. За смисъла и ползите от международната журналистика“ на Ралица Ковачева)
Ralitsa Kovachevs’s new book on international journalism continues the story of how Bulgarian media cover world topics and problems. The author focuses on the opportunities for “getting to know the spatially distant, which is actually very close in time”, provided by professional journalism.
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Review of: Mikahil Y. Timofeev - : Russian Arctic in search of the integral identity: the collective monograph / Ed O.B. Podvintzev - M .: The new chronograph, 2016. - 208 p.
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The classical distinction between countries of tourist offer and countries of tourist demand has already been surpassed considering that many countries of tourist demand (USA, Germany, Great Britain …) earn much more from tourism than the countries of tourist offer (Italy, Greece, Portugal …). The changes in customers' behaviour are reflected through restructuring of tourist movements towards new destinations. What is essential in creating, promoting and marketing tourist destinations for the specific tourism forms development is the identification of all the positive and negative factors that influence the development of these destinations. Converting a potential into a tourist destination depends on many factors both in qualitative and in quantitative sense. Discovering an area of preserved environment that also possesses attractive motifs presents the beginning of the possible tourist destination creating. Further 'destiny' of a tourist destination depends on its planning and development intensity. Rural tourism is a significant component of integral and sustainable development and revitalization of the village, as well as a component that is missing in stimulating the local market development for agricultural and non-agricultural activities in the country, along with a special stimulation to employment. Serbia possesses remarkable natural resources and other potentials for the development of all forms of rural tourism. However, rural tourism in Serbia is an insufficiently organized field that is not being developed adequately to the possibilities available to it. That is why this paper wants to point out the potential opportunities for the development of rural tourism in Serbia through sustainable development and correct performance policy on both national and international tourist market.
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Review of: Yury Boldyrev (2004) "Похищение Евразии"; Моscow: ЭКСМО и Алгоритм, 448 pages by: Rajko Bukvić
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The territory of present-day Hungary played an important role for the Rus’ chroniclers as the original land of the Slavs. The so-called Story of the Book Translation (called so by Alexander Shakhmatov) described the fates of the Slavic inhabitants of the Danubian region, which were suppressed by the Valachians and Hungarians. There is a question if the Hungarian medieval chroniclers noted the Slavic-Hungarian contacts in the time of the Conquest of the Land? My article is devoted to this topic. After the presentation of the chronicles (Gesta Hungarorum by an anonymous notary of king Béla III, Gesta by Simon of Kéza and many late medieval chronicles known as the Chronicle composition of the 14th century) I describe the information about the relationship of the Hungarian conquerors with the local inhabitants. They are basing mainly on oppression. The Slavs, Czechs, Bulgarians and Valachians fought against the Hungarians and were cruelly defeated, but they asked also their protection from the fear. Guile and deception was one of the method of the conquest. There was also the peaceful way of connection of the land to the own Hungarian territory – it was the dynastical marriage. The names of the local heroes opposing to the Hungarians as Zuatapolug or Menumorout (Ménmarót = Great Moravian) show that they were connected to Great Moravia. I think that the Great Moravian oral tradition about the state and the Moravian-Hungarian relationship preserved in Hungarian Kingdom. It was transmitted by minstrels. Their stories were bricks which constructed the Hungarian identity stories noted in the chronicles.
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An attempt has been made to search for an explanation of the existence of a rock relief depicting animal heads near the town of Sliven through ethnology point of view. Initial specious speculation has been made in accordance with the se¬mantics of the depicted images. They were possibly part of an ancient rock sanctuary. The ancient origin of these depictions has been brought into question because of the lack of preserved information in the local knowledge, their topographic position, which distinguishes them and its immediate vicinity to the town of Sliven and to an ancient settlement. The appearance of an eventual contemporary “author” claiming that it is his work puts many questions for discussion.
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