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The article presents an analysis of the teaching space. The author makes the starting point of this study the philosophical texts of Jozef Tischner. Space is understood as ethos, as the place of the spiritual growth of man. Man finds his ethos first, then that of other people. He learns to know and understand the world that surrounds it. In some situations, however, the ethos is a place of a game led by other people. The game introduces principles foreign to the identity of the man understood as an entity and his moral actions.Referring to Jozef Tischner’s philosophical reflection, author is trying to find the answers to the questions relating to the shape of the contemporary pedagogical space. This space is always rooted in some axiological ethos. Therefore, it is very important to discover what values govern this space, whether it is a space open for dialogue, for rational self-analysis, and, at this same time, open to the world discovered outside of us, or rather this space assumes a deformed character, marked by fears, prejudices, stereotypes or emotions. Does this space drive us to discover the truth, or is it rather the area where we uncritically accept the rules of the game imposed by others “dwellers” of that space? What should be done in order to prevent the pedagogical space from acquiring the features of totality, systematization, standardization, parameterization? What should be done in order to keep the proper ethos of the pedagogue as a “trumpeter of truth”? Author is trying to find some answers to the above questions seeking an inspiration in Jozef Tischner’s thought.
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The teaching and educational mission of the Church requires authority. The authority of the Church influences the effectiveness of its educational activities. The study presents the results of the research of questionnaire surveys and focus interviews conducted among students and academics of a Catholic university concerning their opinions about the foundations of the authority of the Church in Poland, the nature of this authority, the change (decrease) of the Church authority and the causes of this process, as well as opinions on how the Church can build her authority in order to be able to educate more effectively. Research has shown that in the opinion of the respondents, there has been a decrease in the authority of the Church and the reasons for that are complex. Young believers would like to deepen their relationship with the Church, but they expect the Church to be more open and respectful of their freedom.
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Wikipedia enjoys huge popularity and internet users consider it a great authority. In 2016, its Polish version was visited daily by the average of 1.1 million viewers. People read it looking for information on a variety of subjects, including the doctrine of the Church. The author of the article proposes a thesis that Wikipedia belongs to popular culture and represents authentic, although exceptional virtual entertainment. The author asks about the attitude of the Church to Wikipedia. He also looks for an answer to the question of whether or not Catholic teaching authorities (the bishops forming the Magisterium Ecclesiae, and, subsequently – under the authority of their Holy Orders or canonical mission – priests, deacons, theologians, and catechists) should become Wikipedians and edit articles in Wikipedia.
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The text aims to show that authority and obedience are essential within Catholic education. In fact, Faith is “obedience” to the Truth as says the Second Vatican Council and the Truth is endowed with “authority” because God Himself is embodied in Jesus Christ. It is necessary to stress that – according to the Christian faith – this dependence upon God is not a kind of slavery but rather a loving relationship to the Father which sets humans free. This happens because man has an original dignity coming from his creation “in God’s image”. Catholic education must make people able to practice self-dominion (through the experience of authority) in order to choose only what is good so as to obey to the truth of human identity.
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This article seeks to outline what may be called a ‘diagnosis’ of the relationship between the church and the world, according to the English blessed, John Henry Newman. In his opinion, this relationship will always be conflictive and it is destined to remain so (an account that seems to be confirmed, and perhaps even accentuated, in our time).
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The goal of this article is to answer a question which are the external and internal causes of the present process of secularization in the Roman Catholic Church.
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The objective of the paper is to present an outline of theoretical model of processes of the Roman Catholic Church secularization.
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The subject of the research is the model of religious education in the Province of the France of the Old Catholic Mariavites and in the Community of Sainte-Marie in Mont-Saint-Aignan. The research objective is to characterize the main areas of religious education of these religious communities; that is, pastoral counseling, liturgy and catechization. The research procedure was carried out using a set of pedagogical and theological research methods: interview (with the clergy), active (participant) observation, analysis of documents and historical-comparative method. The model of religious education, developed in these two independently existing Churches in France, indicates the response of Christian communities to religious needs in a secularized society. Through pastoral counseling, the recipients of which are not only members of these communities, but also Muslims, Jews, Hindus, agnostics or atheists, these communities have become known as places of spiritual support. A complementary element of counseling is catechization, and both these elements are aimed at introducing these subjects to liturgical life. However, it is not a closed model, focused on proselytizing, but rather an open one, aiming at restoring hope in secular and atheistic society.
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Review of: Iwona Jabłońska - Lidia Pietruszka, Magdalena Parzyszek, Narzeczeństwo. Droga, którą warto przejść, Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II, Lublin 2019, ss. 154, ISBN 978-83-7306-839-1.
