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The two authors dwell on the much commented in recent years interesting medieval Fortress of Urvich near the village of Kokalyane in the vicinity of Sofia. According to the findings of the archaeological excavations, a fortification was built on the steep slope as early as the 4th–6th centuries to safeguard the important road. Abandoned in the time of the Barbarian invasions, it was reconstructed during the First Bulgarian Empire in the 10th–11th centuries. The fortification developed rapidly and flourished particularly during the Second Bulgarian Empire in the 12th–14th centuries. There are documents evidencing that Urvich was involved actively in the defence of Sofia against the Ottoman invasion and suffered the same unfortunate fate as the big city. The excavations show that in the 15th–17th centuries an important Christian monastery was founded on the ruins of the fortress; the monastery was burnt to ashes by the Ottomans during the Bulgarian uprisings inspired by the Austro-Turkish Wars in the late 17th – the first half of the 18th centuries. Information from various historical sources on the fate of the Urvich Fortress is gathered and analysed in this article. The earliest is a seal from the 11th century, belonging to the Byzantine aristocrat Nikolay Οὐρβίτζιον – the Greek spelling for the Bulgarian “Urvich”. Worthy of note is the rich Bulgarian folklore tradition, describing the resistance of the Bulgarians against the Ottoman invasion, where the Urvich Fortress is repeatedly mentioned. In this regard, it is mentioned also in the Slavo- Bulgarian History completed in 1762 by Paisius of Hilendar. A definite contribution of the two authors is the discovery that Urvich was mentioned as Oruitro in several Western European travelogues and road maps from the 17th and18th centuries. Their descriptions and designations make it clear that at that time the walls of the ancient fortress were preserved in good height, and that there was a “beautiful monastery” within the walls. This description corresponds and corroborates fully the data from the archaeological excavations.
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Архивная революция 1990-х гг. привела к вводу в научный оборот целых комплексов ключевых документов, посвященных истории церковно-государственных отношений в Советской России и СССР, таких как тематические дела Политбюро ЦК РКП(б), посвященные кампании по изъятию церковных ценностей1, или протоколы Антирелигиозной комиссии ЦК РКП(б) — ВКП(б)2. Несмотря на ухудшение ситуации в области доступности архивов, историки тем не менее продолжают выявлять и публиковать новые важные документы, которые в состоянии если не изменить, то существенно cкорректировать наши представления о религиозной политике советского государства, в первую очередь о роли органов государственной безопасности в деле борьбы с религиозными организациями. В качестве примера таких публикаций следует назвать докладную записку М.И.Лациса 1920 г. (документ выявлен М.Ю.Крапивиным)3 или «Спецсообщение о церковниках и сектантах», адресованное И.В.Сталину в конце ноября 1937 г. Н.И.Ежовым (документ выявлен В.Н.Хаустовым и Л.Самуэльсоном).
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У раду су анализиране улоге краља Александра I Карађорђевића и краља Бориса III Сакс-Кобург-Готског у југословенско-бугарским односима, у периоду преговарања балканских држава о потписивању Балканског пакта. Рад се састоји из уводне студије и документа Fragments de Conversations entre L.L.M.M. le Roi Alexandre et le Roi Boris (au cours de leurs entrevues en septembre, octobre et décembre 1933) који се чува у Архиву Србије.
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The professional activities of the clinical nurse are an important risk factor for the rise of infections due to medical service (IDMS), since a great part of them are due to direct contact with the patients.The basic hygienic care is part of the risky activities for the rise of infections, if it does not correspond to the standards of quality and safety.This study has shown a negative tendency to refuse to perform hygiene care, which poses a serious challenge to their optimization.The introduced alternative methods of hygiene for the severely ill in European hospitals, waterless bathing or dry bathing, significantly reduce the risk of infections, saves time, make the activity more attractive and increase the patients’ safety, comfort and satisfaction.
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Тема тайного военного сотрудничества между советским и германским военно-морскими флотами накануне Великой Отечественной войны, в период 1939–1940 гг., уже давно привлекает внимание отечественных историков. Естественно, что данное взаимодействие оказалось возможным лишь после заключения советско-германского пакта о ненападении и дополнительного секретного протокола к нему от 23 августа 1939 г. В дальнейшем, взаимное сотрудничество между СССР и Германией было закреплено заключением Договора о дружбе и границах и секретным протоколом к нему от 28 сентября 1939 г.
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The Scientific Archive of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences preserves a poorly known set of hand-written documents representing reports of county governors to the Minister of Internal Affairs and containing data on the folk costumes worn by the different groups of population in the respective districts. The article analyses the report of the governor of the County of Sofia. The document presents according to the district the various types of male and female costumes typical of each settlement. The lack of studies on the folk costume in the time of the document provokes the interest of the author to find the reasons for the specification of precisely these types of costumes. Comparing and analysing the data on each costume – its elements, materials, decoration etc. – she determines the markers of differentiation that gave the authors of the respective descriptions a reason to typologize the costumes in certain district precisely in this manner. In this article, the author analyses the presentation of the folk costumes in Zlatitsa, Novo selo and Iskrets districts. The first two districts –Samokov and Sofia – were a subject of analysis in an article published in the previousissue of the journal.
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У раду се доносе три до сада непозната писма Јелене Ј. Дими тријевић (1862–1945), српске књижевнице која је оставила обимно и тек однедавно озбиљније истражено књижевно дело. Ова писма су важна, јер је је кореспонденција Јелене Ј. Димитријевић углавном несачувана. С обзиром на то да је упућена уреднику Политике, Жив ку Милићевићу (у релативно кратком временском периоду – од кра ја 1926, до краја 1927), у овом раду успостављен је контекст њиховог настанка који прати настанак њених путописа Седам мора и три океана, али значајно слика и неке специфичне књижевне прилике у Београду, и то с обзиром на наше познате књижевнице међуратне епохе – Даницу Марковић, Смиљу Ђаковић, Делфу Иванић.
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An analysis of French Diplomatic Reports concerning economic activities on the most known annual fair on the Balkan territories of The Ottoman Empire
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The article is focused on a very interesting pottery vessel called “podnitsa“ (flat earthen baking dish). On its surface it is written the year of its producing, 1866. The aim of the research is to publish the artefact, to study the rare rite connected to it, to describe the date and its deposition in the pit. The presence of an ornate pot, called podnitsa, marked with a specific year, as well as of other similar dishes without decoration bears record of a preserved old tradition of fertility and harvesting or of reminiscence of one practiced by a limited group of people (several families or a family) which is not a subject of mass tendency. This would probably mean that the personal life cycle of the people who created the podnitsa is deeply marked by sensitive events culminating perhaps on May 1, 1866, on the day of the Jeremiah holiday. The material projection of these processes is a ceramic vessel whose features characterize it as the only one studied so far. This artefact as well as the large set of findings during the archaeological excavations at the site in the region of the village of Velikan add a yet-unknown nuance to the ritual of the Jeremiah feast.
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The purpose of the article. The outline of information and communication features of the functioning and storage of the corps of archival documents of the Second World War, determination of their leading role in the formation of social reality in the conditions of war. The methodology of the study involves the use of specialized methods of document theory and social communication to identify the information aspects of documentary sources of the Second World War and their established communication ties in society. The application of certain methods of processing the documentary corps will allow tracing the movement of documented information and the influence on the formation of hierarchical structures of power in the conditions of war and the actual inability of constitutional governing bodies of the soviet state.
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