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Roditelji u Valjevu protestuju dve večeri zaredom. Kažu da njihova deca nemaju iste uslove školovanja kao deca u Beogradu i Novom Sadu i smatraju da je to nedopustivo. Srednje škole u ovoj opštini započele su novu školsku godinu u takozvanom žutom ili kombinovanom modelu. Nepune dve nedelje kasnije, ministarstvo ih je prebacilo u crveni model. To znači da od ovog ponedeljka svi srednjoškolci u Valjevu nastavu slušaju online.
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Didactics of mathematics, natural sciences and vocational education represent developing areas and are a breeding ground for new ideas and approaches. In mathematics and physics, the proceedings provide an overview of the historical development of education process and the possibilities of activating students. From a practical point of view, physics and chemistry are interconnected by using simulations in teaching. Vocational education is represented from various perspectives, whether in technical education, by solving logistical problems, or educational activities in the teaching of economic subjects. Due to the current situation, there are abundant contributions on the effects of the ongoing pandemic on the educational process and distance learning.
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The modern world is characterized by a significant dynamization and complication of ongoing international processes and a historical transformation - a transition from a unipolar to a multipolar world, i.e. the emergence of other key players, having their own interests and resources, and creating conditions for a growing role and influence on world processes. Southeastern Europe is one of the most dynamic regions as an intersection of geostrategic, geopolitical and geoenergy interests. The dynamics of processes in the countries of South-Eastern Europe are characterized by two trends: defocusing of regional development and growing risks of regional instability; turning nationalism into an increasingly real alternative to European integration. The reasons for these trends can be related to external interests/factors, the manifestation of which is expressed in the search and confirmation of spheres of influence - both in relation to the countries as a whole, and through political and social groups within the countries. Shared sustainability has aspects that cover different areas of public life – political, economic and social. The political aspect of the shared resilience of Southeast Europe includes ensuring national security, which is possible by achieving long-term political stability in the SEE region, ensuring human rights, good governance and the rule of law by supporting democracy and collective efforts to fight with organized crime, terrorism and illegal trafficking in people, drugs and radioactive materials, creating a spirit of good neighborliness by expanding cooperation with civil society. The economic aspect combines the need to achieve optimal conditions for the development of the Bulgarian economy by expanding cooperation in terms of support for the functioning of a market economy, construction and modernization of the transport, energy and communication infrastructure and diversification of the energy market. The socio-cultural aspect is expressed in work to strengthen administrative potential and good governance, making efforts to overcome poverty, protect the environment, promote people-to-people contacts, develop cultural, educational and scientific exchanges. The development of the relations of the Republic of Bulgaria with the countries of South-Eastern Europe is of strategic importance not only for Bulgaria and the region. The shared sustainability of South-Eastern Europe should be seen as an important factor in achieving integration in the European continent as a whole.
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The report examines the People's Republic of China's (PRC) new espionage legislation. Attention is paid to the Criminal Code of the PRC, but also to the new Counterespionage Law of 2023, which seriously strengthens the legal measures to protect the security of the PRC. Views are provided on the legal approaches used in China, as well as the degree of risk to foreign persons and entities wishing to conduct business services in that country or employ Chinese nationals in light of possible espionage charges. At the legislative level, measures have been introduced to hinder the activities of foreign intelligence services and to protect state secrets of the PRC, but this creates risks for the normal business activities of foreign companies in PRC.
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The report presents the activity of the volunteer formations for disaster protection. The types of volunteers and the specifics of their use are examined. The results of a survey of the disposition of the population towards participating in volunteer formations for disaster protection in municipalities. The activities that the participants in the survey would like to perform, the stimuli, that would potentially increase the participation of the population in such formations and the potential reasons for its limited participation are presented.
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The article examines the possibility of protecting files containing personal data or sensitive information using envelope encryption. The principle of this type of encryption, its advantages and disadvantages compared to other types of encryptions is described. Examples of the practical use of envelope encryption for working with files, the content of which must be protected, and access to the information in them should be possible only for certain users.
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Bulgaria occupies a strategic territory playing an important role in the formation of world politics. The challenges arising from this fact outweigh the advantages. Imperial interests intersecting on the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria, both now and in history, is forced to wage a constant struggle for independence and sovereignty. The post-socialist period allowed the emergence of organized crime, which subsequently grew into international organized criminal groups, the influence of which continues to grow to this day. The positions that the Republic of Bulgaria occupies in the international rankings related to economic indicators, corruption, demography, crime, etc., show that the society is experiencing enormous difficulties in the transition to a Parliamentary Republic and the building of democratic traditions.
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The system of generally speaking “standard” and additional or “alternative” education (training), and the form of self-training characteristic of the armed forces, form a complex result necessary for building, maintaining and developing over time the capabilities of the troops and forces with a direct impact on national security. The concept of national security is extremely broad, which is why the current development emphasizes on the specific role of training and especially on the self-training of the personnel. Deduced is the dependence between the level of education and the results in the quality of activity of the systems, and hence the overall level of preparation.
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The report presents the Confidence and Security Building Measures (CSBM) as one of the approaches in international relations in the military field. Their classification, typology, and evolution in the period 1947 – 2007 are derived. The focus of the analysis is placed on the initiative „Document on Confidence and Security Building Measures in the Naval Field in the Black Sea“, which was launched in 2002 within the fifth stage of the development of CSBM. The dilemmas facing the initiative are indicated which lead to the partial impossibility of implementing the measures in the context of the war between Russia and Ukraine after 2022. The present paper is part of a comprehensive study dedicated to the implementation of the measures and their projections on the national, Euro-Atlantic and global security.
