We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Serbs living in the Balkan area of ethnic and religious geopolitical conflicts and wars. The impact of these conflicts and wars have great power. They decide on the position of Serbs in the Balkans and in Europe. Although they kept their identity, the Serbs were not granted the right to self-determination. The political struggle for self-determination and survival will continue in the future.
More...
Srbi i Nemci u Vojvodini i Mađarizacija
It is obvious that Hungarian people showed toughness of their ethnic identity and big assimilation ability during one thousand one hundred years of life in the Pannonian lowland. There are statistical data which tell in favour of Hungarian statement. In this work, we are concerned about spiritual abilities of the Hungarians, Germans and Serbs, because we are aware that they contributed to mixing members of one nation to the other. The Serbs and the Hungarians showed bigger similarities concerning temperament, so it could have been expected that they would enlarge prospects for the process for Serbs becoming Hungarians. The Serbs were close to the Hungarians because of the temperament, and way of thinking. The Germans were close to the Hungarians because of the same cultural circus and above all Catholic religion. Religion played an important part as barrage for the Serbs becoming Hungarians. This same religion became one of the ways for Germans to become Hungarians in the second half of the nineteenth century. During many centuries of life in the territory of Hungary, both the Serbs and the Germans were exposed to the process of assimilation into Hungarian people. This process was not held in one direction. Forcible process of becoming Hungarians appears in the second half of the nineteenth century by an attempt of pronouncing Hungarian language as the only official language. Owing to higher national consciousness, nourished by Serbian Orthodox Church, and royal privileges they gained during the Great migration, the Serbs were more capable to reject those attempts of losing their national identity from the "Svabe", which were not coherent owing to their different background. Those Germans were also nationally weak because they belonged to the Catholic Church, and above all they were interested in material gaining. In spite all the differences in temperament and mentality, it helped them to become Hungarians more easily. It is important to be noticed that stimulation for voluntary assimilation was getting higher in the walks of life. The Serbs cared less about this than the Germans (although their Serbian nobility became Hungarians in early days).
More...
Srbi u Mađarskoj – jedan pogled na savremenu situaciju
This work presents a view to contemporary situation of a national minority in the neighbouring state - the Serbs in Hungary. It involves a short review of social - demographic characteristics of a community, its place and institutions. There is also the question of ethnic identity, ways and possibilities of its maintenance. There have been important processes of social transformation concerning the Serbs in Hungary in recent years. The outside plan includes the process of transition of the Hungarian society and status changing of national minorities. The insi de plan represents changing of characteristics of the very Serbian community. These changes demand, among others, changing of the identity strategy of this community. New problems and finding new answers show to dynamic processes of ethnic identification in contemporary conditions.
More...
Srbi, Albanci i ostali etniciteti na Kosovu i Metohiji, sa osvrtom na pojave međuetničke floantnosti i njihovu uslovljenost. Etnički sastav stanovništva Kosova i Metohije 1991. godine
The structure of inhabitants of Kosovo and Metohija in 1991 has already been shown statistically. There is the review of ethnic and ethno demographic changes on Kosovo and Metohija in the period 1921 - 1991, based on the data of written statistics and evaluation of explorers and experts at demographic statistics. Conditions and circumstances that were the cause of ethnic changes and fluctuations on Kosovo and Metohihja in the period between 1921 - 1991 are shown in this exposure. This work shows exact data and comes to problems of contemporary social and ethnic situation in the region of Kosovo and Metohija.
More...
The author in this article analyzes non-alternative determination of the ruling coalition in Serbia about the European Union and he underlines the unsustainability of thesis according to which questions of sovereignty and territorial integrity in Serbia (Kosovo and EU membership) are two separate processes. The fact that the majority of EU countries recognize independence of Kosovo is contradictor to that thesis. In the following text the author analyzes the geographical and political incompleteness of Serbia and EU and developing the thesis that the cur- rent protectorate of EU, US and NATO serves primarily to accomplish their imperial interests. Part of this thesis suggests the possibility that Serbia, moving towards the European Union, ends in to Ottoman Empire that could be restored, considering the fact that SAD is using Turkey, as a regional force that does not hide its political and territorial aspirations, prevents the establishment of the United European countries. Besides that, Europe without Russia does not have complete identity.
More...
