We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
The article is concerned with – the progression of significant notion of the common good as a fundamental category of ethics in the dimension of interpersonal relations which create social and cultural space for the human's being.
More...
An article dedicated to specific situation in musical thought, notably to usage of accident or non-systemic impulse for its cultivation by means of some music system or for creating new system. There are three types of accident absorption in music: filtration, interpretation and reflection of accident. Technical, aesthetic and ontological possibilities of researched phenomenon are also marked.
More...
The article attemps to ponder the ontology of use. The utilitarian attitude which is essential to our time – whether seeking after use is appreciated or downgraded – is based on the ontology of the subject. We need to retrieve the authentic meaning of use by dint of switching from the ontology of the subject to the ontology of the Dasein. As is always the case in Heideggerian thought, the historical dimension is important. The turn to ontology relates to hearkening to the Greek and pre-Socratic sources of ontology. Here we shall interpret Heideggerian thinking about the ontological utterance which is probably the first one in the West – that of the only remaining fragment of Anaximander. Therein use reveals itself as the name of Being. We demonstrate how the structures which were formulated in Being and time are found in reflection over the beginning of Western ontology.
More...
This article analyses the worldview paradigm of Jean Paul Sartre and its relevance for the contemporary society. The article not only reminds the reader of the postulates of existential philosophy, but it also examines them in the context of time. The structure of J. P. Sartre’s concept of humanism is presented herein. Though humanism may be a universal category, in the thought of J. P. Sartre humanism contains his unique contribution. J. P. Sartre enthrones the human being by attributing freedom to the human. The human has possibilities to choose and must assume responsibility for the consequences. This freedom causes a great deal of anxiety, inevitably leaving the human alone – only with the opportunity, within the limits of his subjective capacity, to decide on the most important matter, himself. It is argued that the tendencies of philosophic discourse and the reality of development of society at this stage of evolution of mankind are such that humanism can be discovered and recognised only in contemplating J. P. Sartre’s existentialism. The relevance of Jean Paul Sartre is illustrated by the being of society. Society and the human being will inevitably try to escape the despair of subjectivity and by raising ontological issues, issues of universality of being.
More...
Kitsch is analyzed in terms of intentional existence of the culture. The emergence and development of kitsch is treated as one of the characteristic features of historical and metahistorical existence of culture in the context of its extensive development. Ontological perspective is grounded concerning this phenomenon (kitsch) that is built by comparison of the semantic signs of the fourth art form (G. Hegel), of the fourth period of culture (O. Spengler), of the cultural characteristics of cultural existence in its final – intentional – period of development (O. Opanasiuk).
More...
The theoretical aspects of conceptualisation of national cultural space are investigated. The methodological problems of forming of space national are illuminated in the modern public cultural policy of Ukraine.
More...
Determined position of Ukrainian folk art, folklore in particular heteronomnomu social space culture. A demarcation line between modernity and tradition, clarified and systematized ontological characteristics of folklore as a special reality. Read us folk culture arsenal of mass culture. There are new content and specific aspects of folk art in the realities of today.
More...
In this research, the researcher tries to elicit opinions of Ibn Khaldun about the individual needs for education-teacher and the teaching profession. Relevant documents have been reached primarily through literature review, and then they were analyzed through document analysis and content analysis. According to Ibn Khaldun, education and teacher are necessities for human being by virtue of various reasons. Teacher’s qualification in his/her field and ability to teach are factors that determine student success. Therefore, taking each science and art from their best teachers is counted as effectual fulcrum in everywhere and in all communities. Also, taking courses from a great number of teachers is another factor that determines student success. Education activities and teaching profession were not institutionalized at first and they were not accepted as an art that requires specialty. When numbers of Muslim countries started to spread and extend; when events started to increase and overlap, necessity of bringing out provision from verses of the Quran increased and while those provisions were being brought out, laws and rules which would protect from mistake started to be needed, then education activities started to become specialty.
More...
The article deals with the problem of practice in conceptions of western European and native philosophical school. On this basis the notion "culture practice'" is grounded which can be considered as a separate kind of practical human activities and as common model of culture creative activities functioning.
More...
