We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
O.: Duleba, A. a kol.: Hranice a cezhraničná spolupráca. Úvod do výskumu hraníc. Prešov: ADIN s.r.o. 2017. 152 s. ISBN 978-80-89540-89-1
More...
Macedonia does not have the necessary strategic depth. It is geopolitically vulnerable both by geographic vertical and by its horizontal. At the same time Macedonia has some conflicts with all four neighboring countries. This is why all Macedonian governments since its independence looked more or less for a solution in a tighter political and military connection with the USA. The territory of Macedonia has a certain geopolitical significance for the USA. This is why the USA is advocating the maintaining of the existing balance of powers that guarantees survival of Macedonia. Nevertheless the key partners of the USA on the Balkans are Turkey and Albanians. During the mediation in the Macedonian- Albanian conflict the USA has tried to keep in mind the Albanian interests. This resulted in a complicated legal solution which ensured great amount of independence for Albanians (and other minorities). Albanians are using this to strengthen their position which can lead to dissolution of the country. This is why it can be concluded that further insistence on tight binding with the USA can also be an introduction in dissolution of the country. Macedonian stability and its territorial integrity can only be protected in accordance with Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece which would require resolving bilateral conflicts with these neighboring countries.
More...
This paper is an attempt of author of the paper primarily to classify and then to define non-armed external forms of imperilment of the state security capacity and also to underline imperilment for integral security of the state that is coming from a seemingly innocent activity of certain external groups and organizations. The author of the paper argues that non- armed forms of imperilment of the state security capacity are primarily military pressure, threat, offensive propaganda activities and aggressive performance of foreign intelligence services. It is very important to underline also that the external non- armed forms of imperilment are always or almost always a prelude to emergence of armed forms of imperilment of security. Objective – task of the non- armed external forms of imperilment of security is preparation of „the field” for, for example, a military intervention or aggression on some state which is target of the violence. This paper is also a warning to the states as well as to the United Nations that the external non- armed forms of imperilment of security must be treated in accord with the imperilment coming from them. The systems of security of states must build up instruments for early recognition of aggressiveness and covert violence in activity of various external services and organizations. Such external activity must be incriminated by both the State legislation and legal documents of the United Nations.
More...
The paper is dedicated to the analysis of a significant element of the Serbian national identity – geopolitical identity. Starting from the essential bond between the people and the area it inhabits, the author discussed the Serbian (self)cognition in the context of the primary symbolic duality of the Land and the See. According to that, the essential Serbian sacral-geographic identity is integral, but it has in time became dominantly terrestrial due to the persecution and the violent deSerbization at the coast. That produced the modern Serbian geopolitical identity of the Land power. But, in the context of rivalry of the continental (Eurasian) and naval (Atlantic) powers, the Serbian lands are placed within the zone of their rivalry for the global primate. That fact is of crucial influence to the defining of the modern Serbian geopolitical identity. The aim of the paper is to study not only its characteristics and structural properties, but the endeavor of the Euro-Atlantic circle of preponderance/power to convert it and adjust it to its geopolitical code of the Sea powers. The destructive consequences of that process are the subject of the concluding remarks in this paper.
More...
Multidisciplinary approach is very important in studying rights and status of national minorities, and related to this demographic studies also have special significance. This paper analyzes population growth and the position of Serbs in the states founded on the territory of former Yugoslavia where, before the collapse of that state and geopolitical changes, they were one of the six constituent peoples but today they are national minority. The main data sources in this paper are the official population censuses, considering that the size and ethnic compactness are the main demographic factors that significantly affect the realization of the rights and freedoms of each minority. Although the social and legal status of the Serbian minority is determined by European standards of minority rights, the analysis points to their more or less unfavorable position which is, among other things, affected by under- designed politics of mother country.
More...
The creation and expansion of the European Union are generally understood as economic and political processes. Geopolitical aspects are marginalized regarding their significant role. In theoretical sense the development of the European Union is based on the Heartland-Ri- mland concept of the Cold War, and in practical geostrategic sense it re-Russia and Europe have been reactivated. Those interests are based on theoretical aspects of Neo-Eurasian and they will be gradually imple- mented by the geopolitical use of networks of Gus Line and Pipe Line that will supply energy-depended Europe. Balkan, Serbia and Serbian countries must find their place in the context of current and future US- Russian competition to win Europe.
More...
The author in this article analyzes non-alternative determination of the ruling coalition in Serbia about the European Union and he underlines the unsustainability of thesis according to which questions of sovereignty and territorial integrity in Serbia (Kosovo and EU membership) are two separate processes. The fact that the majority of EU countries recognize independence of Kosovo is contradictor to that thesis. In the following text the author analyzes the geographical and political incompleteness of Serbia and EU and developing the thesis that the cur- rent protectorate of EU, US and NATO serves primarily to accomplish their imperial interests. Part of this thesis suggests the possibility that Serbia, moving towards the European Union, ends in to Ottoman Empire that could be restored, considering the fact that SAD is using Turkey, as a regional force that does not hide its political and territorial aspirations, prevents the establishment of the United European countries. Besides that, Europe without Russia does not have complete identity.
