We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
The author first provided an extensive review of the faith of the plans to connect the Habsburg Monarchy with Turkey before the Congress of Berlin, dealing especially with Austro-Hungarian differences concerning the attempt at the realization of the plan to construct the railroad going through Bosnia. The Hungarians, on whose consent after the Agreement of 1867 depended the connection of Balkan railroads with Austrian railroads, stipulated at the beginning for the construction of the Bosnian line by a simultaneous building of a railroad through Serbia which would connect Budapest, in a most direct way, along Morava Valley, with Thessalonica and Istanbul. The Hungarian interests played a significant role in the steps taken by Andrassy, while, on the other hand, there was present for a long time in the Austrian general public a dilemma about the most favorable route for a railroad connection with the Orient. Otherwise, in Austro-Hungarian communications plans and policies, Bosnia before the occupation was considered primarily as a possible transit area on the route leading to the East; only secondarily was it considered in the light of an immediate economic interest when the question of a railroad connection between the Monarchy and Bosnia was raised. In the new political arrangements after the Congress of Berlin the building of a railroad connection with Thessalonica and Istanbul via Serbia became an immediate aim of Austro-Hungarian politics, while securing the right for the building of a railroad through Sandžak could, at the Congress of Berlin, have a significance only for the future. However, in view of new difficulties and uncertainties relating to the realization of the railroad line along the Morava Valley, in the Austrian general public there could be heard voices demanding the construction of the Bosnian line, so that the polemic about the most favorable connection with the Orient was revived. This caused a suspicion with the Hungarians, who were decisively against a possible construction of the Bosnian line before the establishment of a railroad connection through Serbia. This influenced to a significant extent the formulation of Hungarian policy toward the construction of railroads in the direction of Bosnia o-n the territory of Hungary. The problem of the construction of connecting railroads from Sisak, Osijek, and Dalj, where railroad connections ended at the time, on to Dohrljin and Bred, represented a special episode in the Austro-Hungarian railroad policy and overlapped with the basic questions of the Dual Monarchy Balkan politics and with the relationship between Austria and Hungary. . Immediately before the start of military operations for the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Ministry of War demanded the establishment of a railroad connection between Dalj and Brod and planned the construction of a railroad from Brod in the direction of the Bosnia Valley where the main operation line was meant to take place. At the same time it also demanded the construction of the railroad between Sisak and Dobrljin and the reopening of traffic on the railroad between Dobrljin and Banja Luka. Although, only the construction of the railroad Vinkovci—Brod had been legally agreed upon, the Hungarian government decided on its own responsibility to begin immediately the construction of the railroad Dalj — Vinkovci, having in view the fact that the construction of a railroad in the Bosnia Valley would best suit the comercial and transportation interests of Hungary. It considered desirable the building of the Bosnia Valley railroad before the establishment of the connection Sisak — Novi — Banja Luka, the more so because of the fact that the Serbian railroad had not yet been built. At any event, Hungary desired, as far as its relationship with Austria was concerned to ensure for itself a more suitable connection with the East by way of Bosnia. The Hungarian government refused in 1878 to, circumventing the normal parliamentary procedure, grant the concession to Siidbahn for the building and exploitation of the railroad Sisak — Dobrljin, doing this not only for constitutional reasons but also for fear that a main railroad line might be built from Banja Luka to Thessalonica, thus going outside the Hungarian territory. All the assurances on the part of the Emperor and ministers of both countries about the groundlessness of such fears were not sufficient to make the Hungarian government, which had to take into account the feeling in the Parliament, change its position. Count J. Andrassy came to believe that there would be more political harm in the construction of the railroad Sisak — Dobrljin than benefit in its use for military supplies. He was afraid that on this issue the Hungarian government might fall; therefore he deemed it better to submit the matter to the Parliament later, when it might be possible to convince the public and the representative body that Hungarian interests were not jeopardized. To this solution the Emperor also had to agree. During the debates between the Austrian and the Hungarian government concerning the question of making a commercial and railroad treaty with Serbia, conducted in the spring of 1879 simultaneously with the renewed negotiations between the two governments about the establishment of basic principles of the rule over Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Austrian government tried to make its consent to negotiate about a Serbian railroad convention a condition dependent on the granting of the Sisak — Dobrljin railroad concession to Sudbahn. The Hungarian government was decidedly opposed to this. During the negotiations an agreement was reached by which both governments were bound not to extend the railroad from Banja Luka toward Thessalonica or Istanbul before the completion of the railroad connection along the Morava Valley. Only after an express declaration by the Austrian government that the Serbian connecting line on to Turkish railroads ought to precede the Bosnian one, the Hungarian government accepted the demand for the construction of the Sisak — Dobrljin railroad and agreed to submit a bill thereon in its Parliament, The railroad mentioned just now was not completed until April 10, 1882, at which time the construction of the Serbian railroad line had already been assured and the cartel contract between the Hungarian state railroads and Siidbahn (on September 1, 1881) had taken place, by which these railroads were placed in the position to actually control the Dobrljin — Banja Luka railroad as well. The author described in the end how, generally speaking, it was the Hungarian government that won a decisive victory in the realization of a railroad connection of the Monarchy with the Orient.