In this article, I propose a new interpretation of Hayden White's Metahistory. Instead of treating it as a classical text on historical narrativity, I argue that Metahistory should be read as an inquiry into ‘metahistorical prefigurations', that is, into the moral and ontological presuppositions underlying historical writing. I demonstrate that White's tropes, plots, formal arguments and ideological implications did not primarily refer to linguistic features of historical texts, but to the (metaphysical) views historians hold regarding the nature, goal and purposes of the historical process. Characteristically, only the introduction and the conclusion to Metahistory dealt with ‘narrative prose discourses'; the larger part of the book focused on what Tocqueville, Burckhardt, Croce and others thought about the nature of historical reality and the moral duties of those who study it. Though there is no reason to question that White has made important contributions to what is called the ‘narrativist turn', I argue that Metahistory is seriously misrepresented if it is only regarded as the flagship of narrativism.
More...
The idea of sheltering first emerged out of the need of protection against environmental factors and allowed humans to ensure their survival within a shelter. The purest form of this idea can be seen in cabins. Although the cabin structure designs were used in the professional design and construction disciplines, they do not have a complete description nor an accurate evaluation in the architectural literature when looked at from a theoretical perspective. As a type of architectural structure, it is necessary to define their boundaries, as well as defining their potential in the spatial creation and transformation of said spaces. The aim of the study is to investigate the historical trace of the cabins in the current literature by defining the meanings of the cabin structures and their purpose of use during the time of their emergence and to define them as a space creation tool in the field of architecture and thus to reveal the structural and spatial potential of this building type. In the study, firstly the definition of the cabin was made and the foundations and meanings of the ideas that led to the construction of these structures were examined. Afterwards, examples of cabins designed by important architects in order to create different spatial experiences were examined with a formal analysis. As a result of this research, the architectural and spatial value of the cabins in the field of architecture and the relationship between the important examples designed and the ontological features of the cabins were revealed.
More...
Diverse and extended philosophical approaches to the art cover also the ontological questions. There are plenty authors who are doing their research to explore the question on the nature of the existence of works of art. What is challenging on the existence of works of art? Artworks are basically things, but necessarily artifact, products of human intentional activity. But from the other point of view, they are just objects, sometimes strange, sometimes old, but (physical) objects. Nobody denies particular function and value of artworks. Nevertheless, this function and value of artworks is hidden in very interesting way. Someone who is not familiar to the work could miss artistic meaning of the work at all. Therefore, we can argue there are not explicit artistic properties in art. On the other hand, physical configuration of the artwork-object offers magnificent and enormous source of meaning, pleasure and content. But there are not other properties then physical. So, philosophers of art should explain how artworks exist in contrary to the nature existence of others entities or artifacts. The text examines the hypothesis of the physical object and R. Wollheim's arguments against this hypothesis. He put the robust argumentation in his famous ‘Art and its objects’. But, the core of the article is the reconstruction of P. Lamarque's approach. Lamarque in his book ‘Art & Object’ distinguishes two elements: work and object. He considers this as a key to explain how works of art exist. The object is considered to be a medium, and work is entity depending on cultural and institutional contexts. Lamarque argues that art occurs where there is specific cultural and institutional background and understanding of objects as works of art. Pure existence of object (physically similar to artwork) does not guarantee existence of artworks. Surprisingly, identical entity could be and could not be artwork in the same time. The difference is in the presence of absence of appropriate cultural and institutional contexts.
More...
Samuel Beckett (1906-1989) and Harold Pinter (1930-2008) have marked an entire epoch by their kindred worldviews and dramatic techniques, though these have undergone a transformation from their beginnings to their last plays. Their early plays can be used to illustrate the psychological state which R. D. Laing has called ’ontological insecurity’, characterized by the lack of identity resulting in fear and emptiness. In their last plays we can observe re-emergence of rudimentary identity and articulation of revolt.
More...
In this paper I defend the rejection of fatalism about the past by showing that there are possible circumstances in which it would be rational to attempt to bring about by our decisions and actions a necessary and sufficient condition, other things being equal, for something which we see as favorable to have occurred in the past. The examples I put forward are analogous to our attempts to bring about the occurrence of future events, and demonstrate the symmetry between the past and the future in this respect.
More...
The labeling perspective, or sometimes referred to as the societal reaction perspective, very central in the 1960s and early 1970s, is revisited by providing a quantum holographic application. Although labeling theory was subject to much critique and eventually lost much of its appeal, discussions in theories of crime still make reference to the process-orientated nature of the approach and its importance. This article revisits the core themes of societal reaction and suggests that situating the core themes within a quantum holographic approach revitalizes its importance as a component of more holistic-oriented theories of crime.
