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Review of: Krunoslav Pranjić, "Jezik i književno djelo. Ogledi za lingvostilističku analizu književnih tekstova." (Treće, prošireno izdanje), Beograd, 1985.; by: Senahid Halilović
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The central concern of this article is prolepsis within the complex sentence. The author offers the syntactic, semantic and stylistic analysis of this type of the complex sentence in which the direct object of the main clause anticipates the subject of the subordinate clause, (eg. Vidim PTICU da/gdje /ikako leti — I can see the BIRD that/where/as it is flying: Vidim da/gdje/kako PTICA leti — I can see that/where/as the BIRD is flying. »I can see the BIRD which is flying«). The author claims that the following peculiarities can be associated with this type of the complex sentence: 1. only the verbs of perception and some verbs of state can occur in the position of the predicate in the main clause, 2. the subject of the main clause is always »the experience«, 3. the subordinate clause itself is a nominal-adjectival clause, 4. the whole sentence with the proleptic object in the main clause should be considered as syntactically and semantically marked compared with the unmarked sentence in which the subordinate clause contains the grammatical subject eg. Vidim da/gdje/како PTICA leti.
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This paper deals with the fundamental characteristics of the conversational functional style, inspecting the way in which this functional style, at different levels of language, differs from other functional styles. Since this functional style is insufficiently studied and described, this paper deas with the issues relating to the character of the conversational functional style and gives an overview of its primary features in phonetic, morphological, syntactic, lexical and phrasal level.
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U našem dinamičnom vremenu posebno dolazi do izražaja nastojanje da se utroši što manje prostora (ako se piše) i vremena (ako se usmeno kazuje) za informaciju, etiketu, novinski naslov, reklamu i sl. Nekada su u svemu ovome presudni ekonomski razlozi, nekada tehnički, likovni, ali model neke konstrukcije ostaje i dalje se širi. Razumljiva je težnja informatorova da sa što manje jezičkih sredstava jasno iskaže misao. Ali je još Tomo Maretić, zalažući se za jasnoću i jedrinu stila, ukazao na to da i sabitost može biti isto tako mana stila kao i razvučenost
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The pragmalinguistic approach to the relationship between language and human is also reflected in the stylistic research. In this paper, we aim to clarify the sense of pragmatization in stylistics and outline the new stimuli for such a perspective. This goal assumes a brief analysis of implementations of pragmatic ideas in distinct Slovak stylistic paradigms and a presentation of a perspective for further reflections. We understand pragmatization in stylistics as a change of the interpretative model of language; a shift away from perception of language in the frame of an instrumental paradigm towards the perception of linguistic activity as social action. When clarifying the specificity of the language activity, which we call social action, we will apply H. Arendt’s ideas in her theory of action, specifically on the distinction between the terms labor, work and action. In line with the pragmalinguistic focus on a cognition of the human from the language perspective, and referring to the Arendt’s concept of the self-manifestation in speech, we find an anthropic approach to the language style and the authenticity as its most significant characteristics (especially in regard to public sphere) as viable for current stylistics.
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One of the fundamental issues of contemporary stylistics is the issue of the distribution of linguistic means through which the speaker and hearer are actualized in different functional styles, their genres and texts. The aim of this paper is to analyze and interpret the replacement (synonymy or transposition) of the first person singular, as the speaking person, by its grammatical-metaphorical synonyms (enallage of the person) in the travel writing discourse. As travel writing discourse shows specificity in relation to other genres when it comes to replacing the first person singular with figurative lexis (tropes), the goal of this paper will be the analysis and interpretation of specific figurative lexis as a means of referencing the speaker/ emitter and hearer/recipient in travel writing discourse. The final goal of the work is to point out the connotative value of the analyzed grammatical and lexical metaphors in the travel writing discourse and their specificity genre expression. The corpus is an anthological source of Bosnian travel writing of the 20th century.
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The article aims to assess the linguistic accuracy of texts generated by ChatGPT, based on queries that mirror the instructions found in the 2023 secondary school final exam in Polish language and literature. The analysis focused on identifying and classifying language errors and evaluating their frequency. The results of the analysis revealed a varied level of accuracy in AI-generated texts. Most errors occurred in texts containing more complex constructions, where correct formulation required a comprehensive understanding of grammatical rules. The conclusions drawn from the analysis offer insights into the limitations of AI, which users should be mindful of when editing texts using chatbots.
