TOPLUMSAL DEĞER VE NORMLARIN AKTARIMINDA LAYLALARIN İŞLEVİ

Author(s): Aslı Büyükokutan Töret / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 21/2018

Lullabies whose lyrics, composition and performance are specific to mothers, are basically poems sung by mothers to calm down or lull their babies with a particular rhythm and harmony. Similar to these cradle melodies having a specific tune, topic and formal features, loving/praising, indulging and nourishing are also available in Azerbaijan folklore. However, although these oral literary products can be performed by other women close tobaby-grannies, aunts- while the baby is awake and caressing him, lullabies are sung by mother, the closest person to baby.

THE ROLE OF SOCIAL NORMS IN THE STRUCTURAL MODEL EXPLAINING ALCOHOL USE AMONG STUDENTS

Author(s): Monika MAGDOVÁ BRUTOVSKÁ / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

Few studies have explored the complex relationships among several factors determining alcohol use or explained how norms operate in the relationships between alcohol use and other psychological constructs. This study aims to explore the complex relationships in the proposed model explaining students' alcohol use with special emphasis on descriptive and injunctive norms. Cross-sectional data were collected from 719 university students (59.0% females; Mage = 21.25; SD = 1.99), who were asked to fill in a set of AUDIT items, cognitive and affective attitudes, descriptive and injunctive norms, self-regulation, self- -determination, drinking motives, and alcohol expectancies. Structural equation modelling was used for data analysis. It was found that (1) self-regulation was neither directly nor indirectly associated with alcohol use; (2) self-determination was indirectly associated with alcohol use through injunctive norms, attitudes and drinking motives; (3) descriptive norms were associated with alcohol use directly; (4) injunctive norms were associated with alcohol use directly as well as indirectly via alcohol expectancies, attitudes and drinking motives; (5) alcohol expectancies were associated with alcohol use directly. In addition to identifying individual associations among variables, this study also explains which factors contribute to students' alcohol use and norms and how these factors interact, which can be useful for the development of prevention programmes.

Друштвена кохезија и њене институције

Author(s): Vladan P. Stanković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2018

Societies cohesion is a way of channeling the behavior and action of individuals and social groups in order to eliminate conflicts within social systems. In order to achieve this, it was necessary to define a range of: sociological, communication, and legal instruments in order to achieve a management policy that seeks to achieve stability and self-sustainability of a system based on functional relationships. A range of measures is offered, which represents an innovative contribution to the research project. These instruments, or institutions of societies cohesion, include the following forms of social behavior and social action: opinions, assessments, values, estimates, recommendations, praise/rewards, rewards, forms of suggestive behavior and social action (restoring self-esteem, boasting, expanding the stimulus) sending messages via intermediaries, good advice/instructions. Nonverbal means of cohesive communication include: encouraging socializing in smaller groups (so-called „selecting minded-ones“), preventing contacts between conflicting, balanced behaviors and acting between clandestine clans and groups, finding compromise solutions, attempts to reconcile. Institutionalized mechanisms of legal standardization include: conciliation, procedures for promotion, violation of working discipline and the like... All these societies cohesion institutions aim to prevent conflicts, facilitate communication and relax relationships in social organisms that strive for stability, self-sustainability, progress and development.

Nužnost "ženske perspektive" u etnologiji

Author(s): Lydia Sklevicky / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 4-5/1983

The author poses the problem of female perspective in science in the framework of the critique of ethnology as a form of intellectual colonization of »primitive peoples« and marginal social groups (youth, minorities, women). Major points of the critique are: 1. There is a distinction between sex as a biological category, and gender as social/cultural category which constitutes women as secondary human beings. 2. Western theoreticians transferred the male bias of their own societies and science to the cultures they studied, leaving women out of their descriptions, or seeing them as subordinated to men the way they are in the West. 3. Male bias in ethnology is also based on the fact that male anthropologists have better access to men’s cognitive models of the culture studied than to women’s. In most societies men dominate the public sphere, and so do their models of reality. Thus, when women enter »the male sphere« and compete with men, many do that on men’s terms by internalizing their models and attitudes. 4. The struggle for female perspective in science occurs as an aspect of struggle for social emancipation of women. An increasing number of ethnological studies form the foundation for anthropology of women, particularly those in the area of ritual and symbolism. Such works do not »complete« the picture of various cultures: they offer a radically different view. »Demasculinization« is decolonization of science.

