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Migration and Welfare Systems – State of the Art and Research Challenges

Author(s): Igor Jakubiak / Language(s): English Issue: 48/2017

Immigration is one of the heavily discussed subjects in modern academic and political debate. In recent decades, fiscal effects of international migration remained the centre of interest. The goal of this paper is to review and synthesise the available literature, devoted to the relationship between immigration and welfare systems, in order to present the state of the art in this area and draw conclusions for further research. Despite extensive literature, it is difficult to find an unambiguous answer to the question, whether immigrants are a burden or an asset to the state with redistributive policies. Moreover, some of the assumptions and approaches widely used in presented articles appear too simplistic or even unfounded.

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New Balkan migration route and its impact on transit countries

Author(s): Magdalena Rekść / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

In 2015, global public opinion was shaken by the migration crisis, as wave after wave of refugees from the Middle East, primarily from Syria, tried to get from Turkey and Greece to Western Europe via the so-called ‘Balkan Route’. In time, the situation only seemed to be resolved. In the Balkan countries, there still are, according to estimates, tens of thousands of migrants who failed to get farther west, and more are constantly arriving. Meanwhile, since 2018, one can speak of a new, though a much smaller wave of immigrants who are trying to get from Greece to Croatia (and thus to the European Union), increasingly often bypassing Albania, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina along the way. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the phenomenon of the so-called ‘New Balkan Route’ and the problems it creates for the Balkans.

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Closing Gates to Refugees: The Causes and Effects of the 2015 “Migration Crisis” on Border Management in Hungary and Poland

Author(s): Witold Klaus / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

In this paper, I demonstrate the process of treating asylum seekers and refugees as a dangerous enemy. Those two groups of immigrants find themselves at the receiving end of measures that infringe basic humanitarian laws and human rights, and are so inhumane that no one would ever dare to introduce them on their own citizens. Equating refugees with terrorists and prioritizing security constitute two pillars of the ruling parties’ policy in Poland and Hungary. Apart from technical security measures (like fences), both governments adopt additional instruments to discourage migrants from coming or encourage them to leave (like creating obstacles to let them onto the territory of the country, refusing to grant them international protection, making their integration difficult or almost impossible). Such activity fulfils the definition of “Fortress Europe”, which is not only about building stone walls or fences but about increasing control of every aspect of migrants’ lives as well.

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Svegeneracijski roman o jednom neželjenom putovanju Zulmira Bečevića

Author(s): Edina Murtić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 83-84/2021

Based on the novel Putovanje započeto od kraja by Zulmir Bečević, the article aims to demonstrate how the thematic complexity encompassing growing up, undesired travelling, leaving home and searching for an identity of which the adult characters are not deprived, becomes transformed through narrative memories into a hybrid text, which goes beyond the common division of literature into children’s and adult books. The article shows how the narrator succeeds in interweaving the story containing a refugee trauma told from a child’s perspective with the world of adults, while not undermining the structure of the text and thematic orientation towards all readers’ groups.

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Polityka imigracyjna i imigranci w dyskursie publicznym w trakcie wyborów samorządowych w Nowej Zelandii w 2019 roku: analiza porównawcza sytuacji czterech największych miast

Author(s): Marcin Wałdoch / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The paper is an attempt to scrutinize discourse of immigration and immigrants in the light of Critical Discourse Analysis during local election in New Zealand. Four biggest cities were analyzed. The hypothesis of this research was as¬sumption that in the local election in New Zealand in 2019 immigration issue was displaced from public discourse of all analyzed political actors, despite the fact that immigration was one of the main topic of public debate and one of the most im¬portant factors that in the past influenced political behavior in New Zealand. This hypothesis was confirmed. Two auxiliary hypothesis were stated. All the research was conducted in the critical theory perspective and to the research of issue voting. Number of political phenomenon occurred, such as: political correctness, political anathema and instrumentalization of immigration issue.

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Emirdağ İlçesinde Yaşayanları Göçe Zorlayan Temel Sebepler

Author(s): Hüseyin Şahbaz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

Since 1965, there was an intense migration from Emirdağ to western European countries especially Belgium and cities in Turkey where industry mainly developed, especially Eskişehir. The aim of this study is to reveal the main reasons that force Emirdağ people to migrate. Within the scope of the research, the literature was scanned and data on the subject were obtained. From these data reviewed by the text analysis method, the following conclusions were reached: It is possible to show the previous migrations to the area where this district is located as the most important reason underlying emigration from Emirdağ district. As a matter of fact, three major placement events occurred in the research area in the past. These are nomad Turkmen who came to Anatolia from Raqqa in 1730, some of the Turks exiled by the Russians from Karabakh to the Ottoman lands between 1830-1835 and some of those who had to migrate from the lands lost by the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans between 1878-1913. As a result of these events, while the population of the existing settlements increased on the one hand, many new settlements were established on the other hand. Furthermore, a pronatalist policy was implemented in Turkey in the early years of the republic. As a result, the physical environmental conditions in the area, where the semi-arid continental climate is effective and the economy is based on agriculture and animal husbandry, have reached the limits of meeting the livelihood of the growing population. At such a time, the widespread of mechanization in agriculture and the fragmentation of agricultural lands by inheritance on the other hand caused many adults to remain unemployed and emigrate from Emirdağ district around 1965.

