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Primele eliberări ale deținuților politici din România. Sighet, 1955

Author(s): Petre Nitu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2004

The changes having occurred in Moscow after Stalin’s death prompted the communist leaders in Bucharest to take a number of measures much like those in the Soviet Union. Relaxing the repression, the Dej regime stopped the work on the Danube-Black Sea Canal and a first batch of political prisoners were set free based on a March 11, 1954 decision of the Council of Ministers. The document reproduced here comprises three annexes to Decision no. 1199 of June 25, 1955 issued by the Council of Ministers to pardon the first major batch of political detainees, dignitaries of the former regime who were to be released from the Sighet Penitentiary.

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Colectivizarea agriculturii Represiunea totală, 1957-1962 XXI

Author(s): Octavian Roske / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2004

The documents continue the series of historical accounts of the final stage of collectivisation of agriculture between 1958 and 1962. The abuses are objectively reflected by documents from all the regions: Moldavia, Oltenia and Transylvania. In 1956, the search and sequestration policy was extended throughout the country.

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Colectivizarea agriculturii Represiunea totală, 1957-1962 XIX

Author(s): Octavian Roske / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2003

The documents continue the series of historical accounts of the final stage of collectivisation of agriculture between 1958 and 1962. The abuses are objectively reflected by documents from all the regions: Moldavia, Oltenia and Transylvania. In 1956, the search and sequestration policy was extended throughout the country.

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Desovietizarea culturii românești la începutul deceniului șapte, II

Author(s): Mihaela Cristina Verzea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2003

The desovietization process that started in the early ‘60s and the assertion of an independent attitude versus the Soviet Union were a fact. On September 15, 1963, the Maxim Gorki Russian-Language Institute, a Russophilie body, was dissolved, actually being included in the Institute of Foreign Languages and Literatures attached to Bucharest University. The agenda of the Political Bureau of the CC of the RWP at the end of August - beginning of September 1963 included certain organizational changes in the study of foreign languages at university level, such as abolishing the obligation of learning Russian, as of academic year 1963-1964.

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Moștenitorii politici ai lui Gheorghiu-Dej - O analiză a postului de radio „Europa Liberă”

Author(s): Alexandru-Murad Mironov / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2003

This article belongs with the set of documents addressing the first years of the regime headed by Nicolae Ceausescu, originating in the archives of Radio Free Europe and currently in the custody of the Open Society Archives in Budapest. This time the documentalists from the Munich-based radio station focus exclusively on the evolution of relations between Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej’s successors in the party and state leadership. The text contains brief biographies of those who were identified as the chief communist leaders of Romania, as well as a membership list of the first Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party elected in July 1965, after the death of Gheorghiu-Dej.

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Va supraviețui Bucureștiul până în 1984? II

Author(s): Octavian Roske,Daniel Barbu,Radu Ciuceanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2003

The authors present a document secretly carried out and sent for broadcasting to the Free Europe radio station in mid-’80s, pointing out the abuses committed by the communist authorities against the old architecture of Bucharest.

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Convorbirile româno-sovietice din ianuarie-februarie 1954

Author(s): Vasile Buga / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2002

The difficulties that confronted Romania in 1953 (because of an erroneous industrial and agrarian policy, of excessive imports of military equipment, costly investment projects above the country’s economic possibilities, such as the Danube-Black Sea Canal) determined the Romanian government to ask the Soviets for a loan of about 400 million rubles. Vasile Buga published documents that rendered the talks and the atmosphere at the meeting between the two party and state leaderships. The topics debated suggest that the Soviets had kept abreast of economic and social developments in Romania, as well as of many other problems such as the preparations and the progress of the Pătrășcanu trial. The Kremlin leaders tacitly accepted the measures taken by the Romanian leaders, allowing the latter to decide on the final verdict, which proved a crime since even the Soviets had begun reviewing certain Stalinist trials involving communist activists.

