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The concept of identity contains two characteristics: consistency and continuity in time. Although the term is thus used in psychology, its two characteristics are commonly used in analysis and research of identity. If we start from these postulates, we notice that the Bosnian-Herzegovinian society has all the characteristics of a multilateral society since the earliest times, while from 1992 until now the processes of internal and external destruction of this kind of society are taking place. Members of all the peoples who inhabited Bosnia from the earliest times have cultivated their own culture with existing culture they encountered. Thus, the Bosnian-Herzegovinian society’s multilateralism, whose characteristics multiethnicity, multireligiousness and multiculturalism, has built for centuries. All internal and external attacks on the continuity of the Bosnian society did not, however, destroy the foundations of its multilateralism. Identity mosaic of this kind of society consists of Illyrian, Slavic, Celtic, Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, and all the newer elements that have influenced and influence its structuring. The positive effects of the civilizational heritage as one of the most important segments of Bosnian identity are significantly shaken in the early 1990s and are continually disrupting today.
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In his paper the author gives a survey of published papers on Serbocroatian standard language which are published abroad in Serbocroat, German, English, Russian and Polish during the last decade, according to the theories on our standard language and its variants.
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Šezdesetih godina XIX stoljeća Sarajevo se konstituiše glavnim kulturnim i književnim centrom za bosanskohercegovačke Srbe. Više je činilaca tome doprinijelo. Prvo. Od pedesetih godina XIX st. svjetovne škole postepeno na sebe preuzimaju gotovo sve oblike duhovnog života i djelovanja kod Srba, ostavljajući crkvi vjerski kult. Drugo. Mostarski književnici monasi polako su se gasili, a neki njihovi sunarodnjaci — iznikli iz toga monaškog, rommtičarsko-folklornog knjiiževnojezičkog miljea — okretali su se svjetovnim temama (prelazeći u Sarajevo i kao učitelji), dok su Krajišnici odlazili u egzil i svoja djela publikovali van domovine. Treće. Sarajevo je postalo centar koji (i organizacionim formama) širi političke i nacionalne ciljeve Ujedinjene omladine srpske. I četvrto, najvažnije, u Sarajevu se godine 1866. osniva štamparija, što otvara novu stranicu u razvoju književnojezičkog izraza u Bosni i Hercegovini. Osnivanjem štamparije, turska administracija pravi zaokret u prosvjetnoj, kulturnoj i jezičkoj politici, odupirući se uvoznim, književnojezičkim izrazima, kojima suprotstavlja vlastite novine i časopise, udžbenike namijenjene i srpskim školama (koje besplatno dijeli), kalendare, narodne pjesme i druge beletrističke i razne zakonodavne spise.
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Мада je у сербокроатистици, посљедњих деценија посебно, скинут poмантичарски вео са повјеснице језика и збивања везаних за инаугурацију новоштокавског вернакулара у ранг стандарда, будући да су она детально, документирано и надасве мјеродавно протумачена — о цјелосвитом мозаику догађања још увијек немамо потпуну предоџбу јер у њег нису уграђени сви неопходни елементи. Наравно, односи се то прије осталих на незаобилазна збивања у централној зони хрватскосрпског стандардног језика, на хисторијат тих превирвња у Босни и Херцеговини. Другачије казано, оживљавање интерпретирање и реинтерпретиравье засуте или недовољио обрађене филологијске баштине ове социокултурне средине, из чијих би се рекапитулација могле извести и шире, многострано значајне синтезе, још увијек je задаћа што стоји пред сербокроатистима и знанственицима другачијег профила (повјесничарима културе, примјерице).
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This work represents an attempt to give typological characteristics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as a multilingual and multinational union of states. The first part of this paper contains definitions of the category of developed state-formations of multilingual and multinational (or at least multiethnic) character. By separating this category from similar but complex and undeveloped state-formations (typical of Africa) as well as from such state nations having to deal with language and national status of their minorities, it has been established that the above mentioned category comprises such countries as: the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, USSR, Switzerland, Belgium, Canada, India and formerly Austria- Hungary. The second part of this paper is concerned with the establishment of the criteria for the typological description of the mentioned category as well as with the classification of (socio) linguistic phenomena related to it. These criteria w ere based upon the ten following questions: 1. does the territorial division coincide globally with the linguistic and(or) ethnic one, 2. are standard languages in question the principal polyfunctional linguistic instruments on their respective territories, 3. can the speakers of such standard languages be considered as forming a fully developed nations, 4. is the community involved multilingual or bilingual, 5. do the languages involved cross to a large extent the frontiers of the state-formation, 6. do the dialectal bases underlying the standard languages have the common background, 7. do standard languages make possible for their users to share the same civilization and cultural contexts, 8. is it possible to detect in the standard language any trace of the colonial linguistic heritage, 9. is any of the standard languages in the state community considered to be a privileged one, and 10. can the great majority of people in the community actually speak the major language. The above mentioned questions were first supplied with the answers pertaining only to Yugoslavia. The further step was to compare other countries from the same category with Yugoslavia and the result of such comparison was very much in favor of Yugoslavia. Finally, the comparison was made between Yugoslavia and Austria-Hungary the latter serving only as a control-sample. The last part of this paper deals with the specific features of Yugoslavia considering the complex linguistic situation on the territory where Serbo-Croat is spoken and which is the common language of Serbs, Croats, Montenegrins and Moslems (in Bosnia and Herzegovina). The last part also contains two possible interpretations of the term »Yugoslavian languages« which cannot be grounded on any either genetic or typological linguistic feature, but which can be, from a sociolinguistic point of view, justified as a legitimate term.
