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Trajectories of Romani Migrations and Mobilities in Europe and Beyond (1945–present)

Author(s): Eszter Varsa / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2020

The conference Trajectories of Romani Migrations and Mobilities in Europe and Beyond (1945–present) was held in Villa Lanna in Prague on 16–18 September 2019. It examined multiple dimensions of Romani mobilities since 1945 and analyzed connections between forms of past mobilities and migrations and the most recent movements of various Romani groupings. It was intended as a response to a lack of reflection in the emerging field of Romani migration and mobilities studies on historical continuities and social trajectories. The conference pointed to the need for more comparative, intersectional and historically rooted research.

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LABOUR MIGRATION IN GERMANY

Author(s): Thazin Khaing Moe / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

European Union member states are preferring to address the single labour market’s benefits, and thus establishing the various forms of regulations for the labour migration within EU. Among the member states, Germany labour rules are in the great norms and the good history which makes the fair and just legislation between the national workers and migrant workers. The very interesting regulations in Germany are the Key Role of Hartz Reform with the Convincing on the Effectiveness of Profound Labour Market which gets the German labour policies to be developed. Active labour market policies are the principal play in Europe as far as the workers’ rights through the labour market, and so all European member countries also have to implement ALMP supporting to their national labour legislations. Germany had been trying to set active labour market policies as their best in lieu of demanding the skilled workers only, since after the Second World War.

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Paweł Popieliński, Mniejszość niemiecka w III Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej (1989 – 2019) w procesie integracji ze społeczeństwem większościowym

Author(s): Ewa Pogorzała / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

Review of: Paweł Popieliński, Mniejszość niemiecka w III Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej (1989 – 2019) w procesie integracji ze społeczeństwem większościowym, Instytut Studiów Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warszawa 2020, ss. 514.

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Europa Wschodnia i Kaukaz Południowy: nowe fronty destabilizacji

Author(s): Andrzej Szeptycki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 27/2022

The countries of Eastern Europe and South Caucasus meet at least partially the definition of “fragile states”. This situation results from both internal and external factors – the former being ineffectiveness of state institutions, low level of economic development, weak social ties, and the latter is, first of all, the policy of the Russian Federation. Moreover, armed conflicts, either on-going or recently ended, are also an important feature of fragile states. The “fragility” of the countries in the region is of a structural, long-term nature. Nevertheless, the events of 2021 clearly confirm both the specificity of Eastern Europe and South Caucasus and its negative impact on regional and global security. The policy of the Belarusian authorities – largely supported by the Russian Federation – led to the first migration crisis on the eastern border of the EU. Although its scale was significantly smaller than on the southern border in 2015, it confirmed that migration can be used as a leverage tool in foreign policy and that Belarus (and Russia as well) are ready to use it against Western states. Russia’s policy towards Ukraine became a threat not only to that country, but to the entire post-Cold War international order. These events dominated the European and world agenda with regard to Eastern Europe and South Caucasus in 2021. The energy crisis in Moldova, which was a challenge primarily for the Moldovan authorities and the EU, and the situation in Nagorno-Karabakh, which was of major importance for countries directly (Azerbaijan, Armenia) and indirectly (Russia, Turkey) involved in this conflict, played a less important role.

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MODERNE MIGRACIJE U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI I NACIONALNI ODNOSI (SKICA ZA ISTRAŽIVANJE)

Author(s): Ilijas Hadžibegović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 23/1987

For the study of the contemporary ethnic and national relationships in Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is particularly significant to investigate the migratory processes and demographic changes which have taken place in these land since 1878, having in view emigration, war casualties and losses, colonisations etc. Although motivated mainly by economic and political factors, just like in other Yugoslav countries, the migratory and demographic developments on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the course of the last hundred years are marked by a number of specific features, the most significant of which are the confessional and national heterogeneity of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian population and the economic-political and socio-historical particularities, like, e.g. the fact that the feudal vs. tern in the agriculture endured here as long as 1918.