More...
For centuries, traditional means of transport have been tightly connected to traditional peasant culture. The work of a farmer has always represented not only the means of adaptation to the natural environment and the acquisition of essential articles of food and raw materials, but also the realization of one’s cultural identity. Over the centuries, it has acquired its typical features and has become distinct within several regional forms. This has been reflected in the traditional means of transport related to the daily annual cycle of a farmer’s work, as well as various non-agricultural opportunities. The aim of the study is to summarize the knowledge within the field of traditional transport in Slovakia during the first half of the 20th century, exemplified through some typical transport aids. It aims to point out their manifold utilization and their gradual adaptation to the changing natural, historical, and social conditions.
More...
The disappearance of commercial borders with technological developments and globalization has increased the need for the logistics sector. The needs for the logistics sector and the dynamic structure of the logistics sector have increased the workload and thus led to an increase in the stress levels of logistics employees. With increased stress levels, employees' feeling bad psychologically and physically raises the likelihood of developing burnout syndrome. Enterprises provide in-service training to their employees to reduce stress caused by workload, ensure that employees are prepared in the face of changes, improve their qualifications, and ensure superiority in a competitive environment. This research aims to examine the effect of in-service training received by employees in logistics enterprises on burnout syndrome in the context of gender. The sample of the research consists of 336 employees of logistics enterprises operating in Turkey who have received in-service training. The study collected data using the online survey technique and analyzed using the Structural Equality Model. As a result of the research, it was determined that the orientation training given in logistics enterprises negatively affected emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal failure, which are the sub-dimensions of burnout syndrome in women, and only personal failure in men. In addition, it was observed that rotation training negatively affected personal success in men and women ad emotional burnout in men.
More...
Many factors play a role in determining the level of development in countries, and one of the main factors is FDI. To attract foreign capital to the country, it is necessary to realize the developments desired by the foreign capital and pave the way for investments. The strong transportation infrastructure contributes to the country’s development not only in economic terms but also in many social and cultural aspects. With all these contributions, the benefits of transportation infrastructure investments make countries attractive for foreign capital. In this study, the relationship between investments in transportation infrastructure and foreign direct investments (FDI) was examined using the Arellano-Bond difference Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). In addition, inflation, trade openness, and economic growth, among the FDI determinants, were added to the dynamic panel model as explanatory variables. The study’s data set covers the period between 2010 and 2017, and the analysis was carried out using data from 30 OECD countries. According to the findings, it has been determined that total transportation infrastructure investment expenditures positively affect foreign direct investments.
More...
Since the rapid increase in the use of personal motor vehicles is the main cause of problems caused by traffic in cities, it is unquestionable that the focus of urban rehabilitation measures must be on reducing such use, as well as on reducing the negative effects caused by different types of motor vehicles. This effort to transform urban mobility has become known as the Avoid-Shift-Improve (A-S-I) approach. „Avoid“ measures aim to reduce the need to travel, both in terms of the number of trips and the length of each trip. „Shift“ measures seek to encourage people to switch from less sustainable modes of travel - such as personal motor vehicles - to more sustainable modes, such as public transport and non-motorized modes of mobility. "Improve" measures seek to reduce the negative effects of motorized travel, which inevitably continues despite avoid and shift measures. In this paper, the concept of the A-S-I approach will be presented and explained through the experiences of various authors from this field. The purpose of the paper is to promote the application of this practice in cities in the region affected by problems caused by traffic. The goal is to ensure the necessary level of knowledge for experts and researchers in the field of traffic planning, competent authorities and all interested groups. This approach will be especially applicable during the implementation of the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans
More...
The paper presents a bibliometric analysis about the papers of the research papers written in the scientific field that use one of the two notions “food supply chain” (SCI) - agri-food supply chain and “short food supply chain” (SFSC), the notion of “local food systems” (LFS) will be found also. The database queried was the Web of Sciences platform containing journals, articles with scientific content from several publications. Web of Science information databases were then processed with VOSviewer software [3]. The results of research in Web of Science confirm the growing scientific interest in studying the subject of the "agri-food supply chain". Out of the total of 2702, 2622 records for SCI and 80 records for SFSC. The first article was published in 1995, then their number increased to 59 articles published in 2012 and 2013. In the next period, the interest for the scientific study of this subject increased from 254 in 2018, to 327 in 2019, and in 2020 the number of articles on the subject of SCI was 390, reaching 404 in 2021.