A report of one of the first or the very first expert mission coming to Kosovo and Metohija to investigate intentional destruction of cultural heritage, by A. Herscher and A. Riedlmayer – “The Destruction of Cultural Heritage in Kosovo 1998–1999: a post-war survey”, stands out by the seriousness of its implications, as it was supposed to contain information for proving criminal liability for the destruction of heritage in Kosovo and Metohija in the armed conflict. It is the gravity of possible consequences triggered by this Report that drove the experts to pay attention as well as to be obliged to assess the applied methods, the authenticity of information and the validity of interpretations and views. With the aim of collecting the material for the report (03024863-03024873), which aspires to deal with the catastrophe and destruction of the complete cultural heritage in Kosovo and Metohija in an objective, unbiased and highly professional manner, the authors Herscher and Riedlmayer spent eighteen days on the field gathering data for 230 objects, out of which they individually visited less than half, and not a single one together. For ten facilities there are no records as to who visited them, and for the completion of documentation they used testimonies of non-qualified reporters (media, medical staff, refugees, priests and politically non-independent experts) devoid of the critical view of the author, in the sense that they discarded some information as incorrect. Lack of validity of these sources (incomplete photo documentation, unreliable reporters and limited time) was not diminished by the contact with current (Serbian) experts and institutions, nor by pertaining bibliographical sources, quite the contrary. This resulted in an arbitrary attribution of the labels cultural site / (categorized, recorded) protected cultural site, as well as a number of “smaller” errors (mismatching a photo and facility, etc.). The Report witholds the facts related to the destruction and devastation of Serbian cultural heritage (referring to the investigations carried out in October 1999 and enlarged by further data in October 2000 and March 2001); in spite of the fact that it has been pointed out that all religious sites equally belong to the cultural heritage and that their purposeful damaging is not allowed, when a Serbian Orthodox site is in question, it is stated that those are modest or newly built churches, and acts of vandalism are interpreted as a revenge for the desecration of Albanian heritage. With a view to this, an issue of special importance is the attitude of the Hague Tribunal, as an indirect comissioner of this report, considering that none of the international documents contain the right to retaliate and provisory assessment of the character and weight of guilt leading to retaliation. On the other hand, when it comes to Islamic heritage, there is no data regarding the damage done after the military intervention with the intention of replacing old and authentic with new or inexpertly reconstructed buildings (in Peć and Rogovo). Moreover, care has been taken to point out that the present damage points not to the repercussions of air bombing (for which NATO would be responsible) but to shelling and other land operations, which were carried out by domestic army and police. Attributing the towers (‘kula’), stone houses for habitation, widespread throughout Western Balkans during the decline of the Ottoman Empire, to Albanian construction heritage is erroneous and tendentious. At the same level there is the attribution of bazaars, urban units used for the purpose of trade, to the Islamic religious tradition. Nevertheless, the most malicious act was the exclusion of towers (‘kula’), mansions (‘konak’), monasteries (‘manastirska vinica’), mills and houses of Serbian Orthodox architectural heritage and its limitation to churches, monasteries and graveyards, as though the Orthodox Serbs had not lived there and created material culture, but had only prayed and died. As regards expertness, thus, the Report is methodologically ill-founded, and in particular places contradictory and unsystematic. What causes most concern is the fact that throughout the report, starting from the definition of what constitutes the immovable cultural heritage in Kosovo and Metohija (cultural monuments, territorial cultural-geographical units, archeological sites and historical sites) and its dating, continuing with the description of the actual damage, and ending with an account of probable causes, one can consistently witness its superficiality, tendentiousness and bias. The greatest failures as regards protection are the implementation of inconsistent and unprincipled criteria in the selection of sites to be reported on, lack of critical thinking in selecting sources and, fi nally, a total absence of suggestions for operationalization and financing projects for conservation and reconstruction of heritage. Apart from that, none of the reports dating from 1999–2003 was accompanied by an exceptionally important document that would deal with institutions, that is, the relations between the institutions of temporary self-governance and their authorizations in the field of protection of construction heritage as well as the relations between the said institutions and the UNMIK Administration. Even the UNESCO Report of 2003 failed to provide satisfactory institutional proposals for resolving problems with the protection and conservation of endangered multicultural heritage. Contrary to the article 9 of the Declaration from the Conference on human habitation (Vancouver, 1976), which emphasizes the inalienable right of every country “to be with full sovereignty the owner of indigineous cultural values that are the fruit of its whole history” and the Convention on the protection of cultural goods in case of armed confl ict (The Hague, 1954), a precedent has been made in that a temporary UN Mission, without justification, interprets the international Convention in such a way that it “ignores the interpretation of an authorized organization and in a situation in which the said conduct leaves a permanent testimony to the devastation of a country’s cultural heritage”. As the SE experts firmly stated, there are no grounds for transferring the authorization to some other country, ethnic or religious community, as opposed to the accountability, which the authorized body may confer, and which all those who deal with heritage take on themselves. With regard to that, the authors of this Report are par tially responsible for the interpretation according to which the devastation of Serbian cultural heritage in Kosovo and Metohija is ‘just’ an act of retaliation for previously desecrated and destroyed Albanian heritage, which provided the lay public with a justification for later, greater destruction, especially that of March 2004.