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Migration to the EU: Some Aspects of Georgian Population Attitude and Baltic States Experience

Author(s): Tamar Mermanishvili / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Migration is one of important aspects of modern global world development, that includes many interrelated factors such as political, economic, social, cultural, etc. With recent trends, international migration is on the rise. Georgia has experienced a significant outflow of population caused by a sharp economic decline since the collapse of the Soviet Union in early 90s of 20th century. Many Georgian citizens migrated to the EU as labour migrants. After gaining the visa-free regime with the EU in 2017, the migration of Georgian citizens to the EU has increased. The reasons for emigration and immigration in Georgia do not differ from the rest of the world and are mainly caused by economic nature. The article presents the analysis and conclusions based on recent data gained by means of the sociological survey, which proves that the attitudes of Georgians towards migration mainly coincide with the approaches of Baltic States’ citizens. The survey results confirm that the experience of the Baltic States is valuable for Georgia. The outcomes demonstrate that it is more productive for Georgia to encourage the circular migration, which means promoting the employment of Georgian workers in the host countries, and later to support and facilitate their subsequent return to Georgia in order to apply the work experience and skills acquired abroad in Georgia.

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Polityka migracyjna Unii Europejskiej i wyzwania ostatnich lat

Author(s): Marta Naychuk-Khrushch,Hovhannes Harutyunyan / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The aim of this article is to present the results of research on the history and dynamics of the development of the EU migration policy, as well as to analyse the challenges that have emerged in recent years. Therefore, the research questions are: (1) What changes took place in the migration policy of the European Union in the 21st century compared to the 20th century? (2) What are the main challenges of the EU migration policy today? The research methods include: institutional and legal analysis, historical and comparative methods. The study will help to draw conclusions about the important aspects of migration policy and understand today’s challenges.

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Aktywność Austrii na forum Unii Europejskiej w dobie kryzysu migracyjnego w Europie – wybrane aspekty

Author(s): Ewa Godlewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2022

The aim of the article is to show the changes in Austria’s position towards EU solutions in the field of migration policy. The text highlights two aspects: on the one hand - the EU migrant relocation program, and on the other - the Austrian presidency of the EU Council. It is also important to discuss the internal determinants of the Austrian government’s actions on the EU forum. The article’s main focus is on the years 2015-2018 (from the increased influx of foreigners to the withdrawal from the EU program of forced relocation), i.e. the period in which there was a clear tendency to change the attitude towards the phenomenon of migration in Austria. The text adopts the thesis that in the time of migration crisis, there was a noticeable tendency in Austria to tighten the course towards immigrants, which was the background for Austria’s activity in the arena of the European Union. The article uses the method of decision analysis, which allows to indicate the causes and effects of political and factor decisions, useful in the identification of factors shaping Austria’s policy, and thus also the conditions for the activity of the Austrian government administration in the EU structures.

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Teatrul și frontierele. Exilul oamenilor de teatru

Author(s): George Banu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2020

In this conference, Professor George Banu discusses how the exile has influenced theatre and performing arts. His personal experience on this specific matter is quite impressive from both personal and professional points of view. As a Romanian who lived most of his live in Paris, surrounded by the most renowned European artists, George Banu was able to better understand this particular problem of the 20th century artists. The exile has countless faces in theatre, as there are exiled actors who cannot learn well a new language, but they may be casted specifically for their strange accent, there are director who will find greater inspiration in being exiled (as was Peter Brook). George Banu precisely distinguishes between different forms of exile: artistic, political, ethnical etc.

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Unpacking Identity: Travelling Cases as Theatrical Props

Author(s): Ilinca Tamara Todoruț / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

“All the suitcases that have appeared in this story are lying open on the stage,” reads a stage direction from Steigerwald’s Sorrow, Sorrow, Fear, the Rope, and the Pit. The suitcase may be the number one prop used in stagings of Eastern European drama, which after ’89 could speak openly about issues of physical displacement, either as refugees or as emigrants. What is the symbolism of the suitcase in connection with issues of identity, nationalism, migration, and border crossing, and how does it relate to a newer prop – the briefcase?

