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The present research focuses on phraseological derivation as an important key source of phraseological language system development and broadening. The study of contemporary British literature for teens and the analyses of the idioms used in literal works of selected and nominated authors let us come to certain conclusions which will be given in the present session. The aim of the present research is to reveal the contemporary ways of phraseological derivation and their speech realization in modern literal texts for teens. The object of the present research is a phraseological way of development in the contemporary phraseological English language system. The subject of the research is the communicative value and characteristics of phraseological derivatives. The results and data which were received will be useful for language instructors and teachers, as well as for further linguistic analyses in this field.
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Krashen (1981, 1982, 1983) believed that the effects of explicit instruction are peripheral and explicit knowledge cannot be converted to implicit knowledge. Ellis (2002), on the other hand, maintained that form-focused or explicit instruction can contribute to the development of implicit knowledge. To test this controversial issue on learning English collocations, a study was conducted on teaching English collocations in three different modes, focus on meaning, focus on form, and focus on forms. The effects of instruction were measured by recognition and production tests one month after the instruction. The results of the study showed that the more explicit the instruction, the better the performance of learners on both recognition and production tests. The study also showed that, in the case of English collocations,explicit instruction is possible to contribute to the development of implicit knowledge.
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This paper deals with a picturesque element in the topics represented by phrases i.e. phrasemes, one part of which is a fruit or vegetable name. Starting from French, where this type of phrases is rather common, we will base our remarks on a corpus comprising a hundred phrasemes, which will first be described from a linguistic perspective. Taking the premise that (1) linguistic signs are imposed by language as a social code and are therefore fixed and (2) signs consciously used to comminicate are intentional signs, we will study the way in which desemantisation takes place and propose a typology based on our observations. Then we will look for the equivalents in Croatian, the language in which the names of fruit and vegetables are not very much used in phrasemes. Using Umberto Eco's approach that translation is negotiations, we propose a range of strategies, from a literal translation to equivalence, realised with an existing Croatian phrase or through adjustments: adaptation, transposition, and banalisation. We will explore possible strategies that are to be used and attempt to determine the relevance of the proposed solutions.
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Proverbs are considered to be a cultural heritage, circulating for centuries around the world. As such, they are bequeathed to us by the past generations. This paper aims at analysing the peculiar features of some of the most prominent Russian and English proverbs available in the relevant linguistic literature. One of the main objectives that this work seeks to achieve is to inspect whether the scrutinised proverbs in both languages have similar or different qualities. By utilising the comparative method, we will provide a linguistic description of proverbs in order to identify the grammatical and semantic markers, as well as the use of phonic devices in English and Russian respectively. This work will be based on the analysis of twenty-two short proverbs in English and twenty-one in Russian.
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A careful study of the alliterations displayed by the South Picene stele of Crecchio (CH 1a) suggests the word divisions po + ioúefa or po + ioúeta (instead of poi + oúefa, poi + oúeta) and ioki + pedu. These segmentations of the words yield two alliterating word-pairs: Ioúef/ta Ioki [y... y...] and Pedu Pdufem [p... p...]. The subordinating conjunction po in po + ioúefa (or ioúeta) is probably also found in the form povaisis (TE 5). As the liquid [l] in initial position is regularly reflected by [y] (instead of [w]) in the text CH 1a (iepeten < *lepetey-en, cognate with Lat. lapis, lapit or with Gr. λώπη, cf. tokam / toga), the word ioki may be compared with the first member of the Latin compound locuplēs (“rich” < “replete with abundance”) and with the Vedic substantive rāśí- “heap, mass”: ablative singular ioki < *lokīd “with abundance”. The second part of the Latin adjective is related to the verb pdufem: *plh1-u-dh- “fill” > *pluh1dh- > *plūf- > pduf-em. The form pdufem contains the same ending as knúskem (CH 2) and represents the first person singular of a verb, as ekúsim (CH 1a, ekú+sim) “ego sum, I am” and kduíú (CH 1b, cf. clueō) “I am named, I am”. The phraseological association *loḱi- + *pl(e)h1- is attested both in Latin (within a compound, locuplēs) and in South Picene (at the textual level, ioki + pdufem).