More...
Each and every nation, in order to survive and be preserved as an entity, ought to have a spiritual “buckle” keeping them together. Such “buckle” Serbian people have found in their national church that had been established by Saint Sava under the order of the Constantinople Patriarchy and in accord with the canon laws of the Orthodox Church. In this way the basis for the emergence of one autochthonous national culture had been created, the culture that could not exist without national language being used in the church. By establishment of the Autonomous Serbian Church Saint Sava became the founder of Serbian nation. The thing keeping the people together and in moral unity has not been their common origin, but their common faith. When the faith had been divided, there came the division of the peoples, too, and they never came back together after that. Saint Sava, together with his father, had determined historical destiny of his nation when he opted to choose the Byzantine Orthodoxy that has not contributed to denationalization, among its other traits.
More...
The societies in transition are referred to search for an external support to establish an internal order. These societies need some time to develop new political structures of their own, until then, they are referred to search for an external support so as to have an internal stabilization. In the perspective of the new world order, as in the previous epochs, relying on the support of others has its own price: it is often required from the societies which rely on others not to act in accordance with the assumptions of their own existence. By pinning all their hopes on the model of the community of states, like the European Union, and deetatisation of the economy and the areas, as a process which will lead to the connection on a global level, the states/societies in transition have carelessly lost one part of their power, which can be an introduction into the process of their disintegration. By making protectorates and so- called mandate areas, as the consequences of the external factor’s acting on the territory of the states/societies in transition, it comes to the demolishing of the stable statehood, whose indicator can be the loss of cultural independence. The delicate line of the connection between the global state territory and its part which has the character of the mandate area, requires its comprehensive insurance, above all, strong cultural action which will make possible to keep the cultural and religious identity of the ethnical- cultural groups on the whole territory. As the European charter of human rights says, cultural rights are guaranteed and, hence, it is surprising that the initiative of some member states of the European Union (Jun 2011) is that the Serbian cultural heritage, that is, medieval monasteries of the Serbian orthodox church in Kosovo and Metohija, should be taken by force from the treasury of the cultural heritage and, by intervening of UNESCO, declared to be the inheritance of the culture that they do not belong to – so- called Kosovo’s (Albanian’s). At the same time, it is surprising that there is not a continuous global state politics which will be directed to the presentation and protection of the Serbian cultural heritage to its own and world public – that would be a strong contribution to the establishing of the internal order in the Serbian society.
More...
Srpsko-mađarski brakovi u Budimpešti i okolini
More...
Етнографски подаци се односе на ставове српског повратничког живља Ливањског поља о томе ко смо и какви смо ми Срби, с једне стране, а са друге – ко су и какви су Хрвати. Наиме, реч је о томе шта испуњава садржај етничког идентитета на когнитивном плану из перспективе српске групације у Ливањском пољу, тј. какво је етничко окружење у условима отежане егзистенције.
More...
This paper deals with the case of revival and instrumentalization of the territory of Novorussiya, originally a historical region at the southwestern border of the former Russian Empire. The process of creating Novorussiya’s state identity is still carried out, hence the aim of this research is the analysis of that phenomenon. Nowadays Novorussiya is no longer just an alliance of two self-proclaimed republics at Donetsk and Lugansk regions in the eastern part of Ukraine, but the idea of returning to the “general Russian principles” through the renewal of the Russian language, culture, moral values and the alliance of the Eurasian people. This process is based upon the concept of the neo-Eurasianism as geopolitical and historically founded idea of the reintegration of the post-Soviet and Russian imperial space. Cultural backround for this project is the Russian concept of multiculturalism, i.e. the “Russian World” (Russian: Русский мир). This concept is based upon the Russian language, the Cyrillic alphabet and the coexistence of different ethnic groups. The notions of Novorussiya, Little Russia, Great Russia, and Ukraine were also explained from a historical perspective, while Pridnestrovye (Transnistria) has been analyzed as a precursor to the socio-political model of Novorussiya. This model encompasses multi-ethnicity, separation from the previous nation-state, pro-Russian position as well as economic and cultural self-sufficiency. The usage of the news sources and literature about geopolitical situation in the world indicates that the creation of Novorossiya’s state identity fits the principles of multi-ethnic and multi-polar world. As the civil war in Imperial Russia erased the notion of Novorossiya from the historical stage, so the civil war in Ukraine brought the same notion back. Hence, this study may provide a new impetus for future research that will direct its attention to the current social and cultural processes in Eurasia.
