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The article presents the results of the author’s own research aimed at analyzing the existing practice in the field of self-regulation of the professional activity of sociologists regarding the adoption and validation of ethical principles and the application of professional standards in the activities of sociological associations and their members in Europe. An additional goal of the study was to establish whether these documents were up-to-date in relation to the evolving trends concerning the accelerated processes of digitalization of all processes and activities in everyday life and work, and hence the accumulation and transformation of the internet into a huge database with information about people in general.
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The turn of the 19th and 20th centuries was an important period not only in the West European countries, but also in the Russian Empire and the Baltic Provinces incorporated therein. This was the time when the old order of the world had changed and many new and previously not experienced opportunities opened up for Latvian society. People’s living conditions improved, they became more educated, self-confident and active. They started doubting the heritage left by the preceding generations and the traditions nurtured for centuries. They were willing to develop a new world, to give up the former structures of state authority, including the church. This article is aimed at analysing the attitude of various Christian confessions represented in Latvia towards the change brought by the modern century; what was considered the most important virtues and vice of the period; whether there were any differences in the opinions of representatives of various confessions and cultural historical regions on these matters and their attitude towards the new. The publication is based on the periodical press publications of various Christian confessions published in Latvian from the late 19th century to World War I. The Ev. Lutheran church is represented by the supplement Baznīcas un skolas ziņas [Church and School News], later Baznīcas ziņas [Church News] of Latviešu Avīzes [Latvian Newspapers] (1857–1900; 1902–1915). The opinion of the Orthodox on the public morality issues was obtained from the publication Rīgas Garīgais Vēstnesis [Riga Ecclesiastical News] (1902–1905), which was later published under the title Pareizticīgo Latviešu Vēstnesis [Orthodox Latvian News] (1906–1917). The Baptists’ views are represented by two publications, the religious newspaper Evangelists (1881–1887), and Jaunais Jeruzalemes kalendārs [The New Calendar of Jerusalem] (1908–1917, 1925–1934). The periodicals of the Roman Catholics are represented by the first two publications in the Latgallian written language: Gaisma [Light] (1905–1906), Sākla (1906), Auseklis (1906–1907). Because of the prohibition of Latin print it was only possible to start publishing them after 1904. During the reviewed time period, the Christian Church in Latvia was still among the most conservative forces of Latvian society. It stood for the maintenance of the current state authority and the traditional Christian values. Its attitude towards all new ideas and political opinions (for example, materialism and socialism) was undoubtedly negative. All the Christian confessions were also strictly disapproving of the participation of Latvians in the events of the revolution of 1905 by stating that the rebellion against one’s own masters (landlords) was an unfair and dishonest act. Particular criticism was directed against violence. According to the viewpoint of the authors of the Christian press publications, faith in God and obedience to the modern and secular authority was the main cornerstone of the public morality. Still, there were certain differences in this understanding among various confessions. If the Ev. Lutheran, Orthodox and Catholic press media were focusing on the obedience to God and the man (a landlord, a priest or one’s employer), the Baptists’ publications only focused on obedience to the Bible. Thus, the Baptists’ press publications emphasised the necessity of faith as opposed to obedience. Baptists (different from other Christian confessions in Latvia) were the only ones preaching the idea of equality in the Christian parish. They emphasised each individual’s responsibility for the salvation of one’s own soul, as opposed to the individual’s responsibility towards society. All the reviewed press publications agreed that drinking was the biggest vice of the Latvians (following straight after the lack of faith). The plague of drinking is a bad habit described in numerous articles of that period. The Latgallian Catholic press publications also condemned obscurantism or the lack of willingness to study as an important opportunity for self-development.