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The Kinship Commodification of Local Ethnic in Lampung in Multicultural Relations

Author(s): Risma Margaretha Sinaga / Language(s): English Issue: 108/2021

One of the common problems in a society that originates from multiculturalism is the emergence of a dichotomy in the community resulting in differences between ethnic groups. This distinction is often measured by domination, marginalization, majority or minority, and even stereotypes attached to each group or ethnicity. Not infrequently also formed a pattern that labels a local community and migrants. The complexity of inter-ethnic relations in multicultural societies requires controlling models for the relations with conflict potential. Actually, the concept of ethnic identity still leaves debate that is not over, especially among experts in the social sciences. However, at least we need to get an overview of this construct. One of the strongest elements in the cultural structure of a society that can support multicultural relationships that are equilibrium and harmony is kinship because there is a mechanism in maintaining wholeness. This study aims to reveal the meaning of kinship commodification in local ethnic groups in Lampung and reveal the implicit meaning of the commodification of kinship. As a qualitative study, interviews were the main instrument for obtaining a native perspective (the giver and recipient of a title) and observing the custom ritual of awarding the title holistically and supported by several relevant documents. Collected data by rolling out information on some (original) informants to get their perspective on the culture of lifting titles for migrants who used a kinship perspective. This study also used participatory observation to get a complete picture of the commodification of kinship in multicultural relationships. The research location included the Lampung society dominated by Papadun and Saibatin communities. The results showed that the positioning of Lampung ethnicity at the minority level in a multicultural society increased their ability to cultivate a title culture in their community structure as a tool of resistance by adopting kinship. Cultural actions with kinship patterns and symbols make other people like relatives or family. Even the title becomes an instrument of cultural harmony in multicultural relations. The title of Lampung’s local ethnic kinship becomes the identity at stake because the title found a compromise of identity that is always modified.

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Ruska emigracija in jugoslovanska politika do Sovjetske zveze med obema svetovnima vojnama

Author(s): Petra Kim Krasnić / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2021

The following contribution focuses on the Yugoslav policy towards the Soviet Union in the interwar period concerning the Russian emigrants living in the Yugoslav territory. Between 1918 and 1940, the diplomatic relations between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union were not formally and legally established. Nevertheless, various political contacts that were based on the mutual fear of undermining the system of government existed and expressed themselves mainly in the twofold way in which the Yugoslav authorities treated the Russian emigrants: on the one hand, they enjoyed unparalleled support; while on the other hand, they were under constant surveillance due to the fear of Soviet secret agents. Only the increasing Nazi threat forced Yugoslavia to relax its anti-communist policies and establish diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, which infuenced its atitude towards the Russian emigrants as well.

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Paolo A. Dossena, Hitler’s Turkestani Soldiers. A History of the 162nd (Turkistan) Infantry Division.

Author(s): Klemen Kocjančić / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 3/2020

Review of: Paolo A. Dossena, Hitler’s Turkestani Soldiers. A History of the 162nd (Turkistan) Infantry Division. Solihull: Helion & Company Limited, 2015, 430 strani. Reviewed by: Klemen Kocjančič.

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Lithuania fumbles with 4,200 migrants, pushing human rights aside

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Lithuania fumbles with 4,200 migrants, pushing human rights aside

Author(s): Linas Jegelevicius / Language(s): English Issue: 06 (49)/2021

As of September 28th 2021, 4,163 migrants have illegally crossed Lithuania’s border with Belarus. To deter migrants – now and for good – Lithuania has pinned its hopes on a fence along the frontier.

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Z dziejów rosyjskiej emigracji w Polsce międzywojennej: Eugenia Weber-Chiriakowa

Author(s): Iwona Krycka-Michnowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 172/2020

The paper described Yevgeniya Veber-Khiryakova’s views on Russian emigration based on her cooperation with the Warsaw newspaper “Za Svobodu!”. The context for the analysis became statements of other representatives of the Russian Diaspora in Warsaw and Paris. The analysis of journalistic writing and literary criticism have been performed, which led to the conclusion that she perceived emigration as a mission, with a special role attributed to literature. Veber-Khiryakova referred to the great traditions of Russian literature, which tried to combine aesthetic and ethical ideals, and to the idea of a writer — prophet. The texts of Veber-Khiryakova, which are part of the program of the newspaper “Za Svobodu!”, testify to her affiliation with radical diaspora circles, unfavorable to any compromises with Soviet Russia.