Norma i povijest

Author(s): Rüdiger Bubner / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 04/1979

Između norme i povijesti postoji uska povezanost, ali tu povezanost filozofija jedva da je mogla zaista zbilja pojmovno formulirati. Norme su, s jedne strane, povijesne činjenice.

Porodica nevjenčanog para

Author(s): Vesna Čulinović-Konstantinović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 5-6/1976

It is my intention to analyse social characteristics of relation called common-law marriage and their family. The couple is neither registered in ecclesiastical nor civil ceremony. The focus of our intention concerns the traditional foundation of marriage through the wedding ceremony which is a specific condition for the beginnings of married life. Furthermore the paper will concentrate on the introduction of the wedding obligation and the reflections of this wedding ceremony in the legal documents. The problem stems from different evaluation of the traditional institution of the common-law marriage by the narrow village social milieu on one hand and by the state's legal system on the other hand. The existence of the family of the unmarried couple exemplifies the separation between the social norms of the traditional milieu and the legal system, i.e. the survival of a double system for evaluating social behavior even in the post-war period. The sanctions are caused by legally inadequately regulated, but still existing, traditional relationships and forms of behavior in contemporary society. In the conclusion it is stated that the status of the institution of marriage and the family of the unmarried couple is different in traditional social milieu from the one which was given to it by the legal organization of the state. Therefore the traditional population, even in the contemporary conditions of turning into new social structures, accepts legal norms still only as a necessity. The conclusion also points at the necessity of merging of traditional institutions into the framework of positive law.

Endemsko prema etnokartografskom: nova razmišljanja na marginama etnoloških karata (primjer virdžina, zavjetovanih djevojaka)

Author(s): Jelka Vince-Pallua / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 19/2007

Starting from the phenomenon of virgins (virdžine/toelije), the girls offered by a vow, the author of this article is reflecting on ‘the margins of ethnological maps’ on the achievements of ethnological cartography in the case when we are encountering a disadvantageous situation – the endemic nature of the phenomenon, its limited geographical distribution; in ethno-cartographic sense, a narrow, small area. By contrasting the endemic nature with ethnocartography (the possibility of comparative analysis and drawing conclusions of the basis of a geographical distribution of a given phenomena), the author has, while working on this interesting, specific and unique phenomenon, come to some new conclusions and findings. This article discusses the phenomenon of virgins exclusively in the context of questions based on ethnological cartography and also analyses theoretical-methodological aspects of ethnocartographic technique, an auxiliary method used in historical ethnology. In the works of sociologist Vera Stein Erlich, the author finds elements which could be linked to ethnological cartography, but only in the section when Vera Stein claims that a space, a plane of contemporariness, a synchronic frame, can outline and be the projection of a time flow, of diachronic frame, which is exactly the basis of ethno-cartographic technique. The phenomenon of virgins is analyzed as an endemic phenomenon which is not only accepted, but also institutionalized and codified through common law, which is its basic differentia specific, as compared with other examples of cross-dressing in European region. In her quest for virgins the author is using two sources: a) the questionnaires of the Ethnological Atlas, b) accounts from literature where she found 104 examples in 54 bibliographical units written by 45 authors in 7 languages! Even though the author used this valuable and, as the article showed, necessary supplements to the questionnaires, she also pointed to a number of problems which she encountered during the research of this endemic social phenomenon as well as to internal and external reasons which made this addition not only a benefit, but also a necessity. Insufficient precision of the questions from the questionnaires of Ethnological Atlas was experimentally confirmed through verification done with these questionnaires during the field research in the Southern Istria. The set framework of this phenomenon in the limited area of the local conditions of patriarchal way of life of this part of the Dinaric region at its core – Albanian-Montenegro border – enabled us (together with the analysis of the key elements of the phenomenon of virgins which were not the immediate topic of this article), to discover multiple inter-relationships between this phenomenon and a specific type of patriarchic way of life – tribal type of patriarchy. This could be observed not only on the macro level of the entire map, but also on the micro level on the example of Montenegro where the virgins were rare in the Old Montenegro and quite common in the Mountains, the region where the tribal lore was more prominent. On the Baumann’s map of the world this phenomenon was singled out as unique, but was interpreted as the survival of the ancient cult function of virgins which, according to the author, wrongly links this phenomenon to the evolutionist assumptions on the idea of survivals, in this case of the female cult function which virgins supposedly used to have in ancient times, but which was later lost.

