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Nogay is a dialect of the wider Turkic language, classified among the Kipchak subgroup' and standing close to Kazakh and Karakalpak. It was spoken-by Nogays in the North Caucasus and in diaspora, mainly Turkey and Romania. In this article, basic features of this dialect are given in an introductory form.
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Coming together of two different verbs in Turkish is always being descriptive verb is completed by gerundium and auxiliary verb. Hardly, some auxiliary verbs can be connected with participles and making new meanings except their based meaning. One of auxiliary verbs known as the complex verbs is bol-. Bol- auxiliary verb is connected with participles in Noghay Turkish texts is studied in this study.
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Complex sentences with a relative attribute clause in Bosnian are semantically equivalent to Turkish phrases with participles and proparticiples in the function of the extended attribute supplements. The analysis of concrete examples enables to determine when and why these sentences are being used in literary texts, and contrastive comparison attempts to resolve the dilemma of how these examples should be transposed into Bosnian.
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This paper attempts to give new explanation for the ethnonyms bẄklI and čẄlgl (or čẄlgIl) occurring in the Türk inscriptions of Kül Tegin and Bilgä Kagan. After a thorough survey of former research the author comes to the conclusion that the two names must be treated separately, both indicating a separate country. Bökli or Bökküli (bẄklI), as was correctly supposed formerly, is undoubtedly identical with Goguryeo, a Korean state of the period. čẄlgl (or čẄlgIl) must be read as Čülüg el which may be a Turkic name for the Chinese state of Northern Zhou of Tuoba origin. On the other hand, a third ethnonym of the inscriptions, Tabgač, refers to the Northern Qi state of Tuoba origin. So it is certainly inaccurate to translate Tabgač, in a simpflified manner, as ‘China’ or ‘the Chinese’ as most researchers have done until now. Čülüg el and Tabgač were two separate Chinese states of the period.
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In Mongolic, the words belge and mengge have practically the same meaning, cf. LM belge ‘sign mark, token, symptom, symbol; prognostic, omen’ and LM mengge ‘birthmark, mole; sign’. This paper aims to answer the question of whether these two words are etymologically related with each other or not, and also attempts to shed light on a question put forward by Gerhard Doerfer. In two of his works Doerfer (1992; 1993) suggested that there might be loanwords in Early Turkic taken from different Mongolic languages, but this idea has gone practically unnoticed in the Altaistic literature.
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The author is aiming to interpret the historical connection between Old Russian kamka and Old Novgorodian õàìú ‘textile of silk damask’. She comes to the conclusion that the former is a borrowing from East Old Turkic qamqï, while the latter is a loan from West Old Turkic χamï. Both Old Turkic words are of Chinese origin.
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The present paper discusses the origin of the Hungarian particle igen 'yes', for which no convincing etymology has been presented so far. It is suggested that it is a selective copy of Turkic egen ~ igen (< erken), an indirective and/or emphatic rhetorical particle ('evidently', 'obviously', 'apparently', 'as it appears', 'it turns out that', 'indeed'), derived from er- 'to be' and used as part of the predicate core and/or as a postpredicate element to convey consenting or admitting answers.
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This paper examines the term ā-rè recorded in mediaeval Chinese historical sources as the title of the ruler of the Yenisei Kirghiz state. The author aims to discover which Old Turkic title this Chinese phonetic transcription corresponds to. By reconstructing the sounds in ā-rè according to Middle Chinese the author argues that the most likely pronunciation of the term was änäl, which he suggests is a phonetic variant of the Old Turkic title inäl. The author also argues that this was a temporary title of the ruler of the Yenisei Kirghiz during their vassalage under the Uyghurs.
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In this study, the idioms, proverbs and reduplications in Orhan Pamuk’s “Sessiz Ev” and Fakir Baykurt’s “Yılların Öcü” has been found out through scanning method. The frequency of occurrence of the vocabulary in these novels has been revealed by means of numbers. In this context, which writer benefited from idioms, proverbs and reduplications most and reflected them in their literary works has been investigated. To what extent these writers has been successful at making use of idioms, proverbs and reduplications has also been explored.