More...
У светлу новонастале светске ситуације изазване неминовним слабљењем економске, политичке и војне хегемоније Сједињених Америчких Држава, немогуће је не приметити све већи значај геополитичког издвајања Бразила и његов успон у односу на остале државе региона. Иако државници ове земље негирају било какав облик свесног вођења политике Бразила као регионалног лидера који се такмичи са САД, сам осврт на његову спољну политику и економски бум којим се Бразил од некадашњег дужника претворио у финансијера не само земаља у региону, већ и самог Међународног монетарног фонда, говори више од било каквих речи. Чињеница је да најновија светска дешавања имају за последицу не само транзицију америчког унилатерализма и новонастали савезнички однос између Бразила и бивше супер силе, већ и развој различитих перспектива у процесу латиноамеричких интеграција. Сажетим прегледом аналитичке мисли водећих политиколога и дипломата региона, у овом раду је учињен покушај да се у ширем контексту сагледа нова улога Бразила, али и све присутније јачање левичарских социјалних покрета.
More...
L’auteur analyse d’abord la situation géostratégique du monde et de l’Europe; des soi disants facteurs de l’évolution de la planète, à la fin de 2008. Ensuite, par une analyse géostratégique et militaire détaillée l’auteur nous rappelle- t- il les conséquences des bombardements de la Serbie en 1999, qui sont la plupart de temps ignorées dans des analyses de la classe politique en Serbie. Dans le fait des bombardements se cachent de nombreuses réponses concernant l »avenir stratégique de la Serbie, puisque nous nous sommes approchés du moment de la perte de Kosovo et Métochie, ce qui aura des conséquences fatales qui imposent des chois pour l’avenir. L’auteur entre ensuite dans l’analyse comparative du « féno- type politique serbe confronté au néoliberalisme cynique. Dans la partie finale l’auteur compose un répertoire de devoirs et de possibles orientations de la politique serbe, qui est de plus en plus en retard par rapport au monde accéléré.
More...
After a quarter of a century, it is not a waste of time to reassess the effects of the transition process. Have we missed the purpose? The transition can be given scrutiny through different models, but also through the integration process which runs danger of falling into the pit of constructivism. The transition was (or should have been) about moving from a hampered into an unhampered market society in the first place. It is obvious that we are far from there. The new political global landscape in the making will probably drive further away. That is why some international financial organisations and academics seem to be changing their focus. Probably logically so, but the true question is whether the process and the policy-making is about letting an individual make decisions freely, or about reconstructing paternalism in different forms including the battle between those who want to close down to the globalisation and those who claim the opening up is an inevitable process. Reducing corruption and increasing transparency along with long haul education reforms that spur entrepreneurial spirit in order to make political and market reforms sustainable, may be a quest to seek the lost purpose of transition.
More...
This article discusses political and military issue of Islamic State, since establishment of the anti-IS alliance in summer 2014 until March 2016 in Iraq and Syria. The article describes each step made during this period separately or in alliance, while the terrorist attacks in Paris are considered as a turning point. That is the reason why the article is the comparison of French policy before and after the attacks. Furthermore, the crucial part is to resolve Syrian crisis in which France is actively involved in order to settle down the events in Syria and transform it into democratic country without President Assad.
More...
The history of bilateral relations between Poland and Vietnam reaches the year 1950 when countries of the Eastern Bloc, including Poland, acknowledged independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Since then, we have observed more or less intensive mutual contacts. We have cooperated in many fields. And today, watching moves of Polish and Vietnamese politicians and signed agreements, we can see that this cooperation is getting colors and like years ago, it covers various fields. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam in Polish political and economic perspective does not have a significant status. Despite the fact that with every year, the interest of the Polish as well as Vietnamese side is getting bigger. However the biggest problem is the adverse balance of trade between both countries. Time will show in which direction the Polish-Vietnamese cooperation will go. However, looking at expressive economic growth of Vietnam during the last few years and what is even more important, at further perspectives of this prosperity, Poland should maintain good relations with this economic partner, enlarging at the same time its export to this country. We can see in Vietnam an opportunity for Polish traders for exporting their products to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
More...
The actions indicated above and taken by the United Nations and the European Union (in spite of their different international law status) argue that objectives attributed to international organisations are not only postulates, but a basis for actions taken specifically, both in the legal and actual dimension. Therefore, the main research objective adopted for this study was to bring them closer, with particular emphasis on the UN and the EU joint actions for international security. Due to the complexity and multifaceted nature of the discussed subject matter of these considerations, they will be confined to the T-306/01 Ahmed Ali Yusuf and Al Barakaat International Foundation case recognized by the EU Court of First Instance. In there, as in a lens, interrelationships between the international organisations in questions are concentrated; and not only in terms of international cooperation, but, more importantly, in terms of the principle of the primacy of the United Nations law over other legal regimes. Implementing this objective will allow to show that the law of the European Union refers to the achievements of the United Nations and, therefore, to the general categories of international law. This shows that the EU legal order cannot be treated as completely self-sufficient. In the era of fragmentation of international law, determination of interrelationships between the international law and the EU one is crucial for assessing the systemic nature of the former.