Tko uopće želi biti Karnavol? Tonči Kukoč Bager kao nositelj karnevalesknosti

Author(s): Nevena Škrbić Alempijević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 18/2006

An insight into ethnographic and folklore material on Croatian carnival customs leads to the conclusion that attention was seldom paid to the criteria for choosing carriers of transgressive disguising and performance. The author attempts to illuminate this issue in a case study conducted in Bol on the island of Brač, where the leading character is Tonči Kukoč Bager, a man perceived by his fellow townsmen as a person with exceptional inclination for ludicrous performances. In so doing, she does not analyze the personality of Bager as someone owing great presentational skills; she discusses the figure of Bager, as it is determined by relationships within the community and by the group’s necessity for a figure which would occasionally question the border between social order and disorder using grotesque disguise. In the well known narratives about Bager’s "otherness" the author recognizes the means of his exotization within the local community. She analyses the moments which Bager chooses for his performances, and concludes that Bager’s carnivalesque transgressions are not carried out only in the frame of Carnival customs; the comic events in Bol gain their legitimacy by Bager’s performative presence, which sometimes also turns serious segments into parody. Furthermore, the author presents most common Bager’s roles and ways of transformation, with a special emphasis on the gender reversal roles. She shows the construction of Bager into a trademark of Bol, as it is presented in the media discourse. Finally, the author concludes that Bager is needed in the community as much as he needs its members to be his audience; for the people of Bol his performances are a welcome periodical break from the everyday life, a whit of disorder placed within the local "normality".

Otvorenost komunikacijskog prostora kao društvena norma

Author(s): Pavle Zrimšek / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 04/1972

"Otvorenost" je pravno-politička kategorija. Kao takva, ona predstavlja društveno uvjetovano i determinirano kvalitativno svojstvo danog društvenog uređenja i odnosa u njemu. Otvorenost se prakticira u odnosima unutar danog društvenog uređenja, kao i u odnosima nekog društva ili nacionalne zajednice nasuprot drugim zajednicama u najširim razmjerima.

Prekomponovanje braka, partnerstva i porodica u savremenim društvima

Author(s): Mirjana V. Bobić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-4/2003

This paper describes contemporary changes in marriage, relationships and family in European populations, and then their evolution from the last decade of the twentieth century till present day, as well as various forms and types, in which plurality of contemporary partnership unions is revealed. The other goal of this supplement was to provide a wider theoretical-hypothetical, explanatory framework for understand-ing what is happening in population (on appearance level) but now in the context of contemporary societies. Three variables are introduced: macro (paradigm of modernization, namely social, i.e structural and cultural changes), micro (paradigm: resources-limitations-behavior) and mezzo (differences in social and demographic development of countries of North, Western, South and Central and Eastern Europe (former socialistic countries in transition).Cautious predictions on what could be expected in future concerning: empirical documented differences of living arrangements of European populations of the West, but also of the East, as well as relative demographic consequences. On the macro level (paradigm structure/culture) the responses depend on the rate the two main social processes will develop: 1) development of "European society", and 2) the birth of "world" (global) society. Most of the authors conclude on the convergence of social and demographic development on the territory of Western, but not Eastern Europe (and especially the Balkans). This conclusion concerns even the countries of the South European region, considering that it is uncertain in which direction and speed will their integration into the European Union develop.With regards to the trend of decreasing fertility, a continuance of existing secular tendencies may be expected in future as well, even on the whole European territory, and that it will be supported by social changes of (post) modernization, individualization and rational behavior, so that it will become a general model. For now it is evident that convergence of social and demographic development may be demonstrated on the territory of Western but not Eastern Europe as well (and especially of the Balkans). The later is also valid when the Southern European region is in question, considering that it is uncertain in which direction and at what speed will their integration into the European Union develop.With regards to the trend of decreasing fertility, a continuance of tendencies may be expected in future as well, on the whole European territory, and that it will be supported by social changes of (post) modernization, individualization and rational behavior, so that in most cases parents will satisfy their needs with only one child. On the contrary, family forms and life styles will probably reflect differences between countries of the North and Western Europe in future as well on the one hand, and Southern on the other hand, and Central and Eastern Europe (former socialistic countries) on the third hand.Readiness for marriage, partnership styles, as well as aspirations to forming families will depend on individual decisions, which will result from personal resources and limiting factors (macro, mezzo and micro). On the aggregate level of population, the result will be polarization between non-family and family households. Social conditions of foregoing modernization (increase of risks, job uncertainty, country prosperity crisis) as well as globalization will probably contribute to increasing the polarization process. The same conclusion may be derived for the group of former socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe (and the Balkans) as well, whose key problem now is finishing the process of transformation towards market economy.