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Poetika traume ili prepričavanje nemogućeg. Književne strategije posttraumatskih narativa u romanima i kratkim pričama Bekima Sejranovića

Author(s): Agata Jawoszek-Goździk / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 19/2021

In this paper I analyze Bekim Serjanović’s novels From Nowhere to Nowhere (Nigdje, niotkuda), The Prettier End (Ljepši kraj) and A Nomad’s Diary (Dnevnik jednog nomada). I also mention two short stories: Miss Misery on Susak (Miss Misery na otoku Susku) and Sleepless for One Hundred and Thirty Hours (Sto trideset sati bez sna) as examples of the author’s strategy of retelling the trauma of non-belonging and the traumatic experience of immigration. Since the prose created by Sejranović is a combination of fictional and factual, but with a strong autobiographical dimension, in the analysis I start from Freud`s psychoanalytic theory of trauma interpreted by Cathy Caruth and the concept of cultural trauma caused by great social changes. Then I proceed to argue which literary and narrative strategies Sejranović used to express his traumatic experiences.

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Kamieniec im späten Mittelalter – Entwicklungslinien sozialer Ordnung in einer Migrationsgesellschaft

Author(s): Jürgen Heyde / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2022

The article traces the early stages in the development of self-government structures in Kamieniec Podolski, where the civic magistrate co-existed with the Armenian and Ruthenian magistrates. It analyzes the earliest written sources for the three communities based on published as well as archival documents between the late fourteenth century and the second half of the fifteenth century. The double function of the city as a border fortress and an important hub for longdistance trade encouraged the development of a multiethnic environment. The article examines the development of self-government as a political process in a multipolar field of actors rather than taking a traditionally hierarchical approach, focusing on the civic community and its relationship with the king and the “minorities.” It questions traditional approaches to urban history in which non-civic populations appear a priori as outsiders, and it opens the perspective of an inclusive history of pre-modern multiethnic cities. The article examines the development of self-government as a form of participation beyond involvement in the civic community. The core of the article is based on the different forms of agency within the various groups as well as the dissimilar social roles assigned to them by the ruler, as these led to the development of different strategies of self-positioning within the urban framework.

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INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION. NEWS AND PERSPECTIVES

Author(s): Gheorghe Borșa / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This article introduces a new perspective regarrding the social, political, and economic impact of immigration against the backdrop of an increasingly high number of migrants. It also clarifies migration causes and context in terms of state security; its consequences and its influences on society, both in the origin country and at the destination. The current study illustrates state reactions vis-a-vis migration, various ways to manage such reactions, and their impact on the population. The context of any solutions to the migration crisis presupposes the existence of peaceful attitudes, and yet such a moment is difficult to anticipate in the Islamic world. Therefore, there are no certainties regarding the European population’s state of security in the present context

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Женщины — наемные работницы в домохозяйствах Москвы и Санкт-Петербурга

Author(s): Yuliya F. Florinskaya,Nikita Mkrtchyan,Marina A. Kartseva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

The employment of domestic workers, especially women, is widely discussed in the foreign literature. However, little is known about employment of female domestic workers in Russia. The paper looks at the specifics of the recruitment of the female domestic workers and their main areas of employment in the context of their origin (local workers, internal migrants, foreign migrants). The empirical basis of the study is data of a household survey conducted in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. We found that local and migrant female domestic workers occupy different employment niches with migrants being more likely to be hired by low income households. The COVID-19 pandemic has reduced the supply of foreign workers, and the cost of their labor has increased.

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COVID-19’UN SURİYELİ MÜLTECİLER İÇİN YARATTIĞI ÇOK BOYUTLU ZORLUKLAR: ANKARA VAKA ÇALIŞMASI

Author(s): Zelal Özdemir,Gökçen Doğangüneş,Asuman Özgür Keysan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2022

Although the COVID-19 pandemic affects the world as a whole, current studies show that identity categories such as class, age, gender, health status, disability, immigration, residence and ethnicity differentiate the experiences of individuals. This study aims to provide an insight into the challenges Syrian refugees face during the COVID-19 pandemic by focusing on in-depth interviews with 30 Syrian refugees living in Önder and Battalgazi Neighborhood in Ankara. This research shows that refugees face multi-layered challenges on two separate grounds associated with the pandemic. The former is the challenges posed by the pandemic as shared with all Turkish citizens and the latter is the difficulties specifically pertaining to refugee identities in accessing information and services, intensified by the pandemic. This study details how the experiences of Syrian refugees with various identity categories differ on both grounds.

