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Nowadays communication is necessary for the functioning of any organization in the public sphere. The purpose of the article is to reveal the importance of internal communications in public organizations and to present good practices for internal communication in the public administration sector.
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The article examines the legal framework of the employment contract in the French Labor Code and establishes numerous similarities with the Bulgarian law in terms of form, statutory content of the employment contract and the types of employment contracts, which similarities are conditioned from the proximity of both legislations as part of the continental legal system. At the same time, there are also differences, notably in terms of statutory working time and the increased protection of employees against discrimination, as well as the existence of legal rules to harmonize pay for men and women.
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The text of the article analyzes the concise text of the Bulgarian constitution, which assigns the Council of Ministers and the executive power with the task to secure the social order and national security, in this regard the article also makes an analogy with the discussed constitutional framework of the judicial system.
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With the individualization of punishments, mitigating or aggravating circumstances also have a great importance. There are various circumstances, which do not depend on the achievement of the legal content of the offense in its basic form. Circumstances — both attenuating and aggravating — refer to deed or perpetrator, influencing the degree of concrete social danger of the act, aggravating or attenuating the original responsibility of the perpetrator. The court will only have to take into account those circumstances or facts that lead to a significant reduction or increase in the degree of concrete danger of the act as a whole and not taken alone.
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In order to ensure the uniformity and effectiveness of the European Union law, the Court of Justice of the European Union has been given clearly defined jurisdictional powers, which it exercises on references for preliminary rulings and in various categories of proceedings. Below are set out the proceedings in detail. Discussed are not just the main conditions of each proceeding already known from the European law systems but also those developed by the Court of Justice of the European Union.
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The clarification of the „legal acts“ notion in the context of the Pauline action, is a topic not only of a theoretical interest, but also a practical one, that is related to the admissibility of the Pauline action The payment implies essentially a reduction of the liability, but this does not represent an actual act or a legal document of disposition in order to be declared unenforceable through Pauline action.
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This article examines such concepts as the excess of the perpetrator in criminal law, as well as examines the opinions of scientists on the issue under consideration It is also determined that the excess of the executor in criminal law can be committed not only by the executor, but also by other accomplices of a crime Suggestions for the improvement of the current legislation in the field of criminal law have been made.
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The correct formulation of claims in civil actions is crucial to success in a court of competent jurisdiction. It is not only the correct legal subsumption of the case that is important, but also the choice of the appropriate method of defense of the subjective right allegedly violated. The paulian action is a method of defense of the infringed civil rights, namely the right to performance of the obligation. The paulian action is a specific method of defense in its own way. A correct understanding of this method and its limits requires its delimitation from other methods of protection of rights, such as nullity of the legal act, ineffectiveness, simulation and others.
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The present work deals with the problem of the activities carried out by the forensic science specialist in the process of the crime investigation. The author pays a great attention to the analysis of the responsibilities of the specialist, which are stipulated in the processual-criminal law and the departmental normative acts of the Forensic Science Service. Arguments are brought in favour of the necessity to eliminate some contradictory processual provisions as well as the necessity to specify and complete the directives that regulate the daily activity of the forensic science specialists.
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The presentation of charges is one of the key stages of criminal prosecution. The right to defense as one of the elements of a fair trial is fully disclosed already at the stage of indictment. Observance of all rights of the accused and timely actions of the defense at this stage are the guarantee of fairness and legality of criminal proceedings as a whole. Not only the procedure of indictment, but also the procedural document itself — the ruling on bringing a person as an accused must meet the requirements of the law. Moldovan legislation does not enshrine the term “standards of defense”. The investigated aspect is analyzed from the point of view of normative definition of the concept of “protection”, “right to protection” both in national and international legislation.
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The publicity of the judicial procedure is a guarantee against a secret justice and a fair trial in full accordance with the fundamental principles of any democratic society. In this article the aim is to analyze the publicity of the trial as an individual right of the accused, also as an institutional guarantee, which ensures that the administration of justice is a subject of examination by the public and contributes to law enforcement and protection of the people involved.
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The idea of establishing hybrid or internationalized tribunals arose in the context of the law performance of international ad hoc tribunals of the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda in the view of several experts. In addition, trough these courts an attempt was made to reach a compromise between the national criminal jurisdiction of the states and the international one. Or, in the opinion of those who promoted this concept, the involvement of local experts in the examination of illegalities committed on the territory of these states could awaken greater trust on the part of society in general and the victims, especially in the act of justice, and subsequently even lead to the start of the reconciliation process of the respective societies. We proposed two cases for this study, which are the most well-known — the Extraordinary Cambers for Cambodia and the Special Court for Sierra Leone.
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The subject of the study is to discuss the penal measure in the form of a ban on owning animals. The article analyzes controversial issues relating to the subject matter. Indicated, among others: on issues related to the scope of the ban on owning animals, the legal basis for its adjudication, and issues related to its implementation. Certain de lege ferenda demands were also formulated, the aim of which is to strengthen the legal protection of animals.
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This article analyzes how tax obligations are established, the methods through which they can be extinguished, as well as the situations in which the suspension of the enforcement of tax obligations may be granted.
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Summary of judgements on tax matters delivered by the Court of Justice of the European Union between September-October 2024
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The reported case concerns the matter of judicial expanses awarded to a party in circumstances where the tax authority acknowledged the request to pay certain tax interest during the procedure before the first instance court. Arad Tribunal confirmed such expanses are due since the tax authority did not solve the payment request in due time and also that the amount of such expanses was justified by the efforts of the lawyer and the value of the claims.
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The Bachmann case law represents a landmark in the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union concerning derogations from the free movement of persons and services in order to ensure the coherence of national tax systems. The ruling emphasizes the importance of maintaining the integrity of national tax regimes and clarifies the conditions under which derogations are acceptable. The case reflects the complexity of the interaction between national tax legislation and EU law, highlighting the need for a clear and fair framework to address these issues. The CJEU’s decision in this case remains relevant to contemporary discussions on tax harmonization and the limits of fiscal sovereignty of the Member States within the European Union.
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