КОМУНИЦИРАЊЕ И СОЦИЈАЛНА ИНТЕРАКЦИЈА У ПРИМАРНИМ ГРУПАМА

Author(s): Slobodan Vuletić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 06/2013

This paper is an overview of the critical theory of communicative interactions in group. The first part of the paper are considered contributions to the understanding of the specific theory of communication and social interaction in primary groups. In the second part of the paper, social interaction, social norms, as well as rules of behavior in groups, are analysed in new media terms. A new concept of Netiquette is analyzed in this paper. It includes social norms or decency, as one of the main rules of behavior and communication on the Internet.

„Pazi gdje šta govoriš!“ (uticaj fizičke sredine na konverzaciju)

Author(s): Jasna Levinger / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 4/1988

Упозорење се из наслова не односи потпуно на оно што се подразумијева под утицајем физичке средине на конверзацију, али свакако бар наговјештава врсту односа у којој ће бити ријечи. Овакав савјет који се често чује у свакодневном комуницирању указује, ако баш не сасвим на друштвене норме и кодексе понашања, оно свакако на обичаје које људи поштују, или пак крше.

Kulturális transzferek a társadalmi térben

Author(s): Béla Bauer / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 05/2019

Percepcije distribucije utjecaja u radnoj organizaciji

Author(s): Ivan Šiber,Slavko Kljaić,Miljenka Magdić,Branko Šverko / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 04/1966

In the frame of considerations of the process of self-government in working organizations bigger and bigger attention has been paying to the problems of influence. Because of difficulties in comprising, by means of a direct method, the real distribution of influences which exists in a working organizations, the researches of the phenomena, that has been prevailed till now, are restricted to the researching of perceptions of workers about the existing distribution of influence. The same approach has been used in this work, where the fundamental problem was »to research whether there is any connection between the perception of the structure of influence and some objective and subjective characteristics of workers«. As independent variables there have been taken: qualification, position in production, participation in organs of self-government, satisfaction in work, and one’s wish for participation in organs of self-government. Dependent variables are: the perception of the structure of influence and the wanted structure of influence. The research has been made in the Ironworks at Sisak upon the stratifacted pattern of 451 male workers. Achieved results have shown that the perception of the structure of influence has been connected with some characteristics of workers among which characteristics a special place has been taken by satisfaction by work. It has been also shown that differences are the greatest in the per¬ceptions of the influence of so called traditional-hierarchic groups (manager and managing officials, workers) while in the perception of the influence of self-governing groups (the central workers’ council, the council of the working unity) there are not such differences. This indirectly makes us to conclude that »traditional« structure is still dominating in the consciousness of our working people. The answers connected with the »ideal« structure of influence show that it is possibly the reflection of social norms and values.