More...
The paper considers a set of issues related to the formation of the civilizational subject of Ukraine at the present stage - identifies the causes and factors that inhibit the formation of geopolitical and geoeconomic subject of Ukraine, establishes the degree of adaptation of domestic legislation and law enforcement system to the European model. manifestations in the spiritual life and culture of Ukraine, the general prospects of establishing Ukraine as a subject of Western civilization on the defining political, socio-economic, legal, spiritual characteristics.
More...
The analytical report is based on the result of scientific and research work “The contradictions of identity in Ukraine and the ways of their regulation in the context of civil consolidation policy of the Ukrainian nation / Analytical report” that had been carried out at the I.F. Kuras Institute of Political and Ethnic Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 2015. It carried out a generalized analysis of the contradictions of identities in contemporary Ukraine (motives, displays, risks), public and legal support to prevent conflicts and mechanism functioning; socio-economic realities as a factor in strengthening of the conflictogenity identities potential in Ukraine; democratic values as a basis for the consolidation of nation; destructive religious and confessional influences; mechanisms to consolidate the nation in the terms of changes in the configuration of ethno-national “identity matrix” of the Ukrainians; civil organizations and political parties as instruments for levelling of the identity contradictions and consolidation of nation.
More...
The article provides a definition of "government entity", given the elements of this notion of interdependence. Stresses the close relationship of the subject and object of power. Selection of Essential features of the subject of power, focuses on the following essential properties of the latter as a social identity and its dependence on other properties.
More...
The first is an analysis of medieval identity based on an interdisciplinary approach. Secondly, highlighting the peculiarities of the formation of ancient identity. Research methods: empirical (observation, description) and theoretical (analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization, induction, deduction, explanation, classification). The scientific method includes methods of research systematization, adjustment of new and previously acquired knowledge. This can be seen in the analysis and systematization of the stages of formation of Slavic identity. The conclusions are made using the rules and principles of reasoning based on empirical data on the influence of Christianity on the formation of identity in the Slavs. Scientific novelty. The process of identity formation in the ancient Slavs was studied for the first time. Active mechanisms of differentiation and integration, definition and self-determination of people, groups and groups are the processes of identification in their broadest sense. The hierarchy of the latter is significantly complicated in historical development along with the growing diversity of structural and substantive and functional phenomena of the social world. This is clearly traced in the process of identifying the Slavs who were part of Kievan Rus, which can be divided into several periods. The first period – VII – VIII centuries. The centers of consolidation of tribes and their self-awareness at this time were cities, especially Kyiv. There were alliances of tribes, among which the Polyany union stood out. At the head of these first pre-state formations were tribal chiefs-princes. The ruling elite began to form. The second period covers three quarters of the ninth century. At this stage, the foundations of statehood were formed. It was Kyiv that initiated the political unification of the lands into a state. A social hierarchy began to form. At the top of the pyramid – the prince and his wife, then – ordinary corporations of the tribal nobility, and at the bottom – the peasant and urban communities. Identification processes are intensifying at all levels of this hierarchy. The third period is associated with the emergence of a single ancient n state – Kievan Rus. In 882 the Varangian king Oleg captured Kyiv. The Kyiv state spread rapidly and was powerful. The population of Ancient Russia was strongly influenced by multi-vector and ethnic factors, where the identification process took place. With the adoption of Christianity, the attitude of chroniclers to Russia changed dramatically. Both they and the readers of their works could not help but realize that from that moment it fell into a new context of ethnic and political relations. After baptism, the main opposition to the Christian movement became “bad” peoples, that is, the main principle of identification “We – They” began to operate. Conclusions. It is proved that only with the adoption of Christianity we can talk about full-fledged identification processes in Kievan Rus: the Old Slavonic language, both ecclesiastical and literary, came into use, as the language of public administration and legislation; unified traditions, customs, legal norms have taken root; there was a single material culture, there was, albeit not fully, a single ethnic identity; consolidated the elite of the feudal lords of ancient Russia, which traced its lineage from the Rurik dynasty and did not divide itself ethnically.