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Review of: Miloš Okuka, "Jezik i politika", NIŠRO „Oslobođenje“, OOUR Izdavačka djelatnost i Marksistički studijski centar GK SKBiH „Đuro Pucar Stari“ Sarajevo, Sarajevo, 1983.; by: Josip Baotić
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The phenomenon of variant dissemination of standard language has drawn a greter and greater attention of the researchers in recent times. It is manifested in the parallel existence of two or more variants of a single standard language, as its differentiated uses in different socio-cultural and national environments. Certain correlation between the national and the variant has been observed in this respect, which led to determining the standard language variant according to the national character of the given environment. The paper analyzes the national-variant relation, in the light of recent research of numerous instances of standard language variants. It criticizes as groundless the isomorphism of the national regarding the variant, especially in respect of the existing definition of a variant and underlines the need for reconsideration and revaluation of this definition. In this respect, the author stresses three essential constitutive factors of the formation of standard language variants, regardless of their manifesting manner: the factor of territorial detachment, the factor of the composition of the given socio-cultural environment and the factor of being conditioned by communication. The fundamental notion is that of the socio-cultural environment which allows the satisfactory manner of defining the standard language variant in the entirety of its manifesting forms.
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After some introductory comments on terminology, the relationship between the concepts of language and nation is briefly discussed, with the following conclusions. Ideologically, language and nation are linked, in that linguistic considerations are frequently invoked and politicized in discussing issues concerning national identity. Historically, the two are partly linked, as many nations have indeed evolved together with their standard languages, though there have been many different developments also. Theoretically, they are not linked, since a language can serve more than one nation, and a single nation may use more than one language. Hence the traditional European model of the »linguistic nation« is by no means universally valid, especially not in contemporary Third world countries, and each individual case must therefore be described and evaluated in its own cultural, historical and political context.
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В настоящей работе речь идет о названии языка сербов, хорватов, черногорцев и мусульман. Главный вывод — следующий: официальное название нашего языка и впредь должно было бы оставаться двучленным, какой бы ни была последовательность его составных частей (т. е. сербскохорватский / харватскосербский, сербский или хорватский / хорватский или сербский), а еш норма должна была бы быть исполненной стремлений идти к устранению ненужных рапличий. Это лишь пожелания, никаквим образом не и1аклК»ча!ющие право любого члена нашего общества и даже языкового сообщества давать свое имя языку, каторым он пользуется, если считает это необходимым. Но, как бы ни была оправданна, быть может, данная точка зрения, она — тем самым, что в наших условиях, дае1 языку одночленное название — несет в себе признаки, которые неприемлемы для других членов нашего языкового сообщества. Даже если оно неполно и неадекватно своему содержанию, двучленое название значительно более приемлемо, а также и более оправданно в лингвистическом отношении.
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Dans ce travail, l’auteur se propose d’eclaircir la politique linguistique et les formes de sa manifestation en partant de l’exempl qu’offre la communaute linguistique yougoslave et, plus precisement, celle du serbo-croate. La politique linguistique у est definie comme une influence consciente sur la langue et son usage, exercee par toutes les forces organisees et individuelles d’une societe. Elle se manifeste: a) dans la domaine officiel, b) dans la domaine officieux et c) dans le domaine burocratique-technocratique. En tant que communaute ä plusieurs langues et plusieurs nations, la Yougoslavie a recemment accepte le soi-disant concept pluraliste de politique linguistique, fonde sur l’egalite en droits des peuples et des langues, sans une langue d’Etat (bien que le sorbo-croat joue le role d’idiome commun dans le domaine officieux). Ce concept a ete transfere depuis dans la communaute linguistique du serbo-croat. Dans le passe recent, il a ete marque par les processus suivants: a) le processus de deliberation et de tolerance linguistique, b) le processus d’unification (l’unitarisme et le nationalisme linguistiques), c) le processus de separation (le separatisme et le chauvinisme linguistique) et d) le processus de decentralisation et de desetatisation. La periode la plus reconte du developpement du serbo-croate a ete marquee par la presence de plusieurs concepts et plusieurs politiques linguistiques. La coordination inter-republicaine dans le domaine linguistique n’existe presque pas, mais l’on se contente, publiquement ou tacitement, de reconnaitre ä chaque milieu un droit inalienable de choisir sa propre expression de langue litteraire, mais ce n’est pas par cette voie qu’on arrive ä la solution des problemes linguistiques fondamentaux.