ПОЛІТИЧНІ ДЕТЕРМІНАНТИ ТА СПЕЦИФІКА ДЕРЖАВНО-ПРАВОВИХ КОНФЛІКТІВ В УКРАЇНІ

Author(s): Liudmyla Mykolaivna Herasina / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2019

Problem setting. The situation of political conflict in the public sphere of Ukraine requires serious perfection of control the system by the state. The article is devoted author interpretation of essence, nature and specific of state and legal conflicts in the field of public policy of Ukraine, as to confrontation which arises up between or into the institutes of power as a result of violations of functioning of state mechanism. Complication of modernization and reforms of legal institutes of the state, sharpening of political fight in Ukraine for the redistribution of resources of power strengthen actuality of problem of diagnostics and settlement of state-legal conflict. Analysis of main researches. It was begun fundamentally to study the problem ofstate and legal conflicts in the 90-years of XX century - V. Kudryavcev, Yu. Todika, V. Tatsiy, M. Panov, L. Herasina, Yu. Barabash, A. Yezerov, A. Ishmuratov, S. Bobrovnik, others. By an object of researches was become by conflicts between the subjects of state legal relationships - Center and regions, between different organs and structures of power, by competitive political groups and others that. Also the social and political factors of state- legal conflicts were probed by M. Mikhal’chenko, Ye. Golovakha, V. Tancher, V. Cvetkov, Kresina et al in a sociological paradigm. Paper objective. The purpose of the article is theoretical research of essence and specific of flowing of state-legal conflicts, foremost in Ukraine, and determination of force and vectors of influence of political determinant, which draw or strengthen repeatedly conflicts in a country. Presentation of main body. A modern political process shows that control the system by the state has contradictory character, in fact the state system of Ukraine was folded on principles of political, economic and spiritual variety. But a ruling elite stubbornly does not wish to take into account this factor, and the detailed political doctrine of modernization of country absents still. Conducted in the last years of reforms does not give rapid results, new forms and facilities of government are inculcated contradictory; and it transforms them on “provocative drivers”, political determinants of conflicts. It is well-proven in the paradigm of political conflictology, that the content of “conflict of interests” in the state-right field is opposing of elites and collision between administrative groups for prerogatives and resources of power. Conflicts of interests in parliament, government, judicial bodies of Ukraine are various and testify to political dichotomy is democracy against a nomenclature! Contradictory dialectics of intercommunication of policy and state administration often appears in the crisis capability (stagnaion, disfunctions) of politicians and rights institutes. International practice shows even, that exactly between the institutes of legislative and executive power more frequent all there are state-legal conflicts. In modern Ukraine all of constitutional process of creation of the state it is enough not simple, and collisions and spores of imperious structures did not disappear through prerogatives and jurisdictions, and often pass to hard confrontation. Permanent renewal of conflicts in Ukrainian state space depends on negative influence of political determinant: low level of legal culture of some groups state machine; off-grade legal adjusting of constitutional relations; conservatism of thought and corporate egoism of certain political forces; absence is in the structures of state power of experience of decision of conflict questions by a consensus; and acts of hostility for injury of national safety of Ukraine it territorial integrity and others. Effective, collision-free co-operation executive, legislative and judicial power of Ukraine must lean against the balance of jurisdictions of their institutes and organs fastened a constitution. Conclusions. Confrontation in the actions of Ukrainian state power is predefined the unsteadiness of priorities in strategy of the state and chaoticness of reforms of political system.

Social Purpose and Administrative Contentious Matter in Romania

Author(s): Alina Livia Nicu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The present work has been elaborated in view of pointing out the fact that – as the social practice has demonstrated – the procedure of administrative contentious matters is understood in Romania as a real instrument able to protect the legal rights and the legitimate interests of the subjects of law (individual and moral persons). As a formal element of the social purpose this procedure has become a modality through which justice does come to be materialized. In order to sustain this conclusion we have made use of the statistical data concerning the administrative causes which have been stated upon by the sections of contentious administrative matters which do pertain to a few appeal courts from Romania as well as by the Section of Contentious Administrative and Fiscal Matters from the High Court of Cassation and Justice of Romania. The respective decisions have been issued from 2001 till 2017. We have studied the concepts of social purpose and respectively of contentious administrative matter understood as being naturally correlated. In order to justify the attitude held by the subjects of law towards this procedure we have elaborated a presentation of its assets and of its successive steps. We have as well included to the present work a few elements of comparative law which do concern the courts which are competent to solve the litigations upon contentious administrative matters. We have also analyzed the contribution brought by the Justice Court of the European Union to the solving of administrative contentious matters through the mechanism of the taken “preliminary decision”.