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In der Metaphorik des menschlichen Körpers nimmt das Herz eine besondere Stelle ein. Der Beitrag untersucht bildhafte Ausdrücke des Deutschen und des Rumänischen, die auf Herzmetaphern beruhen. Die Aufmerksamkeit gilt der metaphorischen Bedeutung der Wendungen und zur übersichtlichen Gestaltung des Wortmaterials wird dieses inhaltlich klassifiziert. Die Metaphorik des Herzens wird in beiden Sprachen dargestellt und auf diese Weiselassen sich Ähnlichkeiten sowie Unterschiede im Hinblick auf die semantischen Aspekte der metaphorischen Ausdrücke feststellen.
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Auch wenn die Emotionen in den letzten Jahren in der Psychologie, Philosophie und Linguistik als unvermeidbare Begleiter aller Denk-,Handlungs- und Äußerungsprozesse aufgewertet und in den Fokus des wissenschaftlichen Interesses gerückt werden, ist die Antwort auf die Frage, was Emotionskonzepte konstituiert und wie Emotionen konzeptualisiert werden, keinesfalls unumstritten. Emotionen als interne Zustände haben keine eindeutige Referenz, sind universell und kulturbedingt zugleich. Dies gilt insbesondere für zusammengesetzte Emotionskonzepte, zu denen Stolz als selbstbewusste Emotion gehört. Im Fokus des Beitrags steht die Konzeptualisierung der sprachlichen Einheit Stolz im Deutschen. Zunächst wird auf die Verbindung zwischen Emotion und Sprache eingegangen, wobei deskriptive Emotionsausdrücke, insbesondere metaphorischer Natur, ins Zentrum der Aufmerksamkeit gerückt werden. Daraufhin werden die Embodiment-These sowie die Theorie der Konzeptuellen Metapher dargestellt. Nach kurzer Charakterisierung des Begriffs Stolz aus psychologischer Sicht versuchen wir anschließend die körperlich verankertemetaphorisch-konzeptuelle Struktur des Stolz-Konzeptes anhand phraseologischen Materials (Idiome als lexikalisierte Metonymien und Metaphern) zu rekonstruieren. Ziel der Untersuchung ist das Erfassen der sprachlichen Manifestation dieser komplexen selbstbewussten Emotion im Spiegel idiomatischer Lexik.
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This study offers a cognitive analysis of the grammatical construction ter PRON INF (present in the familiar expression Não tem de agradecer). The construction is shown to have a preference for negative uses, and for the most part, it serves to express ‘incapacity’. Although it shares some characteristics with indirect question structures, the form of the construction is idiosyncratic as a result of conventionalization of fixed phrases and lexical gaps. These properties are then discussed in terms of their significance for acquisition and use of the construction. It will be assumed that the construction and its idiosyncrasy, otherwise widely believed to underlie all form-meaning pairings, require heavy exposure to input (contra the generative opinion or the poverty of the stimulus argument). However, the present study suggests that predictable (regular) properties cannot but simplify and expedite the learning process and should therefore receive a more prominent place in current usage-based models.
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This paper presents an analysis of certain phraseological expressions that contain parts of the human body as the main component. With the help of comparative analysis, we try to explain their use in different language environments, primarily according to the metaphorical concept. Despite the large and rich selection of phrases and phraseological expressions, we analyze somatic phrases remarkable in their structure for our analysis. The analysis of phraseological expressions in both languages, Macedonian and German, is performed according to the classification of phrases according to Bergerova (2005) and in terms of the degree of equivalence according to Brown and Krallmann (1990). We analyze the idioms which contain the parts of the human body: heart, head, and hand, to present the similarities and differences in the language pair of Macedonian and German. The discussed phraseological expressions are excerpted from certain works, novels, dictionaries, parts of the bible, etc. Applying the conceptual method of analysis, the idioms are divided into thematic and semantic fields. Most of the noted idioms (heart, hand, head) reflect the human being - his/her personal and intellectual characteristics, physical appearance, feelings, etc. Very rarely they certainly reflect other meanings in the language, which were also presented in this paper.