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Несколько слов о первой тамиздатской публикации стихотворений Владлена Гаврильчика

Author(s): Bartosz Osiewicz / Language(s): Russian Issue: 167/2019

In 1977 in Paris, the literary almanac «Аполлон-77» was published, the editor of which was a Russian painter and sculptor Mikhail Shemiakin. Among many works of writers banned in Soviet Russia, there were 20 poems of the “classic of Leningrad nonconformity” — Vladlen Gavrilchik (1929–2017). This article is an attempt to analyze them. Gavrilchik’s poems published in the Parisian almanac show his journey through the avant-garde literary tradition. Moreover, they prove that the artist pro- fusely draws from children’s folklore, skilfully uses flaws, irony and parody, evoking the laughter of his readers.

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93 Harbi’nde Macarların Osmanlı Devleti’ne Desteği

Author(s): Ferdi Çiftçioğlu,Erika Verešová / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 71/2021

The Ottomans and Hungarians share a long history together. Beyond historical kinship ties between the Turks and the Huns, their relationship had reached its peak when the Russians dared to threaten both in 19th century as a result of their desire to expand their territory. Alas, the Hungarian’s lost the War of Freedom to the Russians, and the pioneers of the struggle took refuge in the Ottoman Empire. During the 93 [Day] War, the Ottomans – who had fought against Russia many times in the 19th century – fell into difficult situation on all fronts; the Hungarians came to their rescue. Their support was monumental: they sent both medical and financial aid to the ever-weakening army. They organized demonstrations in various countries to inform the European public about what was going on, and they wrote motivational poetry and songs in order to boost Ottoman soldiers’ morale. Some Hungarians had even offered join the Ottoman military. All of this rapprochement played a major role both sides building a common future together (Turanism).

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Toplumsal Bellekte Sürgün: Ahıska Türkleri Örneği

Author(s): Nedime Aslı Şirin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 71/2021

Exile, which is included in the category of forced migration, can be defined as taking individuals from the places individually or as a group, and relocating them to another region as part of a state policy. An example that can be given to exile is from the Soviet Union during the World War II. As one of today’s peoples who are left without homeland, the Ahıska Turks were sent to exile to Central Asia. This article, which aims to understand the sociopsychological effects of the exile and its place in collective memory with the example of the Ahıska Turks who were left without their homeland, is based on a qualitative study carried out between 2010 and 2013 which compares the migration and integration processes of 1989 Turkish immigrants from Bulgaria and Ahıska Turks in Turkey. Within the scope of this qualitative research, in-depth interviews were conducted with 1989 Turkish immigrants and Ahıska Turks living in Tekirdağ, Kocaeli, Istanbul and Bursa. Yet the present article includes the narratives of Ahıska Turks living in Kocaeli, Bursa and Istanbul. In the article in which some of the Ahıska Turks living in Turkey told us about the exile in 1944 and the life in exile in Uzbekistan, it is concluded that while the memories of exile and its grief were transmitted from generation to generation and caused feelings of loneliness, emptiness, longing, skepticism and anger, they did not feel rootless and humiliated and as some of the interviewees emphasised, this traumatic experience played a role in preserving and strengthening their Turkish identity.

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Azerbaycan’da Savaş Sonrası Şehitleri Arama Çalışmaları Sürecinde Kurtarma Ekiplerinin Psikolojik Sağlamlık ve Ahlaki Sorumluluklarının Değerlendirilmesi

Author(s): Hanim Sofiyeva / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 63/2021

When faced with factors such as intense stress, trauma, family conflicts, and social environment, psychological problems begin to emerge. In search and rescue teams, which are one of the important occupational groups, triggering stress factors may arise due to very challenging conditions. Psychological resilience has an important place in coping with these factors. In this study, the duties of the rescue teams in the war and post-war period, the stress they experience during these duties, their strategies to cope with this stress, as well as their psychological resilience and moral responsibilities, under difficult conditions due to their professions, were evaluated. After the Nagorno-Karabakh War, which lasted for 44 days in Azerbaijan, it has been revealed that the rescue teams working in the search and evacuation of the dead bodies of the martyrs in the battlefields go through a process that is always accompanied by psychological and emotional stress, under difficult climatic conditions that require physical endurance, in danger. The psychological defense mechanisms of the rescuers in order to cope with stress situations were evaluated, and it was concluded that their psychological resilience was significantly improved. At the same time, it shows that they have achieved success in their moral responsibilities in terms of witnessing all difficult events and successfully maintaining their workload to the end under all circumstances.