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The report examines the time parameter as an element of the status function of the safety system of naval ships. This parameter is defragmented into sub-elements, the definition of which would favour the possibility of bringing the safety system from a state of instability to a state of stability against external influences in the variable operating environment.
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Laser weapons use directed electromagnetic radiation generated by high-technology electronic system. It impacts both thermally and mechanically onto the subject of irradiation. Due to the high flux density of the incident electromagnetic radiation it could lead to a disintegration of its subject by means of melting, evaporation or sublimation. In a pulse mode the thermal influx causes a mechanical shock, accompanied by the formation of plasma jet. The latter, on its term, could induce onto the subject surface electric currents and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. The lasers considered most suitable for direct weapon applications are solid-state and chemical infrared lasers which show the greatest electromagnetic power flux densities. With respect to mobile and portable weapon systems, the solid-state lasers with diode pumping show the best perspectives. Trough multi-modal generation the lasers in laser weapon platforms for countering the treat of UAVs, low-flying aircraft and incoming short-range ballistic targets, could be used in different regimes for target acquisition and designation as well as for direct target kill.
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This report addresses aspects related to effects and cyber effects, as well as key points related to their planning, use and evaluation in missions and operations. Cyber effects are explored as the projection of power in and through cyberspace with outcomes across the physical and cognitive spectrum. The possibilities for their measurement and evaluation are analyzed. The research and analysis done gives reason to consider cyber effects as an important tool in the hands of the commander to achieve results.
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In the report, a variant for the synthesis of a mathematical model of a matched filter for compensation of passive interference is proposed, which allows to apply the classical method of compensation by during a period subtraction and enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio. At the beginning of the publication, the topicality of the topic is proven and the initial and restrictive conditions for conducting the research are described. To achieve the goal, special attention has been paid to the advantages of superconducting signals, and more precisely to the throughput and the signal-to-noise ratio. The study was performed by simulation modeling of a real signal reflected from the target, with the initial conditions and the choice of probing ultra-broadband signal set. The essence of the proposal consists in the application of a coherent filter built on nonlinear transmission circuits and its integration at the input of the receiving device. Thus, the SF plays the role of a pre-filter aligned with the duration of the probing ultra-wideband signal. At the output, a signal is formed with clearly expressed maxima of the correlation function and with insignificant noise samples. The results show that the idea laid down in the research is applicable and provides: an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio by up to 5-6 dB; in the subsequent processing, the classical methodology for compensating passive disturbances is applicable.
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This report examines the parameters, functions and main characteristics of communication technologies that guarantee the quality of information services. Three communication technologies (ATM, MPLS and IP) are presented, a comparative analysis of the service quality parameter is performed and its influence on improving the management of the communication and information system is substantiated. The migration to a newer type of technology, supporting better functionality in terms of quality of services, would undoubtedly lead to an improvement of the overall process in the management of a communication-information system, which can be successfully applied in the military sphere as well.
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The system for processing reflected signals presented in the report is applied in a short-range UAV radar designed for remote measurement of basic parameters of the target. In this SSHL radar, the “phase method” is chosen for the separation of signals from moving targets, because relative changes in the frequency of oscillations modulating the probing pulse and its duration when reflected from a moving target are very small, and their measurement for optimal operation of the SPC system by the PIKK method is practically very complicated. The report examines the operation of a system for processing SHL signals, which can be used in the synthesis of the SSPC of a radar for the detection of moving point and small-sized objects and the measurement of movement parameters after the application of the “phase method” to reduce the influence of passive interference, or the reflections from stationary objects and the underlying surface.
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Quantum technology in security and defense is identified as a key emerging technology whose potential applications can allow to expand its capabilities. These technologies are getting closer to revolutionizing the world of innovation and could change the rules of security, including modern warfare. For any new innovative technology, it is necessary to set the right strategic approach. The NATO Quantum Strategy is the first strategic document approved by the NATO Foreign Ministers, as in January 2024. NATO published a summary of the document. The strategy outlines how quantum can be applied to defense and security, and helps promote and guide NATO‘s collaboration with industry to develop a transatlantic quantum technology ecosystem. Quantum technology is one of the technology areas that NATO Allies prioritize, and it is therefore necessary for all countries to develop a clear approach to development and deployment.
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The report presents the results of basic command-organizational approaches and tools used in the preparation of troops and staffs, based on fundamental principles from the fields of military education, organizational psychology, and good management (managerial) practices. References are given and analyzes and conclusions are made based on theoretical propositions that have proven their applicability in practice.
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The paper examines the application of unmanned and remotely controlled sea vehicles in naval operations. It’s stressed the importance of integration of modern sensor technologies and data processing systems, which enable the effective collection and analysis of information in real time. There are analysed diverse approaches for use in naval operations, including maritime situational awareness, anti-mine and anti-submarine warfare, and the joint use of unmanned and manned platforms
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The report presents the results of a scientific study, which substantiates the need to organize institutional interaction in the application of radio-electronic measures to combat drones. The conflict in Ukraine has revealed the great possibilities of using drones as a combat tool both on the battlefield and in striking critical civilian and military infrastructure. In response to the changed security environment, it became necessary to take additional peacetime countermeasures to drone activities around areas of military or strategic sites. By a decree of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria, effective from the beginning of December 2023, the security of strategic sites was added as a strategic activity. The temporary obstacle facility on the Bulgarian-Turkish border was announced as a strategic object in 2017. These new circumstances determine the relevance of the present topic to propose organizational measures for the effective implementation of institutional interaction in the application of radio-electronic measures to combat drones.
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