More...
The subject of this paper is the instrumentalization of international institutions in the establishment of a new world order. The authors try to answer the questions about the model, the significance and the contribution of the instrumentalization of international institutions to the establishment of a new world order. New world order is defined as a project of the United States’ hegemony, based on “universal” values. International institutions are defined as a broader concept than international organizations are, but narrower than international law and regimes. After this, recent practice of instrumentalization of the international institutions by the creators of a new world order is dealt with, using the examples from four groups of institutions: security, political, economic and the others. Offensive realist John J. Mearsheimer’s theory of institutions is used as theoretical framework. The authors conclude that the instrumentalization of institutions was largely successful and gave certain contributions to the establishment of a new world order in the nineties of the last century. In the 21st century this instrumentalization is mostly unsuccessful, and this inflicts some damage to a new world order. However, the cause of the success/failure of the instrumentalization mostly lies outside of institutional framework – in Russia’s submission to the West before, and its more assertive foreign policy later.
More...
After the West and the USA reached the peak in global hegemony in relatively short time during unipolar period, there was a decline in their relative power. The emerging of new powers and their global ambitions require a reconsideration of the theoretical and conceptual as well as practical geopolitical paradigms. In that context, the importance of Eurasia did become even more significant, however, today „main geopolitical prize“ is the whole world. Accordingly, the central region or „Pivot area“ has shifted outside the Eurasian continental interior, while the Heartland-Rimland model has still been used, but in changed territorial, civilizational and geopolitical coordinates. Since the geopolitical capacity of the „awakened Islam“ has increased, the space of North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia is becoming a new global geopolitical center – the Islamic Heartland. This region occupies huge territory, it has a demographic potential as well as potential in energy resources, several important civilization centers and key geostrategic points are under its control and expansive mass migration and movements of fanaticized warriors (jihadists, terrorists) set off form there. Islamic Heartland is considered by the „rest of the world“, especially from the great powers (US, China, Russia, India, EU) as a threat. Although being strongly opposed to each other, a common interest to encircle and „contain“ it, will bring them together in a geopolitical block – the Global Rimland. The region within the Global Rimland, that is most threatened by the expansion of the Islamic Heartland is the Balkans.
More...
The author of this article analyzes the topic of migration crisis which appeared inEurope in 2015. She discousses the reaction of four countries creating Visegrad Group — the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary — on the flow of refugees and the opposition of these countries towards a quota mechanism to relocate refugees. Migration crisis united countries of Visegrad Group in their common position on the forum of the European Union.
More...
The purpose of this paper is to determine the subject of study of strategic geography as a geographic subdiscipline and to define its theoretical concept within the context of the interdisciplinary field of geography. The emphasis is placed on defining the significance of geographical space in the function of the synergy of national power as well as on formulating national interests and their strategic operationalization in the process of achieving national goals in an international environment. The paper presents a theoretical and methodological concept of studying geographical space which implies an interdisciplinary approach and comprehensiveness of the study of an interactively and functionally interconnected living environment. The aim of the study of strategic geography is scientific knowledge and an evaluation of the role of geographic factors in the modification of spatial and functional dynamics. Its singling out as a separate scientific subdiscipline is the result of an internal subject of study based on the analysis and singling out of dominant geographic characteristics relevant from the point of view of the analysis and synthetic judgement of the geographical sources of potential national power. Geographical space, i.e. geographic factors, processes, connections and relations as potential sources of comparative advantages in the process of defining national interests, and in the formulation and implementation of national strategies, represent strategic geography's subject of study. The most important study procedure of strategic geography is directed at geographic and resource advantages of national space and human potential in the international context.
More...
In the article is analyzed European Union crisis diplomacy with Iran, which finally brought to the final settlements. Beside the nuclear issues, in EU and Iran relations are visible other issues, as such as: human rights, security, energy and trade. In the 90’s and 2000’s EU proposed the formula critical and comprehensive dialogue. Now after nuclear settlement, crisis diplomacy with Iran is essential, due to the problems and challenges related with internal Iranian politics and its regional policy.
More...
The paper presents the specifics of the involvement of international actors in the conflict of Ukraine at the turn of 2013–2014. The country was considered attractive primarily due to its geopolitical position and the country being a buffer between the East and the West. The steps taken by the Polish authorities in the settlement of a dispute arising from the growing sense of threat from the Russian Federation are also discussed.
More...