More...
The paper aims to explore the model which is trying to explain the nature of aesthetic properties. The starting point for testing a plausibility of aspectualistic solution is a kind of exploration. Aspectualism plays a role between realistic and antirealistic answer to the question: what are the aesthetic judgments related to? Standard discussions are linked in two directions. The first one presupposes existence of real aesthetic properties or qualities in artworks, thus independent of the human mind. The second, on the contrary, explains our aesthetic judgments as related to aesthetic properties (values) that are constructed in relationship of artwork and recipient, thus dependent on human mind. Both positions have strengths and weaknesses with respect to the different artistic genres and approaches. Aspectualistic strategy offers an explanation which has an ambition to be the solution to this dispute. The paper analyzes this position in the work of Roger Scruton and looks for the answer to the question whether this solution is sufficient and where are its limits, if any.
More...
Scientific realism is a positive epistemic attitude towards the content of our best theories/models recommending belief in both observable and unobservable aspects of the world described by the sciences. This attitude has important metaphysical dimension. It is committed to the mind-independent existence of the world investigated by the sciences (Chakravartty 2013). In his papers Mathematics and Experience (2009) and Mathematics and Reality (2011) Ladislav Kvasz holds a position of instrumental realism. Kvasz claims that reality is instrumentally constituted and realism issue should be understood as a relation between two languages instead of world-language relation. Kvasz’s instrumental realism also suggests to build up an ontology of distinctions instead of an ontology of fillings. The paper deals with Kvasz’s version of instrumental realism critically and it aims to show that Kvasz’s position is much closer to antirealism than to scientific realism because it does not meet the metaphysical dimension.
More...
This work presents and discusses the conception of instantiation as ‘partial identity’. The theory has been previously proposed in two different guises by Baxter (2001) and Armstrong (2004a). Attention will be paid mostly to Baxter’s presentation, which seems the best developed, and where instantiation is understood as identity of ‘aspects’ of a universal and a particular. The theory seems to offer a solution to the vexed question of Bradley’s Regress, because instantiation is no longer conceived as a relation between numerically different entities. The proposed solution requires an ontology of ‘aspects’ in order to work. Aspects are presented in the form [x insofar as j] where x is filled by the entity to which the aspect pertains and j is filled by the respect in which the entity in question is considered. Aspects are numerically identical with the entity to which they pertain and with the other aspects of the same entity. Aspects, nonetheless, are not mere ways in which one can conceive an entity. Aspects are objective. Rejection of the principle of indiscernibility of identicals is crucial to this theory. The attributions of one aspect are not also attributions to the other aspects of the same entity. Hence, aspects offer ways to deal with seemingly incoherent attributions to the same entity. Baxter uses them to solve the problem of the multi-location of universals, temporary intrinsics and trans-world identity, besides the nature of instantiation. Several difficulties are presented, both to the general metaphysics of aspects, and to the conception of instantiation as identity of aspects. In general: (i) it is not clear how to distinguish objective aspects from the mere forms in which we conceive an entity; (ii) it is not clear what are the conditions of identity of an aspect; and (iii) although the necessity of identity is rejected in general, it reappears as necessity of ‘aspectual’ identity. The necessity of aspectual identity raises concerns about the stability of the view. In respect to the specific conception of instantiation as identity of aspects, it will be pointed out that the theory implies the complete identity of universals and particulars that instantiate them and, further, that it implies the identity of everything with everything.
More...
Za našich dnů převážná většina filosofů připouští tak či onak existenci intencionálních (= abstraktních, ideálních, fiktivních, pomyslných) jsoucen, přetrvává však mezi nimi stále rozdíl v otázce, jak je ontologicky pojímat, zda jako entity, které jsou prostě zde, „od Pána Boha“, anebo jsou tyto entity jen jakési našimi poznávacími schopnostmi na základě určitých věcných předpokladů vytvořené předměty, jež jinak než právě jako předměty těchto schopností existovat nemohou. První pojetí bývá nazýváno platónským, druhé vychází z aristotelských principů. Je třeba konstatovat, že aristotelské pojetí má dnes málo stoupenců. Autor standardní německé monografie o abstraktních předmětech Wolfgang Künne na téměř čtyři sta stranách svého díla věnuje aristotelskému pojetí (aniž by mu dával toto jméno) jen pět řádek (viz Künne 2007, 67).
More...