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THE HYBRID WARFARE AND THE MILITARY OR BELIGEN NON MILITARY CONTEMPORARY ACTIONS’ CHARACTERISTICS

Author(s): viorel catalin mihalcea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Hybrid War is a system of social, military and non-military actions,carried out in a discreet operational area characterized by political and economic states driven by events. The final result of the actions is the dissolution of statehood.Starting with the Cold-War Era, the most effective strategy of defeating undesirable state sovereignty proved to be its destruction, peaceful or violent, by itself (from inside),through discrete social actions, followed, as appropriate, by events management and the restoration of social order through military action. Thus, the role of the military structures has gradually changed, involving the change of organization and training, from the role of the main force of destroying the opponent to the force specialized in post-conflict social status management.On the other hand, in the Age of Information, within the Knowledge-based Society,space and time have become discontinuous and asynchronous through the universalization of electronically mediated communication and the virtualization of human interactions. This development made possible this type of war, the hybrid, characterized by the physical absence of the external military opponent in the decisive action phase and its emergence, with a stabilizing role, in the phase of managing the results.

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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND THE ROLE OF EXPERTISE IN CREATING DEFENSE POLICIES AND SECURITY STRATEGIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Author(s): Tudor SÂRBU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the Russian Federation, the process of public policy elaboration has the imprint of the recent past, but also of the illiberal political regime. In Russian society there are various types of expertise communities that carry out research projects, analyze,elaborate strategic documents etc. Yet others are the actors that influence the decision making process. “Siloviki”1 - building power that unites the armed forces, law enforcement and intelligence services, with common identity, with a shared world view, and a personal loyalty to Putin.The Russian authorities are very closed to the debate and are reluctant to rely on any expertise other than that provided by government agencies. The role of the expert communities in the decision-making process is “close to zero” because officials make decisions based on secret information and usually stress that any external expertise is irrelevant.

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STRATEGY AND WAR IN KAUTILYA’S VISION. TOPICALITY REFLECTIONS

Author(s): Florin Stafi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A true compendium of great strategy, Kautilya’s Arthashastra gives us a complete picture of the state leadership that transcends time, presenting us, with a perfect political realism, the art and science of government, diplomacy and war. The center of its strategy is the state's power in all its forms, as well as the means by which it can be acquired,maintained and expanded.For Kautilya, the war is viewed in the strategic context of alliances, providing the political decision maker with the necessary instrument for internal well-being, expanding the influence at the macro level, balancing the equilibrium of regional power, allowing it to achieve political goals. Arthashastra is a leader’s art and science, its guide through which he can provide protection against internal and external threats, law enforcement, border security and economic progress. Peace or war are only “state of facts” imposed by social pyramid needs,the national interest being the supreme goal of politics.

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MILITARY MOBILITY – AN OPERATIONAL TARGET AS EFFECT OF THE HYBRID WAR BREAKDOWN OF THE BORDERS

Author(s): Dorin Ionita,Ion Anghel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The freedom of movement of forces and means became an operational target, as a result of the ever-widening hybrid warfare on the elimination of frontiers. In recent years, it has come to light that it is very difficult to transport military equipment and forces on national territory, but also on the European continent, as there are a multitude of restrictions. Therefore, ensuring effective military mobility raises wide-ranging debates at both national and EU / NATO levels, as it requires a systematic approach to several economic, military and political issues. The article presents a review of these concerns,which have the ultimate goal of ensuring that the freedom of movement of forces and mean scan be viewed as an investment process that involves, both military and economic, short-term costs and long-term benefits.

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GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

Author(s): Ciprian Tudor / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The way in which the military plans, functions and operates has been revolutionized by the usage of GIS applications in military operations. From home security to operations around the globe, military depends on reliable, accurate spatial mapping and tools. Military forces use GIS in a variety of applications including cartography, intelligence,terrain analysis, battlefield management, remote sensing, military installation, management and monitoring of possible terrorist activity. The concept of Command, Control,Communication and Coordination in military operations is largely dependent on the availability of accurate, spatial information in order to take quick decisions for operational orders. In the present digital era, GIS is an excellent tool for military commanders in operations.