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This small-scale study aims to trace the changes that have occurred in the Korean family institution in a time span of about one hundred years, more specifically, since the beginning of the 20th century, when Korea opened its borders to foreigners, until the present, as well as to identify the causes that have led to these changes. The theoretical framework I will employ is thematic analysis, defined by Berelson (1952, 18) as “a research technique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative description of the manifest content of communication”. The data subjected to analysis come from a number of novels authored by Korean and Korean-American writers, such as H. Lee (1997) Still Life with Rice, S. Park (2011) This Burns My Heart, and NJ. Cho (2018) Kim Jiyoung, Born 1982, to mention just a few. The reason behind opting for literature as a source of information is that I consider it to be a cultural product of particular socio-cultural circumstances inextricably linked to history. The fragments from the novels have been analyzed in terms of some of the identified themes, such as the status roles created by marriage in the Korean culture, the involvement of men in the house chores and child-rearing, in-laws’ attitudes towards their daughters-in-law, and the chances of married women to keep their jobs, divorce, to mention just a few. The primary data is supplemented with information coming from the Korean society trend survey, conducted by Statistics Korea. The findings of the analysis will reveal a slow, though obvious change in the family institution, which could be attributed to factors such as the Western influence, the spread of Christianity in the peninsula, as well as the massive industrial, technological, and economic development of Korea.
More...Ekologia, prawa człowieka i „pro-life”
In this article, I will discuss discourses on defending “life” as a value that does not require justification and must be unconditionally protected. Using material collected during research on Polish public discourses and social movements (anti-abortion, environmental, and human rights movements), I reflect on how a life worth protecting is defined in individual cases, along with the conditions and tools connected with this protection. In my analysis, I refer to the concept of “fragile life,” relational ontologies, the ethics of care, and other ideas.
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From therapeutic centres, mindfulness has infiltrated society and is now one of the most popular self-help methods, with a brilliant career in the past few years. Over the decades, mindfulness has been adapted to the Western world and has dominated not only health-related academic discourse but has increasingly begun to appear in discussions about management and the future of education. In the first part of the article, I introduce the idea of mindfulness. I point out its modern individualised and secular nature. To this end, I cite the work of Jon Kabat-Zinn, who developed the modern version of mindfulness and launched the mindfulness revolution. In the second part, I present mindfulness as a lifestyle. Through conscientious performance of practices, mindfulness becomes, so to speak, a modern version of asceticism, which is supposed to lead to well-being in general and evokes associations with the principles of Protestant asceticism and the ethos of capitalism described by Max Weber. Particularly noteworthy is the model of introducing mindfulness practice into companies, as discussed in the third part of the article. In the context of the neoliberal system, such a practice fits into the current of personal development and provides practical solutions for employees. It also produces its own ethics, which fits into the current of individualism. The last section is devoted to the issue of McMindfulness, or criticism of the introduction of mindfulness into companies. In this section, I cite arguments that point to the use of this technique to increase company profits and pacify employees. The above elements reveal mindfulness as a practice which is adapted to neoliberal conditions, and which adopts and modifies specific principles derived from Protestant asceticism. Consequently, the practice of meditation is slowly ceasing to be merely a method of therapy and is becoming a generally accepted norm in the pursuit of mental well-being. It may become the ethos of modern corporations.
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Time management and the division of domestic tasks is a real problem for Romanian families. These days, in reality, parents spend less and less time with their children, as they are busy with their jobs, and, consequently, in the absence of the parents who are supposed to supervise them, little ones take refuge in the latest technological developments, i.e., phone, tablet and computer. I dedicate this study to the teachers, parents and to all those interested in how they can use their time efficiently and in how this influences the division of tasks and responsibilities in a family so that it may function in a balanced way, develop harmonious relationships and a healthy emotional state.
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The effective COVID-19 crisis management requires the development of strategies for the optimal adoption of the epidemic response measures and for influencing the behavior of individuals, leading to their sustainable implementation. The article outlines mechanisms for segmenting and targeting messages and interventions in the field of public health, based on social networks as a channel of communication, as well as by controlling fake news and misinformation.
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In the first part of the article, the theoretical framework is given, and the economic and political reasons are presented as to why Serbia can be considered an “informal”, “structural” or “postmodern” colony. The standard method is explained of extracting surplus from the (semi)periphery countries of the world capitalist system and, in this respect, the example of Serbia is used to shows what one of the key comprador functions is. The second part of the article provides an overview of the viewpoints of social scientists in Serbia who applied the concept of the comprador bourgeoisie (or comprador elite) as part of the global class structure to contemporary Serbian society. Some conceptual dilemmas are also considered, as well as the possibility of further theoretical and empirical research of this issue in Serbian sociology.