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This article aims to correct a number of linguistic inaccuracies between the Polish-language and English-language versions of the 30-item Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ) and present a revised Polish translation of the questionnaire that will be better suited to cross-cultural research. Researchers who are unfamiliar with the Polish and English-language versions of the MFQ may not be aware of the differences between the two language versions. These differences, in turn, are important because the MFQ is used to compare moral foundations between different cultures. Precision in translation is crucial in cross-cultural research, as discrepancies in meaning can lead to erroneous conclusions about cross-cultural differences. In this article, we present a revised version of the Polish translation of the 30-item MFQ. We believe it more accurately reflects the form and content of the English-language items. Our translation will potentially contribute to more consistent comparisons of moral foundations between Polish-language and other samples of the
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The current article aims at correcting some linguistic inconsistencies between the Polishand English versions of the 30-item Moral Foundations Questionnaire, and to developa revised Polish translation more appropriate for cross-cultural comparison. Researcherswho are not familiar with the Polish language and the English version of the MoralFoundations Questionnaire are likely to miss these inconsistencies between the Englishand Polish versions. These translation issues are of significant interest as the MoralFoundations Questionnaire has been utilized to compare human values across a widerange of cultures. In cross-cultural research, translational precision is important, as dif-ferences of meaning can lead researchers to draw illusory conclusions about differencesbetween cultures. We offer a revised Polish translation of the 30-item Moral FoundationsQuestionnaire, which we believe more accurately represents the meaning and form of theEnglish items. This new translation should facilitate more consistent comparisonsof moral foundations between Polish and Non-Polish populations.
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This article will examine the reception of the concept of paratext from its introduction into the research space by the French literary scholar Gérard Genette to the contemporary practice of paratextual research. Paratext has been annexed in such fields as library science, cultural studies, translation studies, media studies, and linguistics, among others, demonstrating the coherence of typologically diverse objects. At the same time, the concept has undergone a kind of redefinition over the years, widening or narrowing the scope of its use. This regularity is a determinant of the review of the existing literature, with a particular focus on the reception of paratext in linguistic research. Considerations in this area concern the functional aspect of paratexts, which was undertaken by Romualda Piętkowa or Danuta Piekarczyk; the creative nature of the adaptation of G. Genete’s ideas by Iwona Loewe, whose research activities are located both in linguistics (linguistic genealogy) and communication theory (communicology) or media studies; the methodological proposal for the analysis of contemporary cultural texts as paratexts in a linguistic perspective.
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The paper discusses the problem of overabundance in third-conjugation Italian verbs. It provides a detailed diachronic analysis of grammar compilations to examine how verbs with a dual inflectional paradigm were described and how their usage has changed over the centuries. Extensive research into 59 grammar books intended for both native speakers and foreigners published in Italy and abroad form the 16th to the 19th century has shown that overabundance in the third conjugation was mentioned already in the earliest works of this type. Over time the interest in the topic grew even further as scholars explored its various aspects. The reconstruction of grammatical practice throughout centuries has uncovered the evolution of some verbs and their trajectory. In particular, it was possible to trace the development of: 1) verbs whose alternative, stylistically marked, form has become obsolete and exists only as an -isco form in modern Italian (ferire, languire, patire, perire, tradire); 2) verbs whose usage was unstable over centuries, with one form or the other predominating intermittently, until only one remained in use (tossire); and 3) verbs that have maintained a dual inflectional paradigm for the whole analysed period (aborrire, applaudire, assorbire, avvertire, inghiottire, mentire and nutrire).
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The present work aims to illustrate the lexicographical tradition in the field of Romanian Stylistics, focusing on three important dictionaries for any individual interested in this broad interdisciplinary field: Gh. N. Dragomirescu,“Dictionary of Figures of Speech. Basic Terminology forthe Analysis of Poetic Text” (1995), Mihaela Popescu,“Dictionary of Stylistics” (2002) and Mihaela Mancaș, “Dictionary of Stylistics: Poetics, Rhetoric, Narratology, Versification” (2022). Our selection was based on the following criteria: predominantly stylistic terminology, density and relevance of content. A dictionary regardless of its type has a rigorous character and it is used when we need particular scientific information. It is the first bibliographic source we use when we want to know or to clarify the meaning of a word. Dictionaries of Stylistics help us to understand textual mechanisms, to discover the resources of expressiveness and to analyze style in all its complexity.
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The article presents the history of the lexical unit kamień milowy ‘milestone’ in the Polish language, with a particular emphasis on its new meaning, coming from the EU variety of English, and the meaning-specific collocability. The study has shown how the political context influenced the popularity of the name in its new meaning, its functioning in the media, and its social reception. Data come from dictionaries, language corpora, the Polona digital library, the EU legal acts database, and the EU terminology database.
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This article analyses the methods of citing primarily internet genres in stories publishedonline, based on Imagined’s English fan fiction Like-Hate-Love, in which the author, thanksto the possibilities offered by Archive of Our Own website, imitated the genres both by imagesand text. The latter is used also to show internet genres in print which allowed to describesimilarities and differences in presenting them between print and web publications. Bycomparing the genres included in the story (posts and comments from social network sites,SMS instant messaging) with their definitions, I show that regardless of the publicationmethod the most faithful elements of such imitations are structural and pragmatical aspects ofgenres. Presenting these genres through an image, which happens more often in online texts,allows one to more fully show these two aspects, including two characteristics of internetlanguage, i.e. multimodality and interactivity.