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A Comparative Analysis of the 2011 EU Directive on Human Trafficking, as Compared to the UN Palermo Protocol and the Council of Europe Convention

Author(s): Anca Iuhas / Language(s): English Issue: LXI/2022

This article will analyse the three most important documents tackling the issue of human trafficking at international and regional level: the United Nations Palermo Protocol (2000), the Council of Europe Convention (2005) and the EU Directive (2011), as well as the different paradigms and approaches they adopt in order to cover the most important aspects of anti trafficking – prevention, prosecution, protection and partnerships (the 4P strategy). Similarities and differences between these three documents will be closely analysed, as well as advantages and disadvantages they engender for victims of human trafficking from a human rights perspective.

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Migraţia ca factor al discursului populist în Uniunea Europeană în perioada 2019–2020

Author(s): Rareș Alexandru VĂSCAN / Language(s): Romanian Issue: LXI/2022

Europe has experienced a major crisis in recent years. The migration phenomenon has highlighted the problems that the European Union is facing at political and diplomatic level. The aim of this paper is to present the migration phenomenon faced by the European Union and the Member States, also the policies implemented to cope with the insecurity created by the refugee crisis. Securitisation policies, political and economic decisions have given rise, at a rhetorical level, to various reactions to the migration phenomenon in Europe. The object of our paper is to analyse the official speeches on migration from Germany, Hungary and Poland, appeared between the years 2019–2020. We chose these states because of differing opinions to immigrants and the way in which they are perceived at a discursive level. The results of the discourse analyses show that the migration generated by the refugee crisis has divided the European Union states into two parts, those who support the measures adopted and those who criticize them, generating populist discourses in states such as Hungary and Poland between 2019 and 2020.

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Locuire și identitate în cadrul mobilităţii imigranţilor economici în Uniunea Europeană

Author(s): Eugen Ghiță / Language(s): Romanian Issue: LXI/2022

In Romania, housing and identity are intertwined in the most basic and documented way possible. If you don’t have a domicile, you don’t have an identity card and if you don’thave an identity card your rights are restricted, and housing is one of the most fundamental human needs. In this regard, identity is paramount. In the European Union, on the other hand, social housing is not conditioned by identity cards and it is guaranteed in relation to social inclusion. The economic migrants are offered food, medical care, heat, electricity, access to water – decent living conditions, if they meet the main condition: children go to school and they respect public order and peace (Spain, UK). But sometimes meeting the conditions leads to losing their identity and their traditions. The economic migrants represent a diverse and vulnerable population from all over Europe, that preserve the tradition of the extended family together and in order not to violate the culture and traditions deeply imprinted in their very identity, they prefer to live in slams, in make shift dwellings. Their identity is defined by their way of life, by their tradition and culture. Does European mobility lead to loss of identity? Is diversity lost in order not to be marginalized or segregated against?

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Znaczenie pomocy rozwojowej w polityce Królestwa Hiszpanii w latach 1995–2020

Author(s): Justyna Salamon / Language(s): Polish Issue: 54/2022

The objective scope of the article covers issues related to Spanish development aid, implemented both by national authorities and within the European Union. It focuses primarily on the Maghreb region, Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Spain is involved in the work of the World Bank and the African Development Fund (FAD – Fondo Africano de Desarrollo) and the United Nations Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Middle East (UNRWA – Spanish: Agencia de Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados de Palestina en Oriente Próximo). The dramatic change in the health situation in the world has provoked contradictory actions. On the one hand, there have been challenges that can only be tackled globally, there has been a strengthening of cooperation networks at the regional level - for example in Africa, even nationalist.

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NEVEN SESARDIĆ, KONSENZUS BEZ POKRIĆA

Author(s): Enes Kulenović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 19/2022

Review of Enes Kulenović - Neven Sesardić, Konsenzus bez pokrića, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 2022., 471 str.,

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