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This article describes anthropocentrically marked idioms with species names of birds in their structure. The material presented here shows the importance of the relationships between birds and humans as fixed in Polish phraseology. Structurally varied combinations of words containing a bird component serve as metaphorical characterizations of humans. Experiences and observations contained in them connote both positive and negative values. Those values concern not only the appearance of people, but also the intellect, human experience, and the general principles of human life.
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Terminological discussions about the different elements that are dealt with in phraseology (Thun; Pilz; Gläser) have been abandoned in recent years. Yet the question is far from being resolved, not only as regards the naming of these elements, but also as regards their nature. Indeed, there continues to be a profusion of terms according to everyone’s own theoretical frameworks (fixed expressions, phrasemes, phraseologisms, phraseological units, etc.). However, faced with this profusion of denominations and typologies within the discipline known as phraseology, the name of the field in question has had only one competitor since Bally proposed it: that of idiomatology (Guiraud), with its idiomatik variant in German (Burger et Jaksche), and its idiomatology translation into English (Makkai; Kavka and Zybert; Kavka “Compounding”). This observation prompts us to look for an explanation that goes beyond the mere random fate of words in their consolidation, by retracing the history of this rivalry, however short it may have been, in an attempt to understand the reasons for Bally’s choice of terminology and how this choice came to prevail. We will do this by comparing the terms phraseology and idiotisms and their co-appearance in two 19th century works (Dupont, and Bochet et al.). This will certainly shed light on the division amongst specialists today, who are divided between a broad or narrow conception of the field, with more or less inclusive typologies. Above all, however, it will be an opportunity to reconcile phraseology and idiomatology as complementary fields..
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Syntagmatic compounds (CS) are not easy to distinguish from other fixed syntagmas such as collocations and nominal expressions, since there are many similarities between them from the formal, semantic and functional approaches. Thus, it is possible to find the same syntagma classified as a nominal expression, a collocation and a CS depending on the lexicographical or phraseographical work consulted (mano dura, for instance). García-Page (En torno a, “Hombre rana”), among other authors, has shown his concern for these similarities; Osorio and Serra have made a proposal to distinguish between nominal expressions and CS; Corpas (51) establishes a difference between collocations and nominal expressions according to their process of fixation. This paper aims to delimit the concept of CS in contrast to collocations and nominal expressions from a phraseological approach, on the basis of Pamies’ theory, who considers CS as phraseological units (PU). In order to do so, we propose two criteria regarding the fixation process of CS: that they have been artificially coined due to the need to name an ontological reality for the first time, and that this need arises in a specialised field of knowledge. We test the validity of these two criteria on a corpus of fixed syntagmas drawn from three Spanish novels.
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This paper is the first part of a triptych aimed at presenting the publishing history of three Cracow reissues from 1619, 1620 and 1634 of the collection of Polish proverbs Proverbiorum Polonicorum […] centuriae decem et octo prepared by Salomon Rysiński, which was first published in Lubcz on the Neman in 1618. This part is devoted to the fi rst of these renewals, which was published in Cracow in 1619 without naming the printer. However, the woodcut strips used on the title page of the collection allow us to determine the publishing house in which it was issued. It was the workshop that operated under the aegis of Jakub Sybeneicher’s heirs. It was then managed by Stanisław Giermański, who was probably also the initiator and editor of the reissue. He introduced a number of signifi cant innovations to his edition. He polonised the Latin title of the original, omitted the author’s dedication, poems recommending Rysiński’s collection, and the numeration of proverbs (turning the centauries of the fi rst print into chapters), and removed some 80 proverbs from the Polish list, almost 30 Latin equivalents of native proverb, which Rysiński provided in the original, assuming that his work would be used by foreign paroemiologists, as well as all source annotations discussing the origins of the Polish and Latin dicta. Moreover, a number of proverbial phrases noted by Rysiński were edited by Giermański, who changed their shape into one that was better known in Cracow. Most of these changes were dictated by mercantile considerations. On the one hand, the volume presented by Giermański was reduced by 1.5 sheets, as compared to the fi rst edition, which made it possible to reduce the printing costs and make the typographer earn more on the reedition. On the other hand, thanks to the title translated into Polish and the omitted numeration of proverbs, the collection better suited the needs of the local audiences, whose needs Giermański, a book seller, knew better than Rysiński.