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USING BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY IN DESIGNING CYBER-SECURITY SOLUTIONS

Author(s): Adriana Meda Udroiu,Victor Adrian VEVERA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this paper we aim to analyze the impact of Blockchain technology in the current context of cyber-security, especially in the area of financial transactions. For this, we will first describe the current state of cyber-security and the problems it faces. Because blockchain technology only addresses part of the cyber-security matters, we will explain the response of this technology to each of the domain-specific issues. It is equally well-known that blockchain technology is the basis of many current applications (Bitcoin, Ethereum,Hyperledger Fabric).

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A CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH TO STRATEGIC CULTURES OF CHINA AND INDIA TOWARDS SOUTH ASIA: ORIGINS, MANIFESTATIONS, AND IMPACT ON REGIONAL SECURITY

Author(s): Shakaib RAFIQUE / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The notion of strategic culture has gained pivotal significance in terms of foreignpolicy behaviors of Nation States today. This concept, coined by Jack Snyder, stands at the coreof comprehending the nature of inter-state relations and therefore serves as the crux of theforeign policy behaviors of modern Nation States. The notion of strategic culture hasconstructivist roots on one side, while on the other side it serves a blow to the ‘rational choicetheory’ as well. This paper is essentially aimed at employing the constructivist approach forunderstanding the constitutive elements of the strategic cultures of China and India towardsSouth Asia. This paper establishes that the roots of the strategic cultures of China and Indiatowards South Asia are essentially premised on their peculiar historical experiences,ideologies, notions and beliefs of their leadership towards the region. Furthermore, thestrategic cultures of both these countries are also guided by the “We” vs. “Others” notionsthat form the central core of a constructivist paradigm. The paper then argues that it is owingto the above characteristics that the strategic cultures of China and India differ so much fromeach other.

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EXTREMISM AND RADICALISM – CHALLENGES FOR THE EUROPEAN SECURITY

Author(s): Teodor Badiu,Daniel-Mihai DUȚU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The development of industries and the emergence of globalization have led to the alteration of the physical boundaries of the states, and the geographical proximity has given rise to the desire of each individual to have a different identity than others, desire that led to the emergence of radical and extremist ideologies and movements. These differ according to factors that cause individuals to radicalize, but also depending on the purposes of these movements. Thus, the international society faces many radical movements, such as radical Islamism, revolutionary nationalism and extreme populism, resulting in the accession of extremist groups in national and international leadership structures. Today we are talking about mass radicalization representing a real threat to international and human security that generalized especially since 9/11.This paper aims to analyze the causes and modes of manifestation of extremist ideologies,focusing on radicalization models and on the impact that these ideologies and movements have on both international and individual levels

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ON STRATEGY IN HYBRID WARFARE

Author(s): Dan Lucian PETRESCU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Hybrid warfare is one of the most complex issues regarding the security of actors in the world, at the beginning of the 21st century. Each hybrid threat has a configuration which corresponds to a strategic model that underpins the manifestation of the threat – the hybrid aggression – carried out by an aggressor against a target, usually a state actor. The latter has to develop a system in a “whole-of-government” approach, corresponding to its own characteristics, integrated into that of the partners and adapted to the configuration of the hybrid threat that may be conducted against it, which allows the target to survive and counteract it, meaning to detect and prevent the threat, to manifest resilience against the aggression and to respond accordingly. The hybrid threat countering system must implement a coherent strategy, which uses all instruments of power in actions carried out across all are as that define the state actor to achieve all national security goals and to meet the purpose for which it was created.

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THEORIES ON HYBRID THREAT AND HYBRID WAR. DEVELOPMENTS IN MILITARY THINKING

Author(s): Costinel Nicolae MAREȘI / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Suggesting a short citation of Marcus Luttrell, one of the American heroes of Asadabad, Afghanistan 2005, we can say that the war is not only black and white, it can also be gray, and the one who refuses to fight in the gray zone may lose the fight. This is the simplistic description, but it is a realistic way of conducting the contemporary war.In practice, the hybrid war existed, some said, just before being theorized, but this fundamental feature has gained new strengths in the contemporaneity, through the massive integration of aggressive means belonging to other plans than the military one. The theories regarding the hybrid war were accepted and granted by the schools of military thinking thanks to the efforts of experienced military personnel that fought in the conflict zones after the Cold War, the academic environment in the field of military sciences and the military organizations/ military entities that develop and apply military doctrines.