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Irrespective of serious disagreements in contemporary Yugoslav serbo-croatistics and its socio-linguistics, the vernacular and the standard language of those Yugoslavs who declare themselves to be Serbs, Croats, Slav Muslims and Montenegrin is to be seen as one language. Traditionally, both Serbs and Croats, and only they, have lent their ethnic names to the name of the language. The existing names of the language with different (extra) linguistic implications (the author finds that there are six names, with another two emerging as possible contestants) and a language policy without common standardization, in absence of integrative ideology (immanent in all societies, particularly the socialist ones), can hinder normal cultural life. It would be advisable, therefore, to find a generally acceptable common name for that language, as a technical term suitable for use in science, education and administration, and make a program of common standardization. The author extensively analyses constitutional language and some other provisions, proposing that they be brought in accord with one another. The adequate solution is seen in the unambiguous »oneness« of the standard language, in a »unity with differences«, both in the federation (characterized by multilingualism) and its constituent units. Only such oneness could guarantee the true cultural equality and integrity of all peoples speaking natively the same language, and of all parts of those peoples, irrespective of the region they live in.
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Der Autor befasst sich mit der Grundlegung und Entwicklung der Stellungnahme hinsichtlich der sprachlichen Gleichberechtigtkeit von Völkern und Völkerschaften Jugoslawiens in der Praxis des Parlaments von SFRJ, der anderen Institutionen von dem gemeinsamen Interesse, sowie der öffentlichen Informationsmittel. Als Grundlage für diese Erforchung dienten die Bundes- und Republikenverfassungen, Statuten und Verfassungen der sozialitischen autonomen Gebiete, Verfassungsamandements, Parlamentsgeschäftsordnungen, Bundesgesätze und andere von 1946 bis heute gefasste Vorschriften. Dieses Problem wurde als Segment einer viel breiteren sprachlichen Planung dargestellt, für deren Erforschung der sociolunguistische Zutritt für den passendsten gehalten wird, d. h. Einsehen und Analyse von sprachlichen und gesellschaftlichen Phänomen in ihrem gegenseitigen Zusammenhang und ihrer Bedingtheit.
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In the translated text – selected from the samizdat volume Pojetí českých dějin (The Concept of Czech History) published in January 1986 – the author defines his position in the ongoing dispute about the meaning of Czech history. In the first part, he analyses different defini¬tions of “meaning” and their applicability to national identity and history. Kohák argues that although history never imposes only one way of looking at it, objective facts may exclude some ways of interpretation. Looking at Czech national history, he concludes that we should consider the existence of contradictory, yet equally important elements as its defining factor. The second part of the study focuses on the life of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and his Czechoslovak idea. Kohák defines ideal Czechoslovakia not as a national state, but a “good state”, providing all of its inhabitants with equal rights and opportunities. He also points out the dissonance between Masaryk’s idea of a just and democratic state and the heavy reliance of interwar Czechoslovakia on Czech nationalism.
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Књижевнојезичкој политици у Босни и Херцеговини поклањана je видна пажња од почетака стандардизације нашега језика. Треба се само подсјетити смишљеног и систематског културтрегерског притиска на наш језички идиом у доба аустроугарске окупације, позитивних процеса пред први свјетски рат у оквиру утврђивања језичког и правописног понашања у Босни и Херцеговини, великосрпске пресије између двају ратова, те насилног увођења хрватског кориенског правописа за вријеме тзв. Независне Државе Хрватске.
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At the end of 2018 and the beginning of 2019, we encounter the cruel ban of satire in public discourse. In neighboring Croatia, NewsBar is on trial due to its satirical texts. In Serbia, the […]
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Kraj 2018. i početak 2019. dočekasmo okrutnim zabranama satire u javnom diskursu. U susjednoj Hrvatskoj se sudi portalu NewsBar zbog jednog satiričnog teksta. U Srbiji je ukinuta emisija Veče s Ivanom Ivanovićem zbog otvorene kritike vlasti. Naravno, i […]
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1. Elections An American, a Japanese, and a Bosnian talk about the elections. The American says: ‘In America, in less than 2 hours after the elections, we know who won the elections.’ The Japanese says: […]
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“Don’t Break my Locus Trees” is a popular ballad frequently heard today in cafes and on the radio in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia. Listeners from different ethnic communities, young and old, identify with Đorđe Balašević’s […]
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“Ne lomite mi bagrenje” je popularna balada koja se danas često čuje u kafićima i na radiju u Bosni i Hercegovini, Hrvatskoj i Srbiji. Slušatelji iz različitih etničkih zajednica, mladi i stari, poistovjećuju se s […]
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