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In recent decades, we have witnessed significant changes in the field of family law and a changed social reality, which brought with it changes in legal regulations in international law and comparative legislation of various countries. When discussing the issues that concern human life, death, health, and in this relation the abuse of certain medical devices and treatments, it appears that the issues that give rise to the strongest controversy are the issues of euthanasia and abortion, the issue of organ donation, as well as the issues of surrogacy and in vitro fertilisation, especially in situations when the donor is anonymous. In this situation, the question of the child’s right to know his/her biological origins may reasonably be raised, since this is one of his/her fundamental, guaranteed rights, the exercise of which does not depend, and can never depend, on the willingness of the state, i.e., its authorities, and individuals who participate in the birth of a child with the use of reproductive technologies. The question is raised as to whether the right to plan a family and the right to decide freely on having a child in these situations are in complete contrast with the right of the child to have access to the truth about his/her biological origins and biological parents, regardless of primary motivation for making decision on the participation in this process, this process also acquiring over time some elements of genetic engineering, and the result of which is a living being with conscience, emotional, social, and psychological needs, but also all the rights that derive from natural law, given by God, which exists independently of the legislator, that can govern any matter in a way that at a certain time (does not) correspond to a wider social consensus. The authors will present in this paper an overview of certain comparative legal solutions in this area, as well as court rulings that call into question the legality and ethics of the procedures implemented so far, as well as their consequences that we are still to face in the years to come, with the aim of establishing whether the right to decide freely on having a child in these cases and the child’s right to know his/her biological origins are in complete contrast or whether these two rights may be reconciled after all.
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Statutory law based on the philosophy and doctrine of Roman law is the basic principle of organization, management and functioning of modern state bodies, assuming the form of a democratic state ruled by law. At the same time, the alternative (already existing in antiquity) organization of social life was primeval communities, the identity of which was shaped and sustained by clantribal rules of a hierarchically shaped community. The text consists of four parts. The first one presents the concept of the democratic rule of law (basic assumptions). The second part contains considerations on tribalism and neotribalism, i.e. a return to the idea of clan-tribal communities. The third part, in turn, was devoted to discussing the Albanian tribes being an example of clan-tribal culture in southern Europe, along with empirical research. The last part presents information on Kanunu, Besa, Gjakmarrji – the basic concepts of Albanian customary law. The text includes an introduction and ending as well as relevant literature on the subject.
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Among Polish books in the genre of children’s literature, there are many that do not refrain from taking up difficult topics, ones which are burdened with a heavy emotional charge. Among such books are numerous stories about the Holocaust. These stories provide an opportunity to work through traumatic emotions and, at the same time, open the field for reflection on the shaping of socially desirable moral attitudes among young readers and on the mediating role of adults in the reading process. This article analyzes selected works representing this genre as attempts to overcome the dominant convention of happy endings in children’s literature. Anna Sałatarow also attempts to define the consequences of the unhappy or open endings in stories for young readers.
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Rape myths can be defined as prejudicial, stereotyped or false beliefs about rape, rape victims, and rapists, and they include common opinions whereby women mean “yes” when they say “no”; women provoke rape; if a woman does not want to be raped, she will just fight back at any cost. These pervasive social attitudes can have a detrimental effect on victims of sexual violence, especially when employed by authorities during official proceedings. As such, this article aims at analyzing to what extent rape myths affect the perception of victims of sexual violence during the official proceedings on the example of the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). Thus the first part explains the notion of rape myths, while the second part provides an analysis of the jurisprudence of the ECHR. Lastly, the final part suggests new approach to cases concerning sexual violence.
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The recent COVID-19 pandemic has pushed many institutions, regardless of whether they are ready or not, to adapt work from home (WFH) practices. This study aims to evaluate how work stress, workload, work-life balance, and work motivation affect millennials’ intention to leave their jobs during work from home implementation. There were 224 millennial respondents in the Greater Jakarta Area who experienced WFH set-ups because of the COVID-19 outbreak that filled out the questionnaires. The PLS-based SEM technique was then used to examine the data that had been obtained. The results showed a significant effect from working from home on workload, work stress, work-life balance, and motivation. Additionally, it found that workload and work stress have significant effects on the turnover intention. Work-life balance and work motivation, according to the results, have no significant effects on turnover intention. As a result, management should consider the workload and work stress while evaluating the effectiveness of the use of the type of assignment. More factors that influence turnover intentions need to be considered in future studies.