More...
Relevance of the problem. The study is relevant due to the fact that now the problem of socio-economic development of Ukrainian territories is very acute. This is mainly due to economic and political determinants. Hostility has caused further aggravation to the current country`s position and logistics infrastructure. Problem statement. To solve the problems of territories` and regions` development is impossible without modern logistics infrastructure. Additional problems that have recently arisen in Ukraine are also related to the fact of Russia's aggression, i.e. powerful logistics infrastructure assets have been destroyed, so there is an urgent need to restore them. Analysis of recent research. The critical analysis of Ukrainian logistics infrastructure position allowed to prove the expediency of its restoration, and to introduce radical changes in conceptual approaches to its recovery and further development. Unsolved parts of the general problem. Thus, starting the reconstruction of the destroyed national logistics infrastructure, it will be expedient not only to restore it, but also to change the approach to its building within the country and at the regional level using international experience. Study task and objective. The following scientific tasks will be solved aimed at their practical application: to develop the methodology to choose the location of regional distributive logistic centers at the logistics area of Ukraine; to form the algorithm for selecting potential locations of regional distribution logistics centers. Methodology. General scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analytical grouping) and special (abstraction, modelling, etc.) methods for studying economic phenomena and processes have been used in the study. The main material (study results). The system to reform the logistics infrastructure of Ukraine including two groups of determinants: natural and artificial, formed by the market, has been proved in the study. It has been stated that the implementation of the proposed model of cargo flows distribution through regional distribution logistics centers will provide opportunity to improve the cargo delivery quality directly to customers and, most importantly, its timeliness. In addition, this model will allow to come to the correct formalization of logistics clusters and their topological connection to specific regions and market segments. The comparative analysis of logistics infrastructure in Ukraine and the EU countries has been carried out in the study. The problems impacting the domestic economy have been determined as they deteriorated due to the hostility in Ukraine and the destruction of the infrastructure. Conclusions. Logistics infrastructure in Ukraine has been analyzed, including the consequences of hostility. It has been proved that the renewal of logistics infrastructure (including the recovery of the destroyed assets) is expedient by building regional distribution logistics centers (RDLC), which can become a key element of both regional clusters and the core of regional development.
More...
Recently, several cases have been registered before the courts in Bucharest, for attracting accountability and payment of compensations, directed against some public entities, for car accidents. Starting from this reality, I intended following the study of a concrete case, to identify the causes for which the intervention of the courts was requested and where the public entities acted wrongly, so as to raise the issue of attracting their accountability. With this purpose in mind, the following research questions arise: which public entity has a public road under administration? What are the obligations of the public road administrator? What is the responsibility of a public entity? Under what conditions is a public entity accountable for?, questions that I will try to answer within the paper. In order to answer these questions, firstly I will analyse the relevant legislation and literature, and the presentation of the case study will focus on the manner in which several public entities decline their accountability and on highlighting the way in which they disregard the legislative provisions about their given powers under decentralization and administrative delegation and how these actions have led to the creation of situations such as the one described in the case study. In the end of the paper, I will emphasize the conclusions drawn from the actual study, with emphasis on the reported errors and also, I will try to sketch some proposals in order to improve the respective public service.
More...
Among the missions carried out by the Air Force are those of supporting the RSOM process with specialized forces of all forces involved in conducting combat operations in the context of the conduct of joint operations, which leads to considerable effort on their part and related support mainly concerns the transport of forces by air. The involvement of the Air Force, in particular through the use of strategic transport aircraft but also through the provision of aerodrome infrastructure and cargo and passenger processing capabilities, determines that the deployment of forces is a key element in the economy and the success of joint operations. The RSOM process is mainly characterized as a complex one, and the involvement of the air force through the use of specialized forces and means in the transport of forces can be considered in some operational situations as the best option, in some cases the only one to choose in what is the stage of dislocation of the joint operation.
More...
In the overall conduct of the joint operations, the Air Force through its transport component and the capabilities held in the RSOM process insurance for participants in operations, mainly the transport of forces by air, but also the provision of certain capabilities and facilities, both at tactical level as well as operational and strategic level. The process of deploying forces with the support of the air force is essential in the economy and the success of joint operations, due to the fact that the transport of forces by air in certain situations may be the only mode of transport that is available, efficient and necessary to be chosen time constraints, price, security risks and nature of cargo.
More...
The thesis concerned the essence of stock management in forest and timber sector in Poland. The aim was focused on the acquisition and sale of wood raw material in a deliberately selected forest district, located in the region of the Augustow Primeval Forest. Defining the method of stock management in the supply chain, systematizing of wood storage methods. Then, empirical research was carried out on the classification of stocks in a selected forest district. Thanks to the classification of inventories using the ABC method, it was determined which assortment brings the highest revenues and ways to improve the activities in the area of inventory management.