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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The research aim of this article is to present the essence of the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius Loyola, their implementation in Ignatian retreats, and to show their meaning for the spiritual life of the Christian. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem considered in this paper is the search for an answer to the question: what is the essence of the Spiritual Exercises and what is their meaning for the development of the spiritual life of the Christian? In the conducted research the method of analysis and synthesis of literature was applied. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The first part of the article explains the direct relationship between Ignatius’ conversion, his experience of many mystical graces, especially in Manresa, and the writing of the book of the Spiritual Exercises. The second part of the article presents excerpts from the testimonies of retreatants who have deepened their spiritual lives through the method and content of the Spiritual Exercises. RESEARCH RESULTS: The research results comprise a description of Ignatius Loyola’s conversion process that directly influenced the writing of the Spiritual Exercises, which have become a common tool to help many Christians in their spiritual development. This is evidenced by the testimonies of participants in Ignatian retreats from various social groups and professions who have experienced inner conversion through the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius Loyola. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Testimonies of retreatants given both centuries ago and today confirm that the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius Loyola appear an important tool for spiritual development. Although they were created almost five centuries ago as the fruit of the spiritual experiences of their author, they still bring up Christians to deeper relationship with God.
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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The paper is an attempt to articulate the defining features of Ignatian Leadership and to clarify what might distinguish it from other brands of leadership without lapsing into motherhood statements and worn-out clichés. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The Ignatian leadership style that is presented is grounded in Ignatian spirituality, which is a source of the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius Loyola. Hence, the research problem was formulated: how can Ignatian leadership be implemented in everyday practice? The method of critical analysis of sources was applied. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper argues that Ignatian Leadership is, in fact, a radical form of servant leadership, since the Ignatian Leader is at the service not only of the Community, but also–and for Ignatius of Loyola, even more fundamentally–of the Mission entrusted to that Community. RESEARCH RESULTS: Concretely, it proposes a conception of Ignatian Leadership as a threeway relationship among the Leader, the Community, and the Mission, in the process, illustrating what magis and cura personalis might mean in one’s exercise of leadership, but also, spelling out, in light of these relationships, the key functions of the Ignatian Leader. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Ignatian leadership is a form of servant leadership insofar as Ignatian Leaders ought to prioritize serving the Community that they lead over their own interests. However, what distinguishes Ignatian Leadership from servant leadership is its explicit and non-negotiable prioritization of service of the Mission as well.
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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article is to recreate the ways of understanding Christian values as one of the aspects of spirituality, established in the linguistic consciousness of young Europeans – Poles, Russians and Germans. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem was formulated as questions: What are the Christian values today for young European citizens? Are they equally important for the followers of Catholicism, Orthodoxy and Protestantism and do they carry identical content and messages for them? In order to obtain linguistic data, a psycholinguistic research tool was used – the test of free verbal associations to stimulus‑words wartości chrześcijańskie, christliche Werte, xристианские ценности. The method of concept profiling, worked out on the basis of cog‑nitive linguistics, and the frequency analysis method were used to analyze the empirical material. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The argumentation begins with the justification of the choice of the problem of Christian values and showing the specificity of the essence of spirituality and its relations with axiology. Then, the methodology of collecting and analyzing linguistic data was presented. The third part discusses the results of the free verbal association test and conclusions. RESEARCH RESULTS: In the opinion of the respondents, the Christian values are mainly hidden by the ideas contained in the Decalogue, followed by the generally understood morality. They are symbolized by the cross, the Bible and the icons. The transmission and cultivation of values are the tasks belonging to church. In the linguistic consciousness of the German and Polish respondents, the evaluation of Christian values is rather negative, the Russian respondents have an ambivalent attitude towards them. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIOS: Christian values are an axiological category firmly established in the linguistic consciousness of representatives of three ethnic communities. The exploration of the associative fields shows that the profiles of Christian values differ both in the degree of complexity, saturation and frequency, and in linguistic shape, as well, revealing, however, the similarity in the semantic range delineated by associations.
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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article is to identify the specificity of religious and spiritual content in advertising aimed at different markets. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The article demonstrates that the use of religious and spiritual content is specific to image advertising and is a trend that is functional: it serves to disguise the purpose of persuasion, to increase the contextual effect, to build community between sender and receiver and to inspire trust in the addressee. The methodology used in the text is content analysis, desk research, research into the persuasive potential of advertisements, and ancillary semiotic research. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Preliminary considerations introduced the concept of faith and secular spirituality. The body of the article then analyses the research material, which is a selection of television and online advertisements for the Merci brand, the jewellery manufacturer and retailer Pandora A/S, the Cartier brand and Ikea shops. In collecting the material for the article, purposive sampling was used, taking into account commercials aired in Italy, Poland, Germany, France, the Czech Republic and Russia before Christmas Eve between 2014 and 2022. RESEARCH RESULTS: The research showed that content relating to religious values and secular spirituality is selected syncretistically in order to broaden the group of planned ad addressees. The very construction of the advertisements resembles a multi-level structure, the elements of which, by levelling the criticism of the recipient, serve to achieve the inference planned by the sender. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The process of secularisation is evident in advertising, which is reflected in spots aired during religious holidays, which are explored by advertising broadcasters. This is facilitated both by the temporal context and by different consumer experiences derived from knowledge structures built on religious and cultural perceptions.