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Mussolini’s Italy was interested in promoting the image of a great power and in exporting the Fascist ideology abroad, both in areas where there were communities of Italian emigrants, as well as in those that fell within the wider sphere of its strategic, regional interest. Romania fell into both categories: not only it also hosted small communities of Italians, but it was one of the states that figured for a time in the geopolitical vision of dictator Benito Mussolini as a possible ally to be evaded from French influence and turned towards Rome. Thus, the Fascist propaganda, carefully directed by the regime, was present in interwar Romania, especially in the second half of the 1930s, not only in the capital, but also in the territory. It used all the means at its disposal, but especially the cultural ones, given that political and diplomatic relations between the two states had a sinuous course, without any notable progress in the 1930s. In this context, the Italian schools in Romania became one of the essential levers through which Rome’s agents tried to project the image of a strong state and an attractive regime at a local level, infusing all courses and educational activities with elements of Fascist propaganda. By focusing on the careful selection of students and their results, on the way of teaching the Italian language, on the organization of the students’ free time after the fascist model and on extracurricular activities, the Italian schools have established themselves at the time as educational institutions attractive not only to Italians, but also for other inhabitants of the cities in which they operated. They thus became small tools of Fascist propaganda organized by Mussolini’s Italy in Southeast Europe in the second half of the 1930s.
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The article discusses various concepts of the norm in speech-language therapy. The aim of the article is to present the complexity of the topic. The author considers various determinants of linguistic and communicative behaviour in the verbal form and the related methods of describing the norm. The essential requirement for correct diagnosis and therapy of persons with speech disorders of various aetiologies is knowledge and experience sufficient to determine the meaning of individual terms designating the disorders, taking into account interdisciplinary methods of defining the norm. This explains also the importance of ensuring proper standards of education allowing to perform independent, correct and reliable diagnosis and speech-language therapy.
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Krzysztof Sztalt’s aim in this article is to highlight the cognitive values of literature in the field of morality and axiology. He begins by listing the functions of literature and emphasizing the cognitive function. He goes on to indicate the differences between literary and scientific cognition. He then considers the possibility of focusing, during the process of the cognition of literary works, on moral and axiological problems. Addressing these problems he cites a specific literary examples. He argues that pre-sociological literary cognition can be no less valuable and important than sociological cognition. In his opinion, both forms of cognition complement each other.
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As an extension of colonialism, globalization is globalists’ “controlled democracy” founded on the limited participation. It is the rule of concealed totalitarianism of political single-mindedness, for the sake of protecting the global right of capital, profit maximization, rationalization of the neoliberal ideology of domination, the rule of the smaller part of one percent of the richest in the order or real inequality, meaninglessness of the general right of vote by reducing “one vote to one dollar, one euro, one dinar”. This includes the formation of hereditary plutocracy of the “wild”, gangster capitalism, in which the majority of global/local population lives most of their lives in a private dictatorship unrestricted b anything, both of surveillance and therapeutic capitalism, and of meritocratic or hybrid state capitalism, apparent freedom and real exploitation, where globalists mediate about “colonizing Mars or the end of the world and the poor – about the end of the month”.
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Violence and harassment are present in the world of work in the most diverse forms. The ILO Violence and Harassment Convention 2019 should therefore be of great importance for labour law practice. It was adopted on 21 June 2019, together with the non-binding Recommendation for Implementation (No. 206), on the occasion of the centenary of the ILO. As the Convention falls partly within the competence of the European Union, with the EU not being able to ratify the Convention itself, the European Commission has invited the member states to ratify the Convention by the end of 2022. The German Federal Government is currently planning ratification. In the following, I give an overview of the Convention and, using German law as an example, discuss how it could be implemented in a legal system shaped by EU law.
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The article presents the results of an expert evaluation of a program for the prevention of the use of psychoactive substances in the junior high school stage of education. The project program was constructed by students from the Faculty of Pedagogy of Sofia University in the profile "Prevention and correction of deviant behavior". The results of the empirical research are presented on the basis of a mathematical-statistical analysis of a built-in rating scale with predefined criteria and indicators and a content analysis of comments and recommendations of specialists involved in the prevention of the use of psychoactive substances.
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