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This paper presents data that can help determine whether factors such as gender or age canbecome significant in authorship analysis through X in Catalan. Considering the principles offorensic linguistics (in particular, authorship analysis and idiolectal style), 500 publicationshave been analyzed from a stylistic point of view, focusing on three discursive aspects: specificfeatures of X, pragmatic variables and stylistic variables. Contrary to what some authors havefound for English X users (Cicres, 2015), the paper shows that, in Catalan, emoticons,exclamations or letter multiplication are not distinctive features for gender or age. However,elements such as the concatenation of hashtags, the use of links, the intensification of first-person subject pronouns, the use of capital letters or the use suspension points can bemeaningful for age ⎯but not for gender. This paper thus constitutes a first step towards findingtruly distinctive elements in the use of X in Catalan, even though more studies, with largercorpora, need to be done to confirm these tendencies.
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Our paper approaches the terms that function as “common names appellatives” encountered in metalinguistic comments. Used allocutively or not, these unconventional appellatives (sometimes codified and accepted by at least a part of the community members) are situated at the border of the nicknames, to which they relate due to their affective content, but do not express individualization by capturing uniqueness, as they designate “a species” or a personal category, being close to “group names appellatives”. Belonging to an area of interference between proper and common nouns, they individualize within a general class and, at the same time, like irony and nickname, constitute one of the pragmatic mechanisms that the speaker uses to criticize or ridicule various aspects that do not conform to the norms and the specific patterns of the traditional mentality, either related to the human body or to behaviors. Like nicknames, these unconventional appellatives belong to the collective imaginary and are the expression of the speaker’s free linguistic creativity.
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Numerous studies have addressed the issue of English words in the context of their adaptation, butthere still exists the need for a systematic perspective on English words in terms of their number and frequen-cy of appearance. This article will outline the procedure behind the compilation process of unadapted Englishwords in the Croatian language with a comprehensive description of the final product – an open-access databaseof single- (SWE) and multi-word (MWE) English expressions extracted from Croatian web corpora (ENGRI andhrWaC) by means of computational-linguistic tools and manual extraction. The final version of the databasecontains 2,982 English words in their unadapted form (e.g. blockbuster), and 18 words which appear with Englishorthographic properties in combination with Croatian inflectional affixes (e.g. downloadati). Each SWE and MWEentry in the database is accompanied with frequencies of appearance in both corpora as well as its Croatianequivalent where available (29.58% of all entries are listed without an equivalent). The database serves as the firstsystematic representation of English words in Croatian and provides an indispensable tool for further researchinto the phenomenon while at the same time opening the door to a new line of research – cognitive processingof English words in Croatian.
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This paper falls into the realm of critical discourse studies by exploring the relationship between particular discourse structures and their meaning as set against a particular socio-political context. To do that it takes the popular analytical tool of transitivity taken fromHalliday’s systemic-functional grammar to examine particular configurations of processtypes as employed by three Polish daily newspapers: Trybuna Ludu [People’s Tribune]- the official voice of the communist authorities, Trybuna [Tribune] - Trybuna Ludu’sideological successor, and Gazeta Wyborcza [Electoral Newspaper] - the opposition’snewspaper. The time period considered is that between 1944 and 1991, which encompassesa number of defining moments in Polish history, as well as the period of communism andthe breakthrough period of political transformation. The analysis mainly looks at processtypes in headlines featured on the front pages of the three dailies, against a specific historicalbackdrop and considers their critical potential. As such, the analysis aimed at establishinghow particular, dynamic historical/political circumstances were represented through thetypes of processes in headlines. The results show that the discourse patterns were not onlymotivated, but also related to social structures in the form of power relations or certainideological effects. Thus, the analysis is not only revealing when it comes to the notions ofagency and control within a specific local context, but also proves the constitutive power ofdiscourse which can both reproduce or change the social world, thus being itself the ‘agent’of change, but also, and oftentimes instrumental in preserving a status quo.
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Using Sketch Engine to explore two sets of data, a corpus of US Supreme Court opinionsand a corpus of opinions from Poland’s Trybunał Konstytucyjny (in literal translation:Constitutional Tribunal), this paper explores the use of evaluative language in the context ofjudicial justification. Adopting a corpus-driven approach, the analysis has shown that anumber of 3-4-grams are found in co-occurrence patterns with value-laden lexis in both theSCOTUS and the Constitutional Tribunal justifications. In semantic terms, these expressionshave been found to serve as pointers to evaluation and as clues to the textual segments whereargumentation unfolds. The scrutiny of the relevant co-texts has revealed that these phrasestend to be utilized as building blocks of judicial discourse to help frame interpretive andargumentative concerns.
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