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Imam et vie politique locale au Nord-Cameroun: liman Djidji Issa (1905-1982), lamido et guerre de leadership au Lamidat de Ngaoundéré

Author(s): Abdoul Aziz Ahmadou / Language(s): French Issue: Spec. Iss./2021

This article opens up a new research trajectory that focus on the controversial path of a key figures of Islam from 1960 to 1980 in Northern Cameroon, namely the main imam of the Central Mosque of Ngaoundéré : Djidji Issa. His personal trajectory allows us to revisit, on the one hand, the conflicting relation between the lamidal (traditional) power and the spiritual leader, on the other hand, the strategic alliances that the local actors around the mosque tie up to conquer this lamidal power in Ngaoundéré. The present research intends to analyse from historical perspective the various sources available on this issue after cross-checking them. In addition to the work consulted in libraries and online, we have conducted field surveys and used archives as historical sources.

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Adapazarı'nda Yaşanan Asayiş Sorunları (1876-1908)

Author(s): Cengiz Keskin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

Adapazari, where many nations from different ethnic origins live, has become even more confused with the immigrants coming to the region. In this region, which resembles a ball of problems, the main security problem that stands out is theft. It is seen that especially immigrants usurped the wealth of the rich people living in Adapazari. Those who resisted and tried to resist were battered, even killed. It is clear that the miserable situation of the refugees laid the groundwork for these crimes. These people, who came to Adapazari leaving all their assets from distant geographies, have been involved in such crimes. This chaotic situation has further increased the unrest in Adapazari and its surroundings. The danger of encountering a bandit or gang group at any moment has worried the people of the region. The studies conducted by states such as England and America on Armenians also disturbed the public order in the region. It is seen that Armenians living in Adapazari were greatly influenced by these missionary activities. Armenians, who took action with the dream of independence, caused some problems in the region. One of the public order problems in Adapazari emerged with the drying of the marshes that were not suitable for housing. Various public order problems have arisen due to the claims on the dried lands. The measures taken by the Ottoman Empire alleviated the problems to a certain extent, but could not end. Kidnapping, threats, assault, extortion, injury and murder are among the most common and almost ordinary public order problems in the region.

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I. Dünya Savaşı Sonrası Almanya ve Avusturya’nın Diaspora Politikaları

Author(s): Deniz Taylan Uysal / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

Cross-border national minorities could create security problems due to their irredentism-prone nature. The emergence of kin minority policies is based on the policies followed by Germany and Austria after the First World War. The basis of these diaspora policies consist of "following a liberal national minority policy", "separating immigrants from minorities" and "developing cross-border relations with kin minorities as much as possible". The European integration process which continuously supports the development of minority rights and aims the peaceful resolution of cross-border problems, has an undeniable contribution for the solution. Thanks to the European integration, the lands lost in past wars could become of insignificant importance in the Union where borders are blurred and nations are merged.

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Iran’s National Security and Afghanistan Crisis. Unpacking the Impacts of the Taliban’s Takeover of Power on Iranian National Security

Author(s): Pourya Nabipour,Vida Yaghooti,Ali Khansari / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2021

This paper addresses the question of how the Taliban takeover of power in Afghanistan impacts Iran’s national security. The paper aims to offer an enhanced understanding of the current developments in Afghanistan and argues that the advancement of Taliban forces as well as the Islamic state’s territorial expansion inside Afghanistan poses a genuine threat to the Iranian state’s territorial integrity and sovereignty. In terms of Iran’s human security, enhanced terrorism, drug, and human trafficking within the state will probably impact the physical security of the Iranian citizens as a result of the Afghan crisis. Using a constructivist methodology, the paper also shows the importance of the national identity of Iran for the construction of security policy which is thus imperative not only for a better understanding of Iran’s approach to security but also for creating conducive steps towards reconciliation between Iran and the international community.

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Deterioration of Polish-Belarusian Relations after the 2020 Political Crisis in Belarus

Author(s): Taras Polovyi / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2021

One of the consequences of the internal political crisis of 2020 in Belarus was the deterioration of relations with neighboring countries. Polish-Belarusian relations are indicative in this context. The article notes that Polish-Belarusian relations are again in crisis after five years of normalization of relations. The author emphasizes that the deterioration of interstate relations had almost no effect on relations between Polish and Belarusian societies. The negative consequences of the deterioration of relations for each of the parties are pointed out. The crisis contributes to the destabilization of the domestic political situation in Poland and strengthens the foreign policy isolation of Belarus from the West, which significantly increases its dependence on Russia. The author concludes that Polish-Belarusian relations are not subordinated to the parties’ interests and are determined by multilateral relations in the region and the geopolitical confrontation between Russia and the EU.

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