THE SECURITY IMPACT OF ROMANIA’S ACCESSION TO EU
Romania’s alignment – at the 1st of January 2007 – to the European Union’s member states represents the strategic event with the best impact in the close reality and also in perspective.
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Romania’s alignment – at the 1st of January 2007 – to the European Union’s member states represents the strategic event with the best impact in the close reality and also in perspective.
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The terrorism, the large threat of the 21st century, imposed the beginning of the global war against it. If we accept one of the former secretary of state of United State assertion as “the war against terrorism is the future war”, then, there is no doubt that the preoccupations to analyse and predict specific features are more than necessary. The complete image of this new type of war must be sketched step by step, on the base of an assiduous study of existing information, researches realised by specialised institutions, new elements identified by war phenomena analysts. And such an approach may prove very difficult, because, according to John Terrraine’s vision, the modern war is similar a cobweb and, we consider that the study of this complex structure offers the most unexpected conclusions.
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The author presents the changes of the main tasks of the European navies after the end of the Cold War. He asserts the contemporary fleets are similar to the Victorians ones and they accomplish mainly expeditionary tasks. The most important factors which determined future naval environment are: significant dynamism of situation changes and wide scope of challenges requiring flexibility of forces, littorality – focus on coastal (littoral) waters, expeditionary capability, asymmetricity, jointness, network centricity. The author states that fleets are the very effective tools of international policy, but they lost their ability to single-handed operations. The fleets have become the part of great joint, combine system which is able to utilize the synergy effect.
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For a long time and everywhere, the economic and social life, work, politics and military life have been influenced by the world crisis, the market crisis, the job crisis, the crisis inside the government, the geopolitical crisis, the financial crisis, etc. Crises accompany us, mark us, form us, offer us models and symbols, and control us. In the geopolitical and managerial register, too, the crisis is attached to the events or to the economic, social and political events and episodes that are unusual but tend to become habitual with consequences that vary on the scale of situational aggressiveness. The financial crisis from the South East Asia has not passed unnoticed. Its violence made it obvious in the eyes of witnesses and mainly in the eyes of those who felt it.
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The end of the Cold War marked the end of the Europe division. This fact has not only transformed East-West relations, but it has also affected the transatlantic partnership. Europe is now broader and the US ambitions are now different. Thus, if the transatlantic relationship is to remain healthy, a new bargain must reflect the new reality, including a united Europe working together with US in managing challenges in and outside Europe. This new bargain has to include Central and Eastern Europe in defining a common strategic purpose centred on meeting the major strategic challenges of the day. In this context, Romania wants to play an active role in strengthening the transatlantic link by offering the power of example, influencing through its generosity and acting with wisdom.
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D’où vient l’OTAN? On sait que c’est la réponse militaire organisée par l’Alliance atlantique pour faire face à la menace militaire soviétique, une réponse qui prend forme peu à peu, en plusieurs étapes, pour établir un barrage dissuasif à l’armée rouge. L’histoire commence tout d’abord par l’Union occidentale du traité de Bruxelles de 1948 à laquelle se superpose dès 1949 le rempart du traité de Washington puis, après l’épisode de la communauté européenne de défense et les accords de Paris de 1954 qui établissent l’Union de l’Europe occidentale, l’OTAN porte la charge principale de la guerre froide1 . Où va l’OTAN? On sait ce qu’elle est devenue après la guerre froide avec le nouveau concept stratégique arrêté à Rome en novembre 1991 et développé à Washington en 1999 au sommet du cinquantenaire, avec le lancement de la transformation militaire au sommet de Prague en novembre 2002 et avec sa transformation politique qui sera peut-être lancée au sommet de Riga en novembre prochain. On parle déjà de ses prochains élargissements et d’un nouveau concept stratégique, peut-être pour fêter ses 60 ans en 2009. Qui décide? On voit moins bien comment elle planifie ses opérations, ses partenariats, son avenir, comment elle prépare ses actions. C’est l’objet des quelques réflexions qui suivent qui vont examiner la question de la prise de décision, de la planification multinationale, de ses modes et méthodes, de ses difficultés (dans la PESD de l’Union européenne comme dans l’OTAN), avant de conclure par quelques perspectives d’avenir pour l’Alliance atlantique.
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Romanian political, economical, social and military integration in the Euro-Atlantic family imposes a process of adopting common recognized standards. Not only standards, technical and technological, must be put in place, but also cultural requirements, to adopt/accept new values, concepts and procedures. Integration into the Euro-Atlantic collective security organizations requires costly efforts, but costs of not doing it are much, much higher. The Transformation process of Romanian Armed Forces involves changes in force structures, adopting new standards, doctrines and procedures which, along with new technology and modern military systems acquisition, should allow us to fulfill our missions, to contribute to national and collective defence, to improve our capabilities offered for multinational operations, crisis management and combating terrorism missions. Re-designing the decision making process, ensuring informational superiority and implementing modern military concepts, such as Effect Based Operations (EBO) facilitated by network enabled capabilities is considered the key transformational element of the Romanian Armed Forces1 . In this complex process, where situational awareness and proper operation of C4 I systems is decisive, we would like to emphasize the necessity of sustained educational and intellectual efforts for “cultural” adaptation of staff personnel to the new performance requirements.
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The article reviews the state of regional security affairs from the perspective of the Republic of Moldova relations with its neighbours and strategic international players: UN, EU, OSCE, NATO, GUAM, USA, Russia, Ukraine and Romania. Within this research, the author’s objective is to identify the favourable and discouraging factors in the process of the assertion of the Republic of Moldova on the international arena. The author does not present only from historical and narrative point of view the relations of the Republic of Moldova with the most important international and regional players. The comparative and behaviouristic analysis of the Chisinau Government’s actions in the field of foreign and domestic affairs, offers a new perspective on the past, present and future evolution of the Republic of Moldova within the post-Cold War geopolitics. By summing-up the main developments during the contemporaneous history of the Republic of Moldova, the author underlines the biggest weaknesses of its foreign and security policy, as well the huge influence played both by the integration and de-fragmentation movements at regional and global level. It’s not surprising therefore that the author characterises the security dilemma of the Republic of Moldova (between East and West) by the interaction between the revenge and reactionary forces, and the nationalistic, pro-European and pro-Atlantic policies. Within this paper, the author made his own conclusions and gives recommendations for further development of the Republic of Moldova’s relationship with the neighbouring states, other main actors and international organizations.
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Nowadays the United States are the unique superpower that can use force under the auspices of the United Nations, acting anywhere in the world within the intervention force because they have huge economic-financial resources and an unrivalled military arsenal. Besides the United States, centres of power can also be considered the Great Britain, Russia, China, France, Japan, Germany and India, countries that are global geostrategic players. On a second level there are: Ukraine, South Korea, Nigeria, Mexico, Turkey, Iran and Indonesia, as true geopolitic and geostrategic pivots that influence the world strategic dynamics.
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The content and the quality of the political-military decisions depend on great number of factors. Among them: decision making factor’s culture and, especially, their political and military culture, their responsibility, acceleration of the transformations humanity is suffering today, and in the first place, the demographic explosion, the unprecedented economic, social, political and military structures development, internal and external policy characteristics, the political, military, political-military, economic and especially security situations, the last being primordial.
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Due to its remarkable development, the Internet has become, for the terrorist groups, an active battlespace, and as well a vital mean of communications, propaganda, recruitment etc. Also, the Internet has facilitated creating complex networks between terrorist groups due to the fact that it is a fast, inexpensive and relatively anonymous method of communications which favours loose complex networks, harder to identify and monitor.
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This is the way military intervention can be the most efficient action in conflict management, taking in consideration the link between military and diplomatic instrument. After the difference between conflicts types – between states and inside the states – the interventions option can be synthesise starting from minimum effort of implication to the sending of the Rapid Reaction Force. The intervention option and ways of action are considered for the conflict manage¬¬ment purpose. After the Cold War, the potential actors that can interfere in conflicts were considerably extending. One of the lessons learned consists in the great benefit of the preventive engagement for the way of negotiations to stop repressions and violence extension. It is important to take into consideration the conflict management process, the facts from which the conflicts are passing from politic to military sphere. Like an overview of these aspects, some requests which can ensure success in intervention for the conflict management are presented, reminding that military and diplomatic way must be used into a complementary process and an unsure intervention can generate new motivations for a new conflict.
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The Romanian National Defence University started an ambitious project, called “e-Learning Pilot Centre”. The core of this project is the e-Learning Laboratory. This lab will help us to accomplish at least three major purposes: 1. How LMS can improve the distribution of knowledge in order to fulfill the education objectives; 2. What the teachers are to do for a proper conversion from classical to digital content? Could we generate a best practice guide for this ope¬ra¬tion? 3. Which are the student’s reactions and how this new model of learning influences level of know¬ledge?
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Într-o perioadă relativ scurtă, MareaNeagră a devenit o regiune prioritară pentrumarile puteri ale lumii şi pentru principalelestructuri internaţionale şi regionale.Extinderea NATO şi a Uniunii Europene autransformat regiunea într-o zonă strategicăde interes primordial pentru Occident.Apropierea NATO de ţărmul Mării Negreaduce Alianţa in vecinătatea OrientuluiMijlociu şi sporeşte capacitatea acesteia de acontribui la procesul de pace şi de securitatedin regiunea Mării Negre. Concomitent, prin„Strategia de securitate europeană” care estepe punctul de a fi desăvârşită, UE a creat maimulte oportunităţi pentru desfăşurarea înzona Mării Negre a unui întreg set de misiuni„cu un nivel de intensitate scăzut” .Astfel,viaţa internaţională a regiunii Mării Negre,monotonă timp de 45 de ani, a devenit dintr-odată plină de evenimente politice, economiceşi sociale complexe. Această importantăschimbare le-a acordat elitelor politice dinaceste ţări o binevenită ocazie de a-şi regândirelaţiile reciproce şi de a începe să construiascănoi legături multilaterale.
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Without any doubt, the “Old NATO” with its associated “heavy” integrated military command structure was extremely successful, but it had been built to cope with the threat posed by the former Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact. However, against the background of the fundamentally changed strategic landscape, with its increasingly multi-faceted, multidimensional, and trans-national risks and uncertainties, NATO not only had to review its concept for security in and around Europe, but it also had to review the tools it has at its disposal. In this regard, the new NATO military command structure was the tangible evidence that the political will to manage change, as first manifested at the London Summit in 1990, is being pursued by the Military Committee.
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The disposals of 2000/ Nice Treaty are maintained by the art. 22/ Constitutional Draft, illustrating a moderate vision of the European politicians in establishing the institutional schema of the Union.
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The evolution of the international phenomena focuses its attention on the legal aspects of deploying armed forces. Without being the panacea for the human catastrophes caused by war, the international humanitarian law is often mentioned by mass media and specialists because it tries to draw the technical limits where the necessities of war have to stop and make room for the exigencies of humanity.
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In the last three decades of the last 20th century and the first years of this century, the conflicts that have appeared in different areas of the world were extremely numerous, either among different countries or different factions on their territories with new characteristics in which the classic war actions are interconnected with those of the terrorist type.
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I n December 2004, the Jordan authorities arrested Murad al-Assaydeh, a 18 years old Palestinian, accused of using Internet in order to threat the Jordanian security department with attacks. The young man was convicted by a military court for “the threat by using violence for undermining general security”.
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The evolutions in the international context nowadays show a recrudescence of terrorism, as it has spread over a lager geographic area and through the diversity of the objectives promoted, methods and means used, as well as through the diversity of the targets that the entities want to destroy by initializing, planning, organizing, supporting and accomplishing terrorist acts.
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