More...
The major objective of the paper was to determine the spatial diversity of linear road transport infrastructure development in Poland in 2004–2019. The paper explained definitions, characteristics and classifications of transport and transport infrastructure. The study presented specific methods of research on transport infrastructure and showed criteria for the classification of public roads in Poland. Moreover, the thesis indicated the main reasons for road spatial diversity. The paper identified a list of voivodships with the highest level of linear road transport infrastructure development by various measures.
More...
The study presents the concept and division of urban transport, of which bicycle transport is a part. The features of public bicycle transport are also described. Changes in the assessment of the Warsaw bicycle infrastructure in 2018–2020 were presented, which were developed on the basis of surveys. An analysis of the force field of the Warsaw Public Bike was also performed, indicating the elements driving and inhibiting the development of Veturilo.
More...
The Polish air transport market constitutes a significant part of the European and world transport services market. Over the years, there has been a high dynamics of growth in the number of air transport passengers. Due to the dynamism of the changes taking place, there has been a need to forecast this phenomenon. The paper presents forecasts of the number of air transport passengers in Poland with the use of exponential smoothing methods: Brown, Holt and Winters in additive and multiplicative versions. The quality of the obtained predictions was also compared based on the calculated ex post errors.
More...
In case of conventional vehicles, no or very little data was generated. The widespread use of autonomous vehicles, which have a large number of sensors and camera systems in addition to memory modules and carry out permanent data exchange, has the potential to reveal not only the entire living conditions of the passengers, but also those of pedestrians, and others. The increasing networking of vehicles increases efficiency and mobility. On the one hand, this networking is entirely voluntary, but it can also be mandatory, as in the case of the eCall emergency call system. Regulation (EU) 2015/758 made it mandatory for car-manufacturers from March 31, 2018 to equip their vehicles with automatic emergency call system, which in the event of an accident automatically transmits the position and other relevant data to the rescue services. Can this possibility of ubiquitous surveillance may create legal problems? This increasing role of data requires special attention against the background of data protection based on fundamental rights and privacy.
More...
Auf Grund von Materialien aus isowjetsilschen Archiven und anus anderen Quellen begründet der Verfasser den Bau von Land - und Eisenbahnstraßem im Bosnien und decr Herzegowina der letzten Jahrzehnte tosmanischer Herrschaft. Der organisierte Bau von Landstraßen in Bosnien und der Herzegowina begann, im Vergleich zu den eurapätschen Ländern, relativ spät und traf zeitlich mit intensivierten Anstrengungen der Hohen Pforte zur Durchführung von Reformen zusammen.Auf Grund von Materialien aus isowjetsischen Archiven und anus anderen Quellen begründet der Verfasser den Bau von Land - und Eisenbahnstraßem im Bosnien und decr Herzegowina der letzten Jahrzehnte osmanischer Herrschaft. Der organisierte Bau von Landstraßen in Bosnien und der Herzegowina begann, im Vergleich zu den eurapätschen Ländern, relativ spät und traf zeitlich mit intensivierten Anstrengungen der Hohen Pforte zur Durchführung von Reformen zusammen.
More...
Through this paper we propose the study of the place and the role it has within the local budgets “tax on means of transport”. In the first part of the article we presented the basic theoretical aspects that relate to the technical elements of the tax on means of transport: subject of taxation, taxable possesions, calculation and payment of tax. In the second part of the paper, we conducted a quantitative analysis of the amounts collected to the local budget of Suceava from the tax on the means of transport in the period 2016-2021 in order to highlight the place that these revenues share within the local public revenues. Our scientific approach was based on the data from the annual execution accounts of the local budget of Suceava. The research carried out in the second part of the Article shows that the tax on means of transport occupies a small share in the total revenues of local budgets, this leads us to consider that a rethinking of the current system of taxation in regard to means of transport established by the tax code in force is necessary.
More...
One of the key aspects of the internal situation in the Ottoman Empire, and therefore in Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially in the periods of crises; was uncertainty on public roads. The government and local feudal lords were very much interested in the protection and safety of communications and trade. This type of service was entrusted to a derbentçi organization.
More...
The article presents a multi-faceted analysis of legal regulations relating to protection against road traffic noise. The problem of this kind of noise is topical and very important. The development of traffic networks, the growing number of cars on Polish roads and the development of towns and cities mean that more and more people are exposed to harmful noise from roads. In view of this, it is necessary to establish whether the legislation provides for adequate protection against road traffic noise. In the first part of the article, the author justified the need to discuss this issue, referred to the concept of noise, the permissible levels of environmental noise, as well as the entities obliged to provide protection against road traffic noise. He paid particular attention to the noise standards in force in Poland, indicating that they are too high and do not allow for a proper acoustic climate.
More...