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The combination of synonymous words, whose origin may be associated with folk demonology and personified notions of Bieda [Poverty] and Nędza [Misery], has become the basis for a few phrasemes that are authenticated in contemporary Polish language. The analysis of research material that includes a variety of texts, differing in terms of topic, genre and style, is the evidence that apart from the phraseme bieda z nędzą, which is registered in dictionaries, also other multi-verbal units, whose basic element of composition is this particular word combination, are used in Polish. The primary significance of the analysed phrasemes results from the presence of two synonymous words denoting a difficult financial situation, which leads to the hyperbolisation of the phenomenon. From the pragmatic perspective, however, they are used mostly as negative evaluation units, referring to the material sphere, but also to various fields, phenomena and events, which, according to the speaker, are characterised by low quality, have visible shortages and symptoms of poverty, or result from negligence or bad taste. As expressively and axiologically marked terms, which are characteristic of the colloquial style, these phrasemes are encountered in comments and discussion forums, as well as media coverage, especially in headlines. Longer phrasemes, which are joined by a clear rhyme, are the elements of intertextual games in various cultural texts: artistic works, blogs and chrematonyms.
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The author uses a cognitive tool called image schemata to analyse aphorisms. The schemata originate from early bodily experience and are enable to ground the phenomenon of linguistic meaning there. The aphorism is defined not only as a linguistic fact but as a conceptual structure based on an axiological clash. The clash results from profiling opposite values in the used schemata. Considering the language-values relationship, the article adopts a cognitive linguistics approach which claims that valuation is an immanent part of symbolic language units and it mustn’t be relegated to the area of pragmatics. Following Krzeszowski’s concept, the author assumes that preconceptual schemata interact with the SCALE schema. The hearer/reader of the self-contradictory expression must reinterpret it using metaphorical meanings. These are easily available thanks to conceptual metaphors which include image schemata in their source domains.
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The author of the article discussed reproducibility of the mythical motif of “Adam’s pact with the devil” in Polish traditional culture and in dialectal and colloquial phrasematics. The adoption of the concept of “language narrativeness” in the description of a small piece of reality such as the act of selling one’s soul to the devil, makes it possible to present this piece in a form of a structured image within the frames of a great narrative about the world (based on the Christian belief concerning the soul) which contains small narratives (referring to myths and folk demonology included in stereotypical text motifs) and micro-narratives that are hidden in lexis and broadly understood phrasematics and that reflect a whole range of interpretations and evaluations related to a person’s pact with a demonic being.
More...(Split, 11. srpnja 1922. – Zagreb, 24. travnja 2020.)
Dok se Hrvatska u 2020. nosila s koronskim ožujskim i travanjskim danima, izolacijom i karantenama, u samo mjesec dana razlike tiho nas je i neprimjetno napustilo dvoje uglednih i izuzetnih znanstvenika i slavista dugoga i plodnoga životnoga i radnoga vijeka – Josip Matešić (preminuo 25. ožujka 2020. u 93. godini) i Antica Menac (preminula 24. travnja 2020. u 98. godini), čiji su se znanstveni interesi, osobito u području frazeologije, frazeografije i leksikografije, i poklapali, i doticali i razilazili, ali koji su, svaki sa svojega motrišta, ostavili neizbrisiv trag u hrvatskome jezikoslovlju.
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