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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the presented research was to reveal the predictors and moderators of the sense of abandonment by God as one of the religious-spiritual experiences of Catholics.THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The primary research question was to determine what relationship, if it really exists, appears between age, level of declared faith, frequency and in- tensity of daily religious-spiritual experiences and the sense of abandonment by God.THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The article discusses the psychological conceptualization of the sense of abandonment by God and its operationalization in research tools, as well as the importance of this issue for research on the struggles with divinity.RESEARCH RESULTS: As a result of statistical verification of the hypotheses, the relationships between variables were examined and predictors and moderators of the relationships among explanatory variables were established.CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Although all the accepted hypotheses were statistically confirmed, so that it was possible to identify a predictor and moderator of the feeling of abandonment by God, the article points out the limitations of the present study and directions for further research.
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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The article aims to characterize the style of integrative leadership motivated by the Catholic religion (PIRK) and indicate its theoretical potential in contemporary political leadership.THE PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem of the article is a reflection on the theoretical potential of PIRK in the context of increasing segmentation of politics and activities of political actors in terms of their effectiveness and efficiency. The considerations are based on the theory of policy integration, which, although it allows the study of the dynamics of integration processes, has limitations in the form of effective leadership. The theory of integrative leadership complements the analysis of policy integration, understood as goal-oriented actions implemented using optimized means and methods.THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The argument begins with introducing the integration policy and indicating its central deficits. The final result of the study is an attempt to characterize the PIRK style and examine its potential to eliminate emerging tensions.RESEARCH RESULTS: The analysis indicates that PIRK has better analytical, operational and political skills than the same style without considering the religious factor. Although it is not always fully flexible, thanks to its ability to adapt actively and creatively, it adapts better to environmental needs in the long term..CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Although the preliminary analysis of PIRK showed that it has a more significant potential in reducing policy integration deficits than leadership based only on efficiency, these studies require further critical reflection. They can also be a starting point for research on integrative leadership in its relationships with other religions.
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This paper will analyze the status that various religious communities enjoyed in the Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska; hereafter NDH), focusing on the legal status and relations, both practical and financial, these communities enjoyed with the Ustasha movement and state authorities. The religious question was a key political problem in the NDH: the treatment of different religious communities serves as a paradigm of the character of the NDH as a state. Numerous studies have been written on the participation of Catholic clergy in the atrocities of the Ustasha movement and the NDH with the earliest being published immediately after the end of the war in 1945. The persecution of the Serbian Orthodox Church has been well documented in a number of important studies. Instead, this article will focus on legal and administrative issues and financial exchange between various religious communities and the NDH authorities as well as the state’s program of mass religious conversion since these illustrate the authentic intentions of the Ustasha regime and the Roman Catholic Church in Croatia, as the dominant social and political forces in the state, regarding state religious policy. The article is largely based on primary archival sources drawn from the Croatian and Serbian state archives.
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Review of: Dubravka Preradović, ed., Ermil i Stratonik. Sveti ranohrišćanski mučenici beogradski [Hermylos and Stratonikos. Early christian martyrs of Belgrade]. Belgrade: Institute for Balkan Studies SASA, 2022, 216 p.
More...How our belief system defines our health
What if our spiritual beliefs make us a negative character? What if we hurt ourselves and our loved ones by clinging too tightly to what we believe? What if, at the end of life, when we meet God, He asks: "How was Heaven"? What if we are wrong? There are so many spiritual paths now, so much information, so much Knowledge to absorb, and so much fake knowledge to differentiate. Each time the inner barometer of discrimination gets overwhelmed, the current beliefs become stronger, even if they are flawed. The lack of mental and spiritual flexibility can slowly take the shape of ignorance and somatization. The physical body is the meeting point between the spiritual and the material and as a result, symptoms of confusion may occur in the physical body. This paper aims to emphasize the connection between spiritual beliefs, relationship with God, and somatoform disorders using a narrative review. By accepting the unacceptable and opening the belief system, one may be able to relieve the somatic symptoms and regain control of the body.
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This work of constructive Jewish ecofeminism argues for an expanded category of the poor to include nature, as both nature and the poor have similar states: they are in need. After a survey of the Torah and the tannaim, the author concludes that both sources do not define the category of the poor as anything more than those in need, thus we are well within our means to make the change. In addition, the current state of the environment, detailed by the most recent IPCC report, illustrates just how much the environment is in need. In this expansion of the category of the poor, the author also critiques traditional Jewish models of what constitutes care and suggests instead Carol Gilligan’s ethics of care as a starting point towards a more holistic, feminist understanding of the care. This argument to expand the category of the poor is not possible without also a survey of traditional Jewish understandings of nature and embodiment because how Jews understand the divine is related both to our bodies and to how we treat nature. As part of this, the author examines contemporary Jewish scholarship, both ecofeminist and not, in search of various models for understanding the relationship between humanity, nature, and the divine, which lend themselves towards a more ecofeminist Judaism
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