We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
The article is devoted to the development of a conceptually new systemic structural approach to the study of sustainability of economic systems. The problem of ensuring sustainability of economic entities remains unsolved, largely due to the lack of the necessary methodology. In the article, the approach is shaped by new economic systems theory, which implies the division of all economic systems into types depending on their spatiotemporal localization. Applied research of socio-economic system of Ukraine in its context is implemented by econometric modeling using data mining techniques and by calculating the economic sustainability index using the author’s techniques. The indicators, announced by the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, as well as the ranking and indexing results, presented by leading international organizations, are used as the parameters. Alternative hypothesis about preconditioning of economic sustainability of the macro-level system by the structural balance of its four subsystems with different spatial and temporal localization is confirmed. The results of modeling have shown a number of interesting, previously not formalized, patterns of the country’s development and have allowed to better understand the forming mechanism of its sustainability in different periods during 2000–2015. Both the methodology itself and the empirical results obtained on its basis open up a wide variety of perspectives of micro and macroeconomic analysis.
More...
In this study, general health policies from past to present are examined in detail. In the present study, it is intended to introduce which health policies solve the health problems in what level. While doing so, health policies are categorized periodically and detailed in terms of developmental stages in healthcare. The study has a qualitative style, and the Comparison Method has been made use of. In the study, healthcare is compared from past to present. It is concluded that the Health Transformation Program, (HTP) founded with the purpose of ethic approach and aimed that all people reach qualified healthcare equally, is improvable, sustainable and is related to the socio-economic realities of the country. The study is important in that it investigates the healthcare policies in which socio-economic precautions are taken and efforts are given by categorizing the periods, and reaches important results.
More...
In globalized world, the impact of cultural differences on economic activity is becoming more and more pronounced. The subject of the study is the modern reading of Max Weber’s views on the impact of cultural factors on economic growth. The main thesis is that, both historically and in modern times, economic relations are closely intertwined with social factors and they influence each other. The research is focused on the impact of the cultural environment on: building personal qualities that directly influence the economic results, the formation of social knowledge and skills in individuals, the criteria for optimization and the distribution of goods and their application in modeling in the "game theory". Human well-being is the criterion for assessing the development of the economic system and indicators for improving the quality of life should reflect social processes.
More...
In this paper, the author focuses her attention on the situation of workers in the on-demand economy. Firstly, she deals with problems of terminological nature. Secondly, she presents the justification for protection for some categories of workers. Thirdly, the analysis of the status of on-demand workers is conducted from different points of view: proposal to introduce the intermediate category between employee and independent contractor, proposal to introduce an employment relationship as the default classification, a functional concept of the employer, the judgment of Employment Tribunal (London) in Aslam and Farrar and others, and A European agenda for the collaborative economy. Finally, the author considers the usefulness (in the on-demand economy) of some of the instruments introduced by the General Data Protection Regulation of 27 April 2016.
More...
The aim of this article is to present comments and suggestions regarding currently existing solutions in terms of incorrectness of termination or dissolution of a fixed-term employment contract.Due to recent legislative changes, the issue of possibility to terminate or dissolve fixed-term employment contracts became actual more than ever before.In this article there are raised concerns regarding the admissibility of analysis of justification of termination of fixed-term employment contracts, claims of employees’ granted them on the basis of incorrect termination of a fixed-term employment contract, including restitution claim with a special attention paid to the legal status of employees encompassed with special protection of employment status.Further subjected to the analysis were the rights of employee that arise from unlawful termination of employment contract without a notice by employer and legal character of compensation for incorrect termination or dissolution of a fixed-term employment contract.Mentioned considerations were supported by the analysis of judicature and state of doctrine with particular emphasis on suggested recommendations on changing currently applicable solutions.In the summary, Author presented clear vision of direction, which should be followed by the legislator in order to secure coherence of legal system and improvement of position currently occupied by subjects particularly affected by issues connected with adopted regulations in terms of incorrectness of termination or dissolution of a fixed-term employment contract.
More...
The author discusses difficulties concerning the employer’s obligation to indicate the reasons for termination of the contract of employment. Firstly, the author analyses stages of decisions – making and possible interpretative patterns, as well as interpreting difficulties. Then, the article presents relations between article 30 § 4 of the Labour Code and article 45 § 1 of the Labour Code. Finally, the author describes time aspect of the termination of the contract from the point of its reasons.
More...
This article discusses the issue of the employer’s obligation to cooperate with public authorities in the case of collective redundancies, which is a means of social protection of employment relationships. The author first explains the concept of social protection of workplaces, pointing out that one of its instruments is the obligation to notify the competent employment authorities of the intended collective redundancy. Furthermore, the paper analyses the regulations of abovementioned employer’s obligation under ILO Law (Convention No. 158) and the European Union Law (Directive 98/59/EC). Thereafter, the author discusses the relevant regulations contained in the Act of March 13, 2013 on specific terms and conditions for terminating employment relationships with employees for reasons not related to the employees, subjecting above mentioned regulations to critical analysis and examining whether the adopted manner of regulating this obligation allows it to be an effective, proactive means of social protection of employment.
More...
