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This paper mainly addresses the problem of the application of the Penal Code to crimes committed aboard Bulgarian airplanes in foreign airspace and ships in foreign waters. It is argued that the applicability of the Bulgarian Penal Code to such crimes should be limited solely in accordance with international conventions and other international agreements. The legislative implementation of Article 105 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the necessary expansion of the applicability of the PC to crimes constituting piracy are also analyzed in the paper.
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The article traces out the participation of geographers and the geographic themes in the issues of the“Epohi” historical journal. The main ideas of the geographic publications are presented. Common or similar scientific directions are outlined. The traditions in the organizational and research interaction between the two sciences are underlined. The journal is examined as a bridge, connecting the work of historians and geographers in the scientific researches.
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This paper analyzes some cases of functional substitution of an oral vowel for a nasal one in the spoken varieties of French and Bulgarian, as well as in some varieties of French which are as spoken outside France. Other subjects of research include cases of functional replacement of a nasal vowel for an oral one in the spoken variety of French and its variants. The purpose of the study is not only to describe the observed processes, but also to identify their causes at the subsegmental, segmental and suprasegmental levels.
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Referring to Fustel de Coulanges’ distinction of urbs and civitas, the article discusses political theory and practice in 16th-17th-century Poland. While in western Europe an important shift in the notion of politics took place, and the civitas aspect of cities deteriorated as they were conquered by new centralized nation-states, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was an attempt to recreate the ancient and mediaeval concept of civitas – a community of free citizens, actively participating in the government – at the state level. As its proponents, such as Stanisław Sarnicki, argued, Poland was to become a city rather than a state, and so the theoretical justification, political practice, and eventual failure of this project is an interesting, though extreme, historical example of difficulties embedded in a more universal ‘quest for the political form that would permit the gathering of the energies of the city while escaping the fate of the city’ (Manent 2013: 5).
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The following article is about the cultural influence of the first European civilization, formed on the Balkans, over the foundation of the Chinese civilization. Paying attention starting from the artifacts of the Vincha culture in Serbia in the beginning of the 20th century and ending with the latest discoveries here in Bulgaria – in Karanovo, Samovodene, Hotnitsa, Slatina, Ovcharovo, Gradeshnitsa, Kapitan Dimitrievo, Kapitan Andreevo, Mursalevo, Provadia and many others, we can clearly discover certain influences that spread from Black Sea, after the Flood, to Europe, Asia and even North Africa. These studies are still at their beginning, but they already give the promise of discoveries so significant that they might even change the whole understanding of the historical processes, that have shaped the world civilization.
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The study aims to give a comprehensive explanation on how regional construction took place in the European history related to the state-building processes and how the historical heritage of the European state-construction influences today the social construction of the regions. With regard to the state-building processes, the study started from Hechter's model of ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’ state and his interpretation on the relationship between core regions and peripheries. This model operates with the centralizing power of the state, but from the last decades of the 20th century it was proved via the ‘new regionalism’ that social construction processes became more relevant in shaping new subnational regions. This last aspect is described by Paasi, and the study argues for a new concept of regional identity as a territorial ‘product’ of interacting governance and local society.
More...A Review of the Volume Ferenc Vörös (ed.): From Linguistic Geography to Name Geography
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The article presents the normative and didactic specifics in the study of the China topic in the process of teaching Geography and Economics after the educational reform in Bulgaria. It outlines the content analysis and the situational analysis of the geography of the countries according to the state educational standards, curricula and textbooks in Geography. The article also defines the rules for studying a country and presents a didactic interpretation of the content aspects of studying China in the textbooks of Geography and Economics in the new educational realities.
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Geographic information systems, their applications and technologies based on them are used at all stages, starting from the digital preparation of simple maps and reaching the creation of complex analyzes and models supporting adequate decision- making by management personnel in forestry organizations fires.
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The study aims to describe the general and settlement-level income inequality processes of the recovery period following the economic crisis of 2008–2009. The author describes in the introduction, the main analytical framework and the substantive inequality in Hungary, and presents the hypotheses of the research. The research pays special attention to territorial heterogeneity, the author interprets it along the development categories (clubs) used in Hungarian regional development and assumes the significant differentiation of the income inequality processes of these clubs. The methods of analysis are basically the σ-convergence (Robin Hood index), the alternative Markov chain method, and the spatial econometric (multivariate) regression models. According the results different development clubs differ significantly from both the national average and each other in terms of income growth, growth factors, inequality trajectories, and income dynamics. The results highlight the pessimism regarding the catching-up of disadvantaged settlements and the insolubility of the center-periphery system formed by income clubs. After identifying the factors that result in the distribution of income, the author points out the endogenous nature of these phenomena, the fact that long-standing, embedded processes at the local level maintain the income centre periphery relation.