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Desovietizarea culturii românești la începutul deceniului șapte, I

Author(s): Mihaela Cristina Verzea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2002

After March 6, 1945, Sovietization spread from the socio-political and economic sector to the cultural one as well. The newly created institutional framework included: the Romanian Association for Closer Ties with the Soviet Union (ARLUS), the “Russian Book” publishing house and bookstore (1946), the Institute of Romanian-Soviet Studies (1947), the Romanian-Russian Museum (1948) and the “Maxim Gorki” Russian Language Institute (1948). In the early seventh decade, a distancing from the Soviet Union determined a review of the relations with the big neighbour in the East. The text reproduces two documents about the desovietization process in Romania. Interesting aspects are revealed about the closing of two institutions that had played a major role in the Sovietization of Romanian culture. The formula the communist elite adopted was very artful, i.e. it specified not the uselessness of certain bodies but the overlapping of their activity with that of other similar institutions.

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România și schisma sovieto-chineză, VI Concluzii după ultima vizită la București a lui N.S. Hrușciov, 1963

Author(s): Dan Cătănuş / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2002

In June 1963, Bucharest hosted Khrushchev’s last Romanian-Soviet summit. Tenser Romanian-Soviet relations and the growing crisis in the international communist movement provided the background for the talks which addressed issues ranging from economic integration within COMECON, through the situation related to the Iron Gates hydroelectric station, the issue of the Soviet agents, to the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis and the relations with China and Yugoslavia.

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Limitele suveranității Vizita lui Nicolae Ceaușescu la Moscova, septembrie 1965 I

Author(s): Mioara Anton / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2002

In the early 60s Romanian-Soviet relations entered a new stage, when the Romanian communists refused to accept subordination to the Soviets. In September 1965 the new Bucharest team traveled to Moscow, on a so-called confirmation visit, with an agenda that caused bewilderment and even irritation with the Soviets. The Romanian delegation mainly asked for clarification of certain political and economic issues (returning of Romania’s treasury and the party archives, the relations within the Warsaw Treaty, etc.). As the visit drew to an end, the Soviet leadership promised that the “subjectivism” of the Khrushchev era would be dumped as far as bilateral relations were concerned. But Bucharest wanted firm Soviet guarantees that equality relations would be maintained in the spirit of the April 1964 Declaration.

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Tot mai departe de Moscova Politica externă a regimului Ceaușescu 1965-1967

Author(s): Alexandru-Murad Mironov / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2002

When Ceaușescu came to power, the Romanian communist regime’s distancing from the “big brother” in the East- a move initiated in the early 60s by the then first secretary of the communist party, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej - became increasingly obvious, at least at a declarative level. The new leader in Romania was careful enough to gradually dissociate from everything that could have identified him with the old party, which Romanian public opinion perceived exclusively as an offshoot of the Soviet authorities. Aware of its chronic lack of legitimacy, the socialist regime began playing more and more insistently on the national sentiment of the population, hoping for reconciliation with the society. Nothing could be more popular in the time’s Romania than anti-Soviet rhetoric. This did not go unnoticed abroad either, as attested also by the two analyses presented in this issue of Totalitarianism Archives, made by J.F. Brown and A. Ross Johnson from Radio Free Europe Research, the documentation section of Radio Free Europe. The texts in this issue come from the Open Society Archives in Budapest.

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Foreign Policy of the United States and Romania New Evidences 1963-1969

Author(s): Dumitru Preda / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2002

The persistence of a collective image on the foreign policy developed by the Eastern (Soviet) bloc in the second half of the 20th century, including Romania, or the attempt of the other scholars to indicate Romania as the “maverick ally” of the same bloc, didn’t permit a real analysis both internal and external of a complex and contradictory evolution of our country during the “communist epoch” (1947-1989).