Family in perception and in opinion of persons serving prison sentences

Author(s): Anna Chańko-Kraszewska / Language(s): English Issue: 1 ENG/2018

Defining a family as a system of related elements that are in mutual relations with each other, it is assumed that understanding its individual parts is not possible in separation from the whole. Breaking the bond by isolating one of its members leads to system disturbances and the need to reorganize it. If the unit is placed in a penitentiary institution, it is condemned to long-term exclusion from its family, which in turn leads to dysregulation of the system, and even - in the situation of inability to cope with change - the break-up of the family.

Alkoholio vartojimas: socialinis ir aplinkos kontekstas bei vyriškosios lyties tapatumas

Author(s): Vylius Leonavičius,Almanė Pakrijauskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2019

In modern society, alcohol consumption is part of culture associated with a sense of pleasure, stress and anxiety, but at the same time an unwanted form of harmful behavior with many negative consequences (diseases, accidents, violence, crime, health risks, etc.). For these reasons, the use of alcohol in scientific discourse is studied in various ways. This paper introduces to the Socio-environmental Context Model (SECM) (Ward 2011), which is based on the widely used Theory of Social Norms. SECM allows identifying the environmental impact of alcohol consumption and social norms related to it. Social norms are distinguished into two types: injunctive norms (acceptance of behavior in a particular group) and descriptive norms (behavior specific to a particular group). The influence of the various environmental factors identified by SECM is revealed in four dimensions: physical-geographical, temporal, social and personal-historical, which interacts simultaneously. Other aspects of relgion, social and economic status, and the formation of an individual’s gender identity can be easily integrated into SECM. Therefore, this paper aims to further expand approach to social norms by including a personal identity factor. Personal identity, especially for men, can be an essential part of alcohol consumption. The purpose of this paper is to construct a theoretical model based on SECM and the theoretical approaches of male identity, which would allow revealing a more comprehensive approach through various aspects of the environment and male identity.

TOPLUMSAL DEĞERLERLE NORMLARIN ÖĞRETİLİP HATIRLATILMASINDA BARIŞ MANÇO'NUN ROLÜ

Author(s): Mehmet Aça / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 26/2019

Social values and norms play an important role in maintaining the harmony and balance of social life. The weakening or dysfunction of the system of values and norms leads to turmoil in individual and community life. Therefore, values and norms should be taught to children and should be reminded to adults frequently. Oral tradition also plays an important role in teaching and reminding efforts. The poets, narrators, narrators, and demonstrators of the oral tradition teach and remind the values and norms, as well as entertaining and entertaining time. Barış Manço, one of the most important representatives of change and transformation in the context of the performer, has been very influential in the process of teaching and reminding the values and norms as well as entertaining and entertaining, as the performers of the oral tradition.

Inkluzja i integracja społeczna podstawą przeciwdziałania wykluczeniu i marginalizacji jednostki

Author(s): Andrzej Bałandynowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/2018

Rozpatrując proces reintegracji społecznej trzeba zaznaczyć, że analiza ta powinna być dokonywana w rygorach funkcjonalności i efektywności, czyli poprawności i koherencji systemu. Jeżeli chodzi o zagadnienie funkcjonalności systemu, zwracamy uwagę na cztery konieczne i niezbędne elementy, które muszą zaistnieć, aby można było prowadzić pracę terenową, czyli uruchomić metodykę oddziaływań pedagogicznych. W aspekcie funkcjonalności zwracamy uwagę na element homeostazy, czyli spójności. Przedmiot analizy trzeba zatem rozpoznawać w rygorach wiedzy i kompetencji oraz aksjologii i metodyki oddziaływania. Ideologia jest pochodną aksjologii, a wiedza jest pochodną metodyki oddziaływań.