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The two-part study presents a general overview of the public transport intencity in the districts of the rural areas in the relation between the given settlement and the district centre. The study examines, among others,the strength of the public transport connection between the municipalities of the district and their district centres on working days. The author analyses this relationship using the number of daily services / route pairs and travel times, describing the direct and the transfer options separately.
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The authors conducted an online questionnaire survey in the Visegrád (V4)countries (Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) in the summer of 2020. The target groups of the research were companies that extract or use any raw material in their activities, excluding the energy sector. A total of 216 companies completed the online questionnaire. The research sought to find out what employers in the raw materials sector expect from recent graduates. The aggregated results show that there are two general competences that respondents rated as particularly important: oral communication skills and collaboration skills. In addition, other competences that also appeared in the explicitly important category were: analytical ability, developmental ability, self-development, complex vision, and theoretical professionalism.
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In the global economy, rapidly changing conditions (globalization, industry 4.0, artificial intelligence or the current pandemic) present new challenges to cities. Cities are the most important hubs of economic activity worldwide (concentration of population, businesses, trade, stock exchanges). These challenges demand new and innovative solutions from cities. Smart cities can be the winners of the process, as the smart solutions they use can greatly contribute to their stability and competitiveness. The authors analyze the smart performance of Hungarian cities with county rank, with particular regard to their sustainability and smart economy pillars. Of the 17 sustainability goals (SDGs) adopted by the UN in2018, the study examined the following 3elements: goal 8: decent work and economic growth, goal 9: industry, innovation and infrastructure,and goal 11: sustainable cities and communities.On the basis of the three SDG objectives above, the authors further examined the cities with county status and formed 5 cluster groups from them, which differ mainly in their development dynamics and livability. The created clusters reflect the spatial characteristics of the Hungarian city network and show that the dynamic cities of the western and northwestern part of the country also have an outstanding performance in terms of sustainability.
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The second part of this two-part study presents the public transport relations of the districts in the rural areas in the relation between the given settlement and its own district center. This study examines, inter alia, that if a settlement within a given district is not attracted to its own district center, which settlement fulfils the role of the center in public transportation. To answer this question, the author presents more complex methods (eg. Zimpel index), too. At the end of the study, the author also determines the real public transport catchment areas with the help of the samples drawn on the basis of the methods described above.
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ARWU (Academic Ranking of World Universities)is one of the three major university rating organisations, along with QS and THE. The latter two organisations compile their publication and citation data using the Scopus database, while the ARWU rankingis based on the Web of Science (WoS) database. The aim of this paper is to study whether the data from the Scopus and SciVal databases allow the estimation of rankings based on WoS. The paper also analyses, based on the selected variables, the country affiliation of the universities included in the ARWU ranking. Next, the authors analyse whether the variables selected from the Scopus/SciVal datasets may be used to define the next year's ranking. In order to complete this task, the authors estimate the ranking of 2021 using 2020 data. Finally, the group of 1,000 universities according to statistical variables are presented. The study is seeking to answer the question of how each cluster’s composition depends on the country where the universities belong.
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Research programmes initiated by the EU have a significant role in shaping European research collaborations. Nevertheless, participation opportunities are quite unequal within the continent. The aim of this paper is to learn about the basic spatial patterns of these inequalities and discover their causes.The analyses focus on the Horizon 2020 (H2020) research and innovation collaborations;their spatial characteristics are studied by statistical and GIS tools. The paper attempts to assess the unequal positions in research collaborations by emphasizing the viewpoint of the East Central European countries and describing patterns that indicate severe East-West divide and significant core-periphery cleavage considering institutional and project participation as well as EC contribution.
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The study analyses the change in number of Hungarians in Slovakia based on official census data from 1910 to 2021, with a special focus on the latest census of 2021 and on the territorial patterns of the changes. Official census data prove that the number and proportion of Hungarians continuously decreased in the last 100 years with the exception of the period between the 1960 and the1990s, this trend even accelerated after the democratic transition and the independence of Slovakia in the 1990s. Nowadays, even the easing of social tension could only slowdown the intensified trend of weight loss,which in the long term led to the Hungarians'share falling from one quarter around1920 to less than 8% in a hundred years. Whereas prior to the regime change the tendencies of the state (to diminish the number of minorities) were responsible for the actual decrease – beside the worsening of demographic indicators –, after 1991 the accelerating assimilation due to mixed marriages, education fuelled the process – while demographic indicators continued their deterioration under the democratic circumstances.This resulted in the decrease of the Hungarian population from 25% in the1920s to 7,75% by 2021.
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