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Richard Nixon in Beijing Appreciations of the Bucharest Leadership, 1972

Author(s): Constantin Moraru / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2002

After WW2 ended on May 9, 1945 with the capitulation of Germany in Europe and the capitulation of Japan in Asia on September 2, 1945, there began the new “postwar reconstruction” of the world, and of the international relations in particular. They were sanctioned by the agreements of Yalta (February 11, 1945) and Potsdam (August 2, 1945) between the three victorious allied powers: the United States of America, USSR and the Great Britain, subsequently joined by France.

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Propuneri românești pentru perfecționarea relațiilor din Tratatul de la Varșovia 1966-1969

Author(s): Alesandru Duțu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2001

The three documents of the material were selected to illustrate Romania’s favourable evolution within the Warsaw Treaty Organization around the fatidic year 1968. Having already begun to distance itself from the policy of the Soviet superpower, Romania attached more and more strings to its participation in the military alliance of the socialist camp. On the one hand, it demanded relative equality of treatment and sharing in decision-making, while after the armed intervention in Czechoslovakia it demanded that its sovereignty be ensured and that its territory should not be trespassed by allied troops without its prior assent.

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Va supraviețui Bucureștiul până în 1984? I

Author(s): Daniel Barbu,Radu Ciuceanu,Octavian Roske / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2001

The authors present a document secretly carried out and sent for broadcasting to the Free Europe radio station in mid-’80s, pointing out the abuses committed by the communist authorities against the old architecture of Bucharest.

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Fișe bibliografice

Author(s): Ion Bălan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2000

The List of the Persons Who Died in the Romanian Gulag 1955 -1958

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Atitudini politice ale puterii comuniste fată de problemele populației după moartea lui Stalin

Author(s): Florin Abraham / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2001

After the death of Stalin appeared question administration his legacy, of vision about economy. Neither Romanian communist leaders don’t elusive this pressure. The document present discussions among Gheorghiu-Dej and local chiefs of department of cooperatist system. Gheorghiu-Dej criticize deficiencies of state-planned economy in a non-dogmatic style, at the moment when the communist leadership was focused on ensuring popular support for the government and to avoiding any sort of contestation.

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Marin Preda în U.R.S.S. 1962

Author(s): Alexandru-Murad Mironov / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2001

These documents present the journey of Marin Preda, a famous Romanian writer, and his wife in the early 60s to the Soviet Union. The authors of the above-mentioned documents remained anonymous and, in fact, they were spying the activities of Preda’s family during the visit. The Romanian Writers’ Association considered necessary to confront Marin Preda to his surveyor’s report.

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România și schisma sovieto-chineză, IV Conflictul din C.A.E.R., 1962-1963

Author(s): Dan Cătănuş / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2001

One of the most important accelerators of Romania’s break with the Soviets and of its rapprochement with China was N.S. Khrushchev’s intention to revamp the COMECON after the Common Market model. Greater economic integration, superstate planning, creation of joint enterprises by branches would have benefited the more developed countries of the communist bloc and favored a partial loss of national sovereignty. All these aspects incurred a determined opposition from the RWP leaders, who started looking for new economic alternatives (in the West) and political options (in China). Recent volumes: Failed DeStalinization. Backstage Aspects of the Miron Constantinescu and Iosif Chisinevschi Case, 1956-1961, 2001 (co-author); The Quadrilateral. Comintemist Ideology and Bulgarian Irredentism, 2001.

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Prima confruntare Brejnev-Ceaușescu Moscova: septembrie, 1965

Author(s): Mioara Anton / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2001

Gheorghiu-Dej’s death in March 1965 did not entail a change in the Romanian foreign policy in point of the relations with Moscow. The new leader, Nicolae Ceausescu, in his first visit to Moscow as secretary-general of the Romanian Communist Party, surprised the Kremlin with the daring demands he set forth: the return of the Romanian treasury sent to Moscow for safekeeping in 1917, and of the RCP archives, as well as an alteration of the management structure of the Warsaw Treaty. Such demands were not of a nature to improve the Romanian-Soviet relations.

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