More...
The purpose of the article is a modeling of current Ukrainian identity in a broad socio-cultural context. Methodology. The research methodology is a comparative analysis of various indicators of Ukrainian identity in the period of 2014–2016 by materials for numerous sociological studies and determination of their compliance with the modern deep socio-cultural trends. Scientific Novelty. The scientific novelty is the author’s multilevel model of the current Ukrainian identity, which reflects the cultural characteristics of the country. Conclusions. The author has shown that the transition from opposing models of current Ukrainian identity to a single one, consensus model, but with different levels of reflection is completed. Formal political level identity covers 70% of residents of Ukraine. Actual language and cultural identity is inherent about 50% of the citizens of Ukraine. The real ethnical identity – under 25% of Ukrainian. The heterogeneity of current Ukrainian identity is partly offsets by the historical and present loyalty the regions to Kyiv. In the 2014–2016, the open confrontation to Centre occurred only in external interference. Instead, the political class does not play the leading role in the process of national consolidation; moreover, it only plays up to them. The variability of current Ukrainian identity is quite accurately consistent with the deep multi-structure of Ukrainian culture, its «post-modernity».
More...
In this article we observe the range of contemporary theories of autonomy, which is widely discussed in the English-speaking community, but almost not represented in Ukrainian and Russian-speaking ones. These theories are based on the content-neutral procedural approach, which gives them the postmodern accent. At the same time some scientists propose to limit it by substantial additions. We try to look at the problem of after-postmodern identity reconstruction on the background of this discussion.
More...
In his works, Jovanovic highlights the principles on which the fundamental rights should be protected and the freedom of individuals within the state which guarantees it to them. He also advocates for the expansion of the freedom space to those nations that are under the foreign regimes. Freedom for Vladimir is not only the right to unconstrained economic, political and social development, it is an effort to complete the liberation of the Serbs, and other Slavic people. Therefore, patriotism does not appear here as a counterweight to liberalism, but as its supplement or a complement, or as an instrument for spreading liberal ideas. On the other hand, the Serbian freedom can not be understood solely as a national exclusivity of Serbs at the expense of other nations. Jovanovic, completely in the spirit of patriotism, stands for the liberation of the Serbian people from the Austrian and Turkish authorities, however, he does not thereby negate the need for tolerance and cooperation. For Vladimir, freedom is a primary value, and the national freedom is only a part of the path, the phase of the process that results in the realization of the universal freedom. Exactly in the discrepancy of the time when the national liberation movement of the individual Balkan nations was founded, and in the lack of the collective action directed towards their liberation, Vladimir Jovanovic saw the main obstacle for the final collapse of the Turkish Empire. Jovanovic considers the mutual cooperation of the Balkan nations desirable and possible, only if these states harmonize their mutual interests. Thus understood Federation of Balkan states should after the liberation of the Balkans from the Turkish government become a neutralized territory, following the example of Switzerland and Belgium, and it would be in the interests of great forces to guarantee the neutrality of the Balkan states. Jovanovic met with Garibaldi, and in London he talked to Glad- stone, Russian emigrants Bakunin, Agarev and Hercen, and Hungarian revolutionary Kossuth, general Tir and Ferenc Deak. By defining a principle of national liberty as the supreme value, Vladimir understands the danger that when it comes to the areas with mixed nationalities, the dominant people achieves a new kind of supremacy over minorities. Faced with this possibility, he opts for the realization of the principle of equality of nations, based on the Swiss model. Vladimir Jovanovic emphasizes the “political maturity” of the Serbs when it comes to Democracy and thus reaffirms their desire for freedom, but thus, on the other hand, denies its need for the super powers’s tutorship. Vladimir believes, traditional Serbian establishments and traditional customs (fraternity, slava, councils, etc..) may contribute to the creation of a democratic system in Serbia.
More...
The article results from fieldwork research and presents three forms of charitable activity in the town of Smolyan, which take place in three institutions: 1. A secondary school in Smolyan, 2. An emblematic Christian temple in the city, and 3. An organization with a non-governmental profile – all three with the involvement and participation of children/ pupils/ youth. The choice to study these charitable activities within the Cultural Heritage, National Memory and Social Development National Research Programme was inspired by the need to document these events. They have already existed for several years and deserve promotion and validation because of their high educational and civic purpose. Additionally, valuable messages could be found in these activities from the period of the Bulgarian Renaissance – a complicated transitional time similar to the present, when young people became citizens through the suggestions of public charitable and donor formats.
More...