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NATO-EU STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP FOR COUNTERING HYBRID THREATS

Author(s): Costinel Nicolae MAREȘI / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The start of NATO-EU strategic partnership in countering hybrid threats was marked on July 8, 2016. At the NATO summit in Warsaw the president of the European Council Donald Tusk, the president of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker and NATO secretary general Jens Stoltenberg signed a joint statement on EU-NATO cooperation in the field of defense and security. The discussions held by both parties at this summit aimed at starting joint projects against a common adversary, the 21st century hybrid threats. The general opinion was for increasing the ability to counter hybrid threats by strengthening resilience, by exchanging timely information and partnerships between intelligence departments, for building a strategic communication coordinated between both parties, as well as for having corresponding and coordinated military exercises built on countering hybrid threat scenario.

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NUCLEAR DECISION-MAKING PROCESS IN JOINT MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS

Author(s): Alexandru Herciu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

We are witnessing these days an unprecedented harsh controversy over the development of nuclear capabilities as a result of the failure of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. The brawls are more complicated than that, in the sense that there are many concerns for the development of combat components with nuclear warheads with tactical, operational, and strategic use. The main objective of the paper is to address issues related to the management of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) information in the operation of multinational joint forces that possess nuclear capabilities or operate in nuclear environment. Considering that the use of nuclear weapons at the right time can create favorable conditions for achieving decisive results in the dynamics of military operations, the lethal consequences of their use can significantly influence military operations and increase the complexity of the battlefield. Under these circumstances, allied forces must be able to perform all types of operations in such a complex environment.

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SEA CONTROL – AN ESSENTIAL TASK FOR NAVAL FORCES

Author(s): Valentin – Marian TOMA,Ion Chiorcea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Sea control is designed to secure a given part of the sea and control the sea lines of communications for a specific purpose, which essentially means that one side possesses superiority over its enemy, and interrupts or cuts off the enemy’s sea lines of communication without major opposition from the enemy. It means that the enemy does not have a significant capability to interfere with the stronger side. Controls of a specific sea area require strong naval forces which is able to achieve a substantial degree of control of surface, air and subsurface. Sea control can be strategic, operational, and tactical; it depends on the dimension of the maritime domain where the sea control concept is applied. The structure and the capabilities of naval forces are essential for maintaining sea control for a period of time. By obtaining sea control in a specific maritime area, the stronger side can exert a strong political,diplomatic and military influence on the events.

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ETHICAL-MORAL PRINCIPLES CURRENTLY USED IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Author(s): Daniel Cocolici / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The current international system bases its moral fundamentals on principles developed along the centuries with major contribution from theorists associated to the Western and Christian culture.The Just war theory, a term that encompasses generally agreed moral and ethic principles on how to declare, conduct and conclude a war, is a collective effort of theorists who contributed decisively to the blueprints of the UN Charter and are strongly reflected in the Geneva Conventions provisions. Both documents are fundamental in regulating the way the relationship between states are currently shaped.This status quo allows advanced democratic states to engage, either using the framework provided by the military alliances, the already established security organizations or the ad-hoc coalitions, throughout the full spectrum of military operations in support of peace, subject to moral justification of their military action.However, recent transformation on the nature of war, technological developments and the emergence of new non-state actors on the international stage are challenging the existing paradigm.

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MILITARY MEANS AND METHODS OF UNDERMINING USED BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Author(s): Marius Titi Potîrniche / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper presents some of the military means and methods, used by the Russian Federation to undermine some targeted states, with reference to increasing its geopolitical ambitions while trying to become an important center of power in a multi-polar world and reduce the US influence in Europe and Asia. Controlling the states in the immediate proximity of its borders has always represented for Russia an objective of utmost importance in terms of physical security. Russia considers that its geographical position may generate some vulnerabilities, being therefore entitled to appeal to a combination of arrangements, pressure,grants and diverse sanctions. All these generate a change in the way of promoting national security interests, as well as and the art of waging and conduct war.