The amendment to the Labour Code of 25 June 2015, has introduced a number of changes in the contractual employment relationship. They took aim at a/o limiting the unjustified use of fixed-term employment contracts in respect of their abuse in the labour market. Despite the changes, which came into force on 22 February 2016, the legal status of law in respect of a contract of employment for a specified period of time requires further intervention of the legislator which has been called for long by significant part of the representatives of doctrine. The amendment, in fact, has not so much strengthened the situation of people employed on the basis of the fixed term agreement, it has even weakened it, the change was therefore illusory and seemingly beneficial.
More...
Labour law provisions meet the expectations of employees who are also parents and enable them to connect a professional work with parental responsibilities. There is always a guarantee of employment granted by employer to the employee after returning from parental leave and that is because of an articles 183² and 1864 of the Polish Labour Code which protect these employees. The protection is also granted to the employee who is entitled to a parental leave but he or she decides to lower his or her workload what is considered as alternative form of parental leave. If employee returns to work for his or her employment in a previously given post, equivalent post or other in accordance with his or her qualifications it should not adversely affect his or her financial situation. These labour law provision guarantees a salary which he or she would receive if he or she would not use a parental leave. These provisions do not forbidan employer to provide notice of changing termination or defi nitive termination, but as long as there is a possibility of mandate other work to the returning employee, definitive termination is not justified. The subject of analysis are valid labour law provisions in order to verify if assumption of the legislator about stabilization of employment for employees who are also parents returning to work after parental leave is fully implemented in practice. In conclusion, in relation with expanding the range of application article 186 (8) § 2 of the Polish Labour Code by jurisprudence, the position of an employee returning to work aft er using parental leave has been weakened.
More...
The aim of the present study is drawing attention to a problem of employees who are employed on a part-time basis but work extra hours above the hours set out in their employment contracts but still below the statutory working time norm (further herein “contractual extra time” or “contractual extra hours”). The author analyzes three problematic issues in the present legal state: the part-time employees’ duty to work extra hours, setting a contractual maximum of additional pay for part-time employees working extra hours, and sanctions relating to the failure of the parties to an employment agreement to specify the extra hours paid like for statutory overtime.
More...
This paper presents legal issues related to the protection of disabled people’s work. In particular the concept of disabled worker and its specifi c privileges are discussed. It has also been pointed out that there are serious arguments for incorporating the provisions on the protection of the disabled into the new Labor Code.
More...
The paper aims to analyze the impact of market activity of older people's on the quality of life of their households. Content of the paper provides an introduction to the role of seniors as the retired, grandparents, guardians of their grandchildren, employees, customers and consumers, as well as persons in need of assistance and care. The paper defines the quality of life of older people in a variety of ways: subjective and objective, as the right to happiness and life satisfaction. The paper shows the demographic and social potential of seniors, the size of the so-called “the silver market”, the material conditions and ways to meet the consumption needs of households. In conclusion, the thesis is stated on the significant influence of family, professional, educational and cultural activities on quality of life of households.
More...
The society of many countries experience structural transformations associated with the ageing of the population. The client group of seniors and their purchasing behaviors should be a subject of the interest of enterprises. Until recently the scientific literature delivered a little knowledge regarding older consumers behavior. The process of making purchasing decisions by older consumers differs from the process of making purchasing decisions of other consumers. The behavior of presented consumer group is determined by different factors. In order to prove this thesis, author conducted a review of theories to explain the diversity of seniors purchasing behavior.
More...
The development of the economy and the increasing wealth of the society cause greater interest in luxury goods. The paper discusses the main concepts of a luxury product, definitions, qualifiers and determinants of the luxury goods choice. On the basic of conducted research there are also presented the opinions of young consumers (inhabitants of Tri-city, the Gdańsk, Gdynia and Sopot cities agglomeration) on the luxury goods and the possibility of their acquisition. There are demonstrated differences in the opinions of men and women and young and elder people.
More...
Eliminating discrimination in respect of employment law is solely one of numerous elements of prohibiting and avoiding discrimination for disabled persons in their every-day life. However, it is remarkably exposed in employment and labour law, considering that discrimination in such area might lead to a particular distress. For these reason a state must undertake the measures not only in the context of the inferior position of disabled employees, but first of all in the context of their rights as humans who have to earn their living being employed. Considering this, the paper aims at listing the state duties related to an employment policy as well as to a social security policy, an education or training and a social communication.
More...
The goal of this article is to determine, which norms of labor law should be applied to the employment contract of definite duration with a scholar in a regard to the permissible amount of concluded contracts and their duration.The author analyses the influence of Polish Labor Code (PLC) amendment from 16 December 2016 in scope of provisions regulating definite duration employment contracts. For the purpose of this article, relevant provisions of Act on the Higher Education are analyzed, in particular art. 118a. In conclusion, art. 25 and following of PLC should be applied to the employment contracts of definite duration concluded with scholars. Although such contracts may be concluded for duration longer than 33 months, conditions set forth by art. 251 § 4 PLC must be therefore fulfilled.
More...
The authors discuss issues related to the phenomenon of precariat, its nature and consequences for the labor market, also pointing to the institutional sources of the precariat.
More...
Activity and initiatives of local communities is an important issue in the theory and practice of self-government. The aim of this article is to evaluate the level of Poles’ involvement in activities for local communities. The role of local communities is becoming more and more important in process of local development. Their initiatives meet emerging needs and stimulate social, economic and political activity. The increase of social capital in the region contributes positively to the development of socio-economic communities.
More...