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Partenerii sociali în cadrul negocierilor colective
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This article examines patentability of biotechnological inventions in the healthcare biotechnology sector. In the first part, authors explain European patent law and analyse judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the field of biotechnology. In the second part, they similarly examine U.S. patent law and crucial judgments of the Supreme Court of the United States. Judgments’ analysis exemplifies how courts approach patents in this very specific and dynamic field of research. Finally, the authors identify issues related to patenting of biotechnological inventions that remain problematic.
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The present work tries to provide a general vision about the incomes and expenses that the cities had to face as a consequence of the development they experienced with the concession of ius latii by emperor Vespasian. Specifically, those referred to the Flavian municipalities in the Roman province of Hispania will be named, which, in part, reflect the content of the lex for the Urso caesarian colony.
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Minor infractions represent the majority of criminal cases. Simplified or summary procedures have addressed their increasing number in order to unburden the courts. Because of reduced requirements for the case to be adjudicated, this procedural economy comes usually to the cost of the defendant. Penal orders represent the most successful form of fast track procedure in which the public prosecutor plays a predominant role. After a police report and sometimes a short investigation, penal orders are issued and notified to the defendant. If they are not objected, their judgment equals the decision of a court. In other words, penal orders rely on the tacit agreement of the defendant. This contribution presents the risks of penal orders to produce wrongful convictions and proposes a set of recommendations that could improve the current situation. A combination of legal sources and empirical studies shed light on the delicate balance between the efficiency of justice and the defendant’s rights.
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Starting the COVID-19 pandemic, physical and social distancing, besides wearing masks and frequent use of disinfectant, was and still is the most important preventive measure in stopping the spreading of the new coronavirus. Penitentiary institutions, especially the crowded ones, became a hard place to manage in stopping the infections. Why? Because these institutions are the ones where there is even more need to balance health protection with human rights. Using medical isolation and quarantine in the process of prevention of infections with SARS-CoV-2 virus, is complicated as result of the use of punitive solitary confinement as disciplinary sanction. The paper analyses the possible methods of protection of prisoners’ health during COVID-19 pandemic with parallel protection and respect of their basic and guaranteed human rights.
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Curtea de Apel Bucureşti, secţia a VII-a civilă şi pentru cauze privind conflicte de muncă şi asigurări sociale, decizia nr. 4579 din 5 iulie 2011
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Pensia de invaliditate din sistemul public de pensii şi modificările survenite prin Legea nr. 37/2013
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Curtea de Apel Alba Iulia, secţia pentru conflicte de muncă şi asigurări sociale, decizia nr. 159 din 19 ianuarie 2012
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Curtea de Apel Alba-Iulia, secţia pentru conflicte de muncă şi asigurări sociale, decizia nr. 3107 din 10 septembrie 2012
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Curtea de Apel Cluj, secţia I civilă, decizia nr. 253/R din 28 ianuarie 2013
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Curtea de Apel Cluj, secţia civilă, de muncă şi asigurări sociale, pentru minori şi familie, decizia nr. 2885 din 7 septembrie 2011
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Curtea de Apel Galaţi, secţia civilă, decizia nr. 421 din 29 martie 2010
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Curtea de Apel Alba Iulia, secţia pentru conflicte de muncă şi asigurări sociale, decizia nr. 110 din 16 ianuarie 2012
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Tribunalul Vâlcea, Secţia civilă, sentinţa civilă nr. 792/21.10.2010
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Curtea de Apel Piteşti, secţia litigii de muncă , decizia nr. 273 din 15 februarie 2012
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Par cette décision, même si elle peut paraître paradoxale pour certains auteurs, la Cour a réaffirmé le raisonnement présenté par l’arrêt d’inadmissibilité prononcé le 7 février 2012 dans les causes connexes Ana Maria Frimu, Judita Vilma Timar, Edita Tanko, Marta Molnar et Lucia Gheţu c. la Roumanie (nr. 45312/11), quand la CEDH a constaté que l’État roumain n’a pas violé les dispositions de l’article 1 du Protocole nr. 1 additionnel à la Convention, en ce qui concerne la transformation des retraites spéciales en retraites dans le système public, en vertu de la Loi no. 119/2010 sur les mesures de protection des retraites, pour assurer l’équilibre budgétaire pendant la période de crise économique. Prin această decizie, deşi poate paradoxal pentru anumiţi autori, Curtea reafirmă raţionamentul expus prin decizia de inadmisibilitate pronunţată la data de 7 februarie 2012 în cauzele conexate Ana Maria Frimu, Judita Vilma Timar, Edita Tanko, Marta Molnar şi Lucia Gheţu împotriva României (nr. 45312/11), când Curtea Europeană a Drepturilor Omului a constatat neîncălcarea de către Statul român a dispoziţiilor art. 1 din Protocolul nr. 1 adiţional la Convenţie, sub aspectul transformării pensiilor speciale în pensii în sistemul public, în temeiul Legii nr. 119/2010 privind stabilirea unor măsuri în domeniul pensiilor, în vederea asigurării echilibrului bugetar în perioada de criză economică.
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By establishing the purpose of criminal proceedings and elaborating in the provisions of other articles, the legislator sought to ensure a balance between the speedy process and the rights and legitimate interests of the subjects. This article analyzes, on the basis of case law, the relationship between the duration of the prosecution and the individual’s right to a speedy and due process, and discusses the criteria for length of proceedings and their assessment in case law of the Supreme Court of Lithuania.The principle of speed of procedure obliges law enforcement officials and courts to take all procedural steps and to take decisions as quickly as possible. The requirement of expeditiousness of proceedings, the prohibition of unjustified delay, the requirement to take procedural steps within the shortest possible period of time and the principle of delay in criminal proceedings are significant in that they must be complied with at all stages of the proceedings. This means that pre-trial officers, the prosecutor and the court must take all the measures and means required by law to investigate and deal with the crime as briefly as possible, keep the process intense and protect every person subject to criminal proceedings from prolonged ignorance. This article will also answer the question of whether the assessment of the actions of pre-trial officers in pre-trial civil liability matters is identical to the treatment of the same actions from the point of view of the criminal proceedings only.
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Curtea de Apel Cluj, secţia I civilă, decizia nr. 1787 din 10 aprilie 2013
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The article is a fragment of a more comprehensive study and at the same time a continuation of the subject originated in the article “The Participation of Poles in Crimes against Jews in the Świętokrzyski” (Yad Vashem Studies, 2007, No 35). By the thorough analysis of the files of several dozen trials that had taken place in the courts of Kielce during the 1940s and 1950s, I am looking for the answers for the questions focused on such issues as specific and diverse circumstances in which the crimes emerged (direct reasons and situational conditions), perpetrators (their profile based on such criteria as position/function, age, marital status, education, financial and social status, etc.), witnesses (both of the defendant and the plaintiff), and defense (the analysis of the defense strategies and arguments used during the investigation and the main trial, as well as the pleas for parole and other letters applied to defend the accused people). Special emphasis is going to be laid on the final issue—defense strategies of the perpetrators—which should enable the reconstruction of the then and, probably, still unchanged, attitude of the villagers of central Poland toward the crimes committed there and their victims.
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Curtea de Apel Iaşi, secţia 1 civilă, decizia nr. 870/A din 18 martie 2013
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