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THE SOCIAL-IDENTITARY PARTICULARITY OF THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF WAR, THE VULNERABILITIES OF THE EUROPEAN ETHOS AND THE ETIOLOGY OF THE AGGRESSIVENESS MANIFESTED IN THE IMPACT AREA OF RELIGIOUS MILITANCY

Author(s): Lucian Grigore / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The reconfiguration of geostrategic games, the resurrection of extremist nationalism,the ethnic and religious fragmentation, the ideological radicalization and the emergence of terrorist groups stimulated by the amplitude of the Islamic radicalization at a European level are challenges that must be integrated to a more comprehensive strategic vision. The assessment of the European security environment, characterized by its complexity and dynamism, leads to a higher level of understanding of the relationships that are made between the social, cultural, political and military factors involved. In this paper we point out the conflictual potential settled in the dynamics of fundamentalist ideologies engaged in the fight for the defense of religious principles, at the intersection between different cultures and traditions. The hypothesis on the basis of which we initiated this approach refers to the fact that in the operation areas of certain motivations that are confined to conflictuality, together with other instability factors, the religious radicalism interferes as source of threat to peace. There search is oriented towards the analysis of the etiology of aggression manifested in the impact area of religious activism.

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NATO’S REPOSITIONING AFTER THE 2014 RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN CONFLICT

Author(s): Violeta NICOLESCU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The hereby paper elaborates on the North-Atlantic Alliance’s response to the Russian Federation’s aggressive actions against Ukraine in 2014, going through the main steps that the Allies have chronologically taken in order to enhance deterrence and defence, in what was a completely new relation with the Russian Federation, once a partner of NATO.Generally explaining the measures on deterrence and defence, the paper also approaches in a more detailed manner the Allied decisions dedicated to the Northern and the Southern segments of the Eastern border, so as to arrive to the conclusion that, be it the Baltic states, Poland, Romania or Bulgaria, they are all facing the same security threat and measures must be seen in a coherent and unitary approach. Debating on Russia’s main reason for its actions in the region, the hereby paper will conclude on the necessity for NATO to have a clear strategy on Russia’s assertive actions on the Eastern border.

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IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION OF STATEHOOD AND THE IMAGE OF THE ADVERSARY IN THE DE FACTO STATES ABKHAZIA AND SOUTH OSSETIA

Author(s): Elena ONU (TUDOR) / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper aims to analyze the modus operandi of the "secessionist vocal regimes"in South Ossetia and Abkhazia and the stages of state identity building and the image of the adversary. Based on the Theory of the Regional Security Complex (RSCT/ Barry Buzan) and the Theory of Linkage and Leverage (Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way) and analyzing the rhetoric of senior officials in the European Union, the Russian Federation and NATO, the paper attempts to throw a shed light on how domestic and foreign political actors influenced or supported the evolution of unresolved conflicts in the Republic of Georgia.

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THE POLITICAL PROGRAM OF PRESIDENT VOLODYMYR ZELENSKY. HIS POSITION TOWARDS CRIMEA AND SELF-PROCLAIMED REPUBLICS DONETK AND LUGANSK

Author(s): Elena ONU (TUDOR) / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The victory in the election for Ukrainian President of Comedy Actor, Volodymyr Zelensky, was considered a new political beginning for this country facing an open conflict in the eastern regions, carried by pro-Russian separatists, but also with the loss Crimea following the illegal annexation by the Russian Federation.The paper proposes an analysis of the political course of the current leader in Kiev, focusing on the political and oligarchic entities that supported his accession to the supreme function in the state, but also the importance he attaches to the recovery of Crimea, the settlement of the conflict in the Donetsk and Lugansk People’s Republics and the new separatist tendencies in Transcarpathia. It also aims to establish the position adopted by the North Atlantic Alliance,the US, the EU and the Russian Federation both towards Kiev and the separatist elements in this country.

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UKRAINE TO BOOST ITS DEFENCE AGAINST RUSSIA

Author(s): Jan-Florin GANEA,Robert-Mihai Poenaru / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The new conflicts that are arising at international level tend not to fall within the sphere of traditional conflicts which humanity saw in the last century, and in our opinion cannot be resolved through actions such as peace treaties, peacekeeping operations or ceasefire conventions. The new clashes are conducted through hybrid actions. Such a conflict has been going on in Ukraine since 2014. The reasons for its outburst and the main actions taken at international level to resolve this conflict will be discussed in this article.

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