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Art is a powerful means which both enriches creativity and elevates humane qualities among human beings. Literature, a very strong genre of fine arts, helps human beings reach at emotional and rational maturity through oral and written works. Thus, by way of literature, human beings take conscience judgements and develop healthy attitudes toward life and occurences. Nowadays, however, because of the prevailing existence of visual media, TV watching, and "chatting" on the internet, members of our society who need instruction and are currently attending schools are kept from developing reading habits. As a result of the mentioned indifference toward reading, people face difficulty when using punctuation marks appropriately and expressing themselves in oral and written forms of Turkish.
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The following article deals with the text analysis of orthographic mistakes in essays written by school going children of Turkish origin, living in Germany. This article analyses especially the mistakes in using capital letters, phonem-graphem relationship, the vowel system and look into the irregularities happens in the field of the morphological system. The reason for the difficulty in learning German for the Turkish learners lies on the complex structure of the German orthography on one hand and of course the influence of the mother language on the other hand.
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This paper primarily analyzes pro participles functioning as expanded attributable complements in Turkish and their functional-semantic equivalents in the Bosnian language. Furthermore, a contrastive comparison attempts to ascertain the procedure of properly transporting certain Turkish sentences where pro participles are used in the function of attributes into Bosnian.
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This study focuses on the spellings, types and characteristics of emphatic (partial)reduplication words such as ‘very straight’ (dümdüz), ‘very green’ (yemyeşil) ‘dead ripe’ (opolgun),‘pitch black’ (simsiyah), ‘entirely’ (büsbütün) and ‘hard as a rock’ (kaskatı) in Turkish. This study, investigating whether emphatic (partial) reduplications can be categorized as reduplication, also examines whether these words can separately be written like ‘düm düz’ (dümdüz-very straight), ‘büsbütün’ (büsbütün-entirely) and ‘op olgun’ (opolgun-dead ripe) This study focuses on the spellings, types and characteristics of emphatic (partial) reduplication words such as ‘very straight’ (dümdüz), ‘very green’ (yemyeşil) ‘dead ripe’ (opolgun), ‘pitch black’ (simsiyah), ‘entirely’ (büsbütün) and ‘hard as a rock’ (kaskatı) in Turkish. This study, investigating whether emphatic (partial) reduplications can be categorized as reduplication, also examines whether these words can separately be written like ‘düm düz’ (dümdüz-very straight), ‘büs bütün’ (büsbütün-entirely) and ‘op olgun’ (opolgun-dead ripe)
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In this paper, based on archival records of the Archive of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Zagreb and on relevant literature, the history of individual and institutional Turkology research in Croatia is analyzed. The Oriental Collection of HAZU was formed in Zagreb in 1927 and on the same year HAZU tasked German Turkologist Franz Babinger with collecting Oriental manuscripts in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The following year, Russian Turkologist Aleksey Olesnitski took over that task and in the following years he collected 1966 manuscripts, 660 documents and over 500 books for the Oriental Collection, as well as wrote numerous valuable works. Besides that, in 1937, Olesnitski was named lecturer of Turkish language at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb, but his work was stopped by his early death in 1943. Olesnitski’s scientific work in the field of Turkology was preceded by the work of Ćiro Truhelka on the beginning of the 20th century. From the 1970s onwards that work was continued by Muhamed Ždralović, from the 1980s by Nenad Moačanin, from the 1990s by Ekrem Čaušević, Vesna Miović and Tatjana Paić-Vukić, while in the new millennium Kornelija Jurin Starčević, Vjeran Kursar, Dino Mujadžević, Marta Andrić, Barbara Kerovec and Azra Abadžić Navaey joined the Turkology research of their predecessors. On the other hand, the place of the professor of Turkish language at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, that was suddenly extinguished in 1943, was revived in 1994 with the launch of the Chair of Turkology with Ekrem Čaušević as Head, Marta Andrić, Barbara Kerovec and Azra Abadžić Navaey as lecturers, two foreign language instructors and associates from the Faculties of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb and in Sarajevo.
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Gyula Káldy-Nagy was born at Nagydém, a village in Veszprém County, Hungary on July 14, 1927. He finished a prominent secondary school in Sopron, a significant town in Western Hungary. After two years at the Faculty of Law, Péter Pázmány University in Budapest, he started Turkology at the Faculty of Arts of the same university renamed after Loránd Eötvös in 1950. His masters were Professors Gyula Németh and Lajos Fekete, both excelling in their own fields: Németh in Turkology with its linguistic-philological aspects and Fekete in Ottoman-Turkish palaeography and the history of the Ottoman Empire. This latter field attracted Káldy-Nagy’s attention so much that he dedicated his whole life to the investigation of the past of this world empire, and within this mainly the Ottoman rule in Hungary.
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Review of: 1. JANHUNEN, J. (ed.): The Mongolic Languages. Helsinki, 2003. 2. STAROSTIN, S. – DYBO, A. – MUDRAK, O.: Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden–Boston, 2003. 3. SVANTESSON, J. O. – TSENDINA, A. – KARLSSON, A. M. – FRANZÉN, V.: The Phonology of Mongolian. Oxford, 2005. 4. RACHEWILTZ, I. DE – RYBATZKI, V.: Introduction to Altaic Philology. Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu. Leiden–Boston, 2010. 5. KANE, D.: The Kitan Language and Script. Leiden–Boston, 2009. by: András Róna-Tas
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The present article proceeds from that stream of Turcological research according to which the category of “exception”, within the context of (Turkic) vowel harmony, is to be regarded as at least misleading. From a historical point of view, the perfect vowel harmony of contemporary Turkish may be considered a later development which evolved from a primitive, regularly disharmonic system. Through a thorough scrutiny of an 18th-century Armeno-Turkish text, we add new arguments to the debate, by observing that the vowel phonology of Turkic languages seems to have been ruled by at least two colliding processes: a primitive, regular disharmony-triggered morphemic marking [RDMM] versus a transmorphemic rightward vowel harmonising [RVH]. A possible interpretation of some local “disharmonic” phenomena ‒ fossilised remains of a primitive stress assignment? ‒ is proposed here.
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In the Yenisei inscriptions, as in Old-Turkic inscriptions in general, a great number of place names occur. However, Old-Turkic toponyms have not been studied satisfactorily. In this article emphasis has been laid on the word qatun mentioned in the inscriptions of Uyuk-Turan (E 3), Aldıı-Bel I (E 12), Aldıı-Bel II (E 72) and Novosyolovo (E 144). Having dealt with the meanings attributed to this word by previous researchers, it has been concluded that qatun in these inscriptions does not mean ‘the wife of the khan’ or ‘woman’, as hitherto supposed, but it refers to the river Katun. Furthermore, the name tarlaγ, which is often used together with qatun, denotes the river Tarlak.
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Language, which is the main carrier of culture, and culture are two things that complement each other. The language of an individual is shaped under the influence of the society and community the person lives in as a part of it. The feelings and mentality of people of former periods have left their imprint on and are reflected in the language. Bearing this in mind, in the present study an attempt is made to explain and elucidate the etymology of the Old Turkic word yutuz ‘wife, woman’.
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In this paper, three re-readings and re-interpretations are put forward concerning a few lines of the Yenisei inscriptions. (1) Line 3 of the 3rd Elegešt inscription (E-53) is transcribed as kök t(ä)ŋr(i)- dä bul(ı)t k(ä)ru (a)lk(ı)nur törüm(i)š and understood as “The cloud(s) became visible in the blue sky to disappear over again”. (2) The 10th line of the Abakan inscription (E-48) is transcribed as (ä)rdämi b(a)r üč(ü)n (a)k(ı)nınta : kü tutup : (a)tka t(ä)gm(i)š b(ä)g(i)m : (ä)siz : (ä)r b(a)šı yıta (a)č(ıg)-a and interpreted as “In consequence of his virtue he achieved reputation in his battle. Alas my beg! What a pity! Commander! Alas! Pity!”. (3) The 14th line of the same Abakan inscription (E-48) is transcribed as y(e)ti urı ogl(u)ŋ(u)zka : bükm(ä)d(ü)k : k(a)ŋ(ı)č(ı)m : (a)lp kuščı (a)bčı tüš(ü)rg(ä)k (ä)rt(i)ŋ(i)z tolkı t(a)š(ı)n b(ä)ŋkü tik(ä)r m(ä)n yıta and interpreted as “Daddy who passed away without having enough of his seven sons! You were a brave fowler and a hunter! You were the dexterous hunter! I am erecting the massive stone as beŋkü (or I am erecting